Symons's Meteorological

SYMONS'S MONTHLY NOV1917 METEOROLOGICAL MAGAZINE. VOLUME THE SIXTEENTH. 1881. LONDON: EDWARD STANFORD, CHARING CROSS, S.W. AND ALL BOOKSELLERS. INDEX. PAGE. PAOE. Africa, Meteorological Observa India, Meteorological Department of 200- tions at Gaboon........................ 106 Influence of Barometric Pressure on Anemometers .......................152 156 Springs ................................. 155 Associazione Meteorologica Italiana 64 Integrating Anemometer ............ 156 Atmospheric Electricity............... 157 Introductory ..................... ........ 1 Austria, Meteorology in... ........ .. 122 Italy, Meteorology in .... .........64 142 and Winter of 1881-82 ... 196 Autumn January Frost .......................... 25 Barometer, Influence of, on Springs 155 January Snow Storm..................2 42 Belgium, Meteorology in ............ 51 July and August, Frost in ............ 132 Ben Nevis, Meteorological Obser July, Heat of ....................... 113 140 vations on...... ....................112 128 Kew Observatory.................. 167 192 Bibliography.............................. 97 Boston, Whirlwind at ...... ........... 133 Le Verrier as a Meteorologist ...... 197 British Association at York... ..136 149 London, Recent Winters in ......... 49 Luminous Meteors, Report on ...... 149 Calibration of Thermometers ...... 156 Cherrapunji, Rainfall at............... March, Snow Storm in .............. 68 Coming Summer, The, 1881 ......... 80 May Frosts .............................. 96 Coming Winter, 1881-2.. 176,192,196 208 Meteorological Department of India 200r Meteorological Observations at Early Spring.................. ........... 204 Gaboon ............ ........ .......... 106 Easter at the Sorbonne ............... 65 Meteorological Observations on Ben Editorial and Explanatory...... ..... 1 Nevis ..............................112 128 Effect of Gulf Stream on Climate... 154 Meteorological Office ... ..... ........ 165 Electricity, Atmospheric ............ 157 Meteorological Society, 25, 59, 68, Errata....................................... 91 91, 108, 170, 190 203 Europe, Max. Temperatures in July 113 Extreme Summer Heat ........ ...... 148 Observatory at Kew...............167 192 October 13-14th, Gale of .........180 190 Finland, Meteorology in .............. 88 Organization of Meteorological Ser Foretelling Weather ................ 26 vice of Europe : France, Meteorology in ............33 197 France ...... 33 Spain 101 Frost of January ........................ 25 Belgium.. ... 51 Portugal ... 104 Frosts in May .......................... 96 Holland...... 54 Austria...... 122 Frost in July and August ............ 132 Russia ..... 69 Hungary ... 127 Future of Weather Foretelling ..... 26 Finland...... 88 Italy ........ 142 Gaboon, Meteorological Observa Sweden .... 99 Gt. Britain.. 165 tions at ......... ..... ............... 106 Paris, High Temperatures in the Sub- Gale of October 13th-14th ...... 180 190 urbsof........................ ......... 140 Gale of November 15th .............. 204 Plea for the Rainband... .............. 181 Gale of November 26th-28th......... 191 Portugal, Meteorology in ......... 104 Gale of December 17th-18th ......... 202 Pressure of Wind.............. ......... 152 Great Britain, Meteorology in ...... 165 Greenwich Observatory ............81 168 Railways and Snow Storm......... 11 42 Rainband, A Plea for the ............ 181 Hailstones, Remarkable ............... 138 Rainfall and Temperature at 50 Halos .................................... .. 92 Stations, 31, 46, 62, 94, 110, 130, Heat in July in British Isles and 146, 164, 178, 194 ............... 206 in Europe generally ............113 140 Rainfall at Cherrapunji ............... Holland, Meteorology in ..... ... 54 Rainfall of Past Two Years ......... 141 Hungary, Meteorology in ............ 127 Recent Winters in London ........ 49- Hygrometer, Schwakhofer'a ......... 39 Remarkable Hailstones ............... 138- IV. INDEX. Researches in Thermometry ......... 89 Sweden, Meteorology in ............... 99 EEVIKW : Temperature, Great Variation in .. 128 Trait6 ele"mentaire de Me'te'oro- Thermograph, A New ... ....... ...... 151 logie, par J. C. Houzeau and Thermometers, Calibration of ...... 156 A. Lancaster . ......... ........... 73 Thermometry, Researches in... ... 89 Russia, Meteorology in ............... 69 Three Whirlwinds .................... 133 Schwakhb'fer's Hygrometer ......... 39 Underground Temperature, Re Scottish Meteorological Society ... 172 port on ................................ 150 Snow Storm Gales .................... 58 Underground Waters, Report on ... 150 Snow Storm of January ............2 42 Snow Storm of March 4th-5th...... 68 Variation in Temperature ............ 128 Solar Halo............ .................... 92 Visitation Day, Greenwich...... ... 81 Sorbonne, Easter at ................... 65 Waterspout in South Devon ......... 174 Spain, Meteorology in.. ............... 101 Weather Foretelling ...... ......... 26 Spectroscope and Meteorology ..... 181 Whirlwinds, Three .................. .. 133 Spring, Early ........................... 204 Wind, Pressure of ..................... 152 Summer, the Coming, 1881 .....80 139 Winter, Coming, 1881-82...176, 192 Sunshine Recorder .................... 158 196 ....................................... 208 Sunspot Maxima ....................... 155 Winter of 1880-81 ..................... 57 Sunspot Period and Planetary Tides 151 Winters, Recent, in London......... 49 Supplementary Rainfall Table, 32, York, British Association at . ...136 149 48, 61, 93, 109, 129, 145, 163, 177, 193 ............ .................... 205 Zenithal Halo ......................... 92 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. Map of January Snow... ... ... ... ... ... face. 1 Schwakhofer's Hygrometer ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 Diagram of Winter Temperatures ... .. ... ... ... 51 Zenithal Halo ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. 92 Plan of part of Boston, showing path of Whirlwind ... face, 133 Remarkable Hailstones ... ... ... ... ... ... 139 The Rainband in Spectroscope of moderate dispersion ... face, 181 Rain and Rainband Diagrams, 1880-81 ... ... ... face. 185 DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW, JAOTAKY 17iH TO 21si, 1881. [For explanation see page 4. SYMONS'S MONTHLY METEOROLOGICAL MAGAZINE. CL XXXL] FEBRUARY, 1881. [0^?.™™°™ EDITORIAL AND EXPLANATORY. DURING the past fifteen years it has several times been our duty and our pleasure, by special enlargements, to present our readers with complete accounts of remarkable phenomena. But on no occasion has there been such a strain put upon us, as has resulted from the mass of details furnished respecting the frost and the snow of the past month, which have come in along with sadly too numerous enquiries, "How to measure the snow?" from observers wb' d neglected to read rule XV., which we reprint, in the hope . ,dt, with the recent snow-storm in their memory, all our correspondents will read it. XV. SNOW. In snow three methods may be adopted it is well to try them all. (1) Melt what is caught in the funnel by adding to the snow a previously ascertained quantity of warm water, and then deducting this quantity from the total measurement, enter the residue as rain. (2) Select a place where the snow has not drifted, invert the funnel, and turning it round, lift and melt what is inclosed. (3) Measure with a rule the average depth of snow, and take one-twelfth as the equivalent of water. This being a very rough method, is not to be adopted if it can be avoided. Some observers use in snowy weather a cylinder of the same diameter as the rain gauge, and of considerable depth. If the wind is at all rough, all the snow is blown out of a flat- funnelled rain gauge. Snowdon pattern gauges are much the best. Very fortunately the Council Meeting of the Meteorological Society was held on the night after the snow, and it was then resolved that all the data respecting the frost which could be collected should be forwarded to the Assistant Secretary, Mr. Marriott, who should discuss them and report the results to the meeting of the Society on February 16th. An abstract of his report will be found on page 25, and of course the report in extenso will appear in the Society's Quarterly Journal. Hence it is that none of the many letters which we have received upon the subject will be found in our pages. We undertook the investigation of the limits of the snow-storm ; we applied specially to 150 of our observers and also to the managers or principal officers of the following railway companies, nearly all of whom have taken much trouble in the matter, and rendered most VOL. XVI. B 2 SYMONS'S MONTHLY METEOROLOGICAL MAGAZINE. valuable aid, as is sufficiently evident from the letters and tables printed at the end of Mr. Wallis's report. List of Railways with the pages on which data respecting them will be found. Great Eastern ........................ 18 Manchester, Sheffield and Lincoln Great Northern........................ 11 shire ................................. 21 Great Western ........................ 15 Metropolitan.................... ...... 18 London and North "Western ...... 22 Midland. Reply too late for this month. London and South Western ...... 13 Somerset and Dorset .............. 14 London Brighton and S. Coast ... 11 South Eastern. Eeport not yet London Chatham and Dover ..... 12 received. Although it has been a matter of considerable difficulty to get all this mass of material discussed in time for the regular date of publi cation we are satisfied that accuracy has not been sacrificed

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