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Internet Governance, Cyber Security and Digital Diplomacy May 12–14, 2013 Toronto, Canada

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Internet Governance, Cyber Security and Digital Diplomacy May 12–14, 2013 Toronto, Canada CONSTRUCTIVE POWERS INITIATIVE: INTERNET GOVERNANCE, CYBER SECURITY AND DIGITAL DIPLOMACY MAY 12–14, 2013 TORONTO, CANADA CONFERENCE REPORT 57 Erb Street West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6C2, Canada 519 885 2444 | www.cigionline.org CONSTRUCTIVE POWERS INITIATIVE: INTERNET GOVERNANCE, CYBER SECURITY AND DIGITAL DIPLOMACY MAY 12–14, 2013 TORONTO, CANADA CONFERENCE REPORT Copyright © 2013 by The Centre for International Governance Innovation. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Centre for International Governance Innovation or its Operating Board of Directors or International Board of Governors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution — Non- commercial — No Derivatives License. To view this license, visit (www. creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/). For re-use or distribution, please include this copyright notice. Cover and page design by Steve Cross. TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHORS iv ABOUT THE INITIATIVE iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CONFERENCE REPORT 2 WORKSHOP AGENDA 11 PARTICIPANT BIOGRAPHIES 14 ABOUT CIGI 20 CIGI MASTHEAD 20 iii THE CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE INNOVATION AUTHORS ABOUT THE INITIATIVE Paul Heinbecker The Constructive Powers Initiative (CPI) seeks to bring new thinking, resources, and political will to bear on In a lengthy diplomatic career, Paul Heinbecker emerging regional security challenges that have global has served as Canadian Ambassador to Germany, significance. permanent representative to the United Nations, political director of the Foreign Affairs Department in Beginning in 2011, the initiative was launched on the Ottawa and chief foreign policy adviser to then Prime premise that existing global governance institutions, Minister Brian Mulroney. Early postings included while necessary, are not sufficient to address new and Ankara, Stockholm, Paris (at the Organisation for emerging security challenges effectively. The world Economic Co-operation and Development) and has a clear need for cooperation and new partnerships Washington, DC. Since joining CIGI in 2004 as a among capable, concerned and constructive countries, Distinguished Fellow, Paul has authored, edited countries that are not “great powers” by traditional and contributed to a number of books and articles definition, but nonetheless have strategic interests in on international relations, especially on the United a stable and prosperous world. These countries have a Nations, the G20, the Middle East, global governance history of creative diplomacy, and the capacity to make and foreign policy. He writes op-eds and blogs for a positive difference, particularly through cooperation Canadian and foreign periodicals. He has lectured and partnerships with other constructive powers. and made presentations to Canadian parliamentary Participants in the CPI include Australia, Brazil, committees, the Department of Foreign Affairs, Canada, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, the Republic of the Canadian Forces Staff College, and numerous Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South universities and institutions across Canada and in the Africa, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey. United States, Europe, Asia and Latin America. Paul appears frequently on Canadian television and radio. The CPI has held conflict management and policy He has honorary doctorates from Wilfrid Laurier and planning workshops in Istanbul, Mexico City and St. Thomas universities. Toronto. These meetings bring together academics and policy practitioners from CPI countries to identify Simon Palamar emerging policy issues and develop the responses needed to address global security challenges. Simon Palamar joined CIGI as research assistant in 2012. He holds an M.A. from the University Project leaders: Fen Osler Hampson and of Waterloo and is a Ph.D. candidate at Carleton Paul Heinbecker University’s Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. Project member: Simon Palamar iv www.cigionline.org CONSTRUCTIVE POWERS Initiative: INTERNET GOVERNANCE, CYBER SECURITY AND Digital DIPLOMACY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The CPI workshop, held in Toronto, Ontario, May 12–14, • CPI participants have a plethora of emerging issues 2013, brought a number of points into stark relief: that they would welcome research on, notably: • Geography still matters. The CPI countries’ active - The implications of networked societies and a engagement in rapidly deepening globalization globally connected middle class for democracy notwithstanding, they need to maintain priority and foreign policy. interest in regional and bilateral developments. This is true for all CPI countries, but especially for those - The possibilities and consequences of providing with China and Russia as neighbours. software and hardware to evade Internet surveillance to populations in authoritarian • North America’s and Europe’s share of global countries. wealth will inexorably continue to decline, absent a catastrophic slowdown in Asian growth, with - What are the likely implications of the rise of big uncertain consequences for world order and global data for international relations? governance. - The consequences of widespread state capitalism • Effective global governance is going to require and how to handle the question of foreign preserving what is essential from the past — investment by state-owned enterprises. notably the UN Charter and treaties, World Trade Organization (WTO) trade rules and the Treaty on the - How to improve government capacity to plan for Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, among others low probability but high-impact events, such as — while innovating new variants of cooperation, collapsing asset bubbles or interstate wars. such as minilateralism (the Group of Twenty [G20]), purpose-built ad hoc coalitions, multi-stakeholder - What the future holds for Russia, a nuclear-armed forums and cross-regional coalitions of the policy petro-state. willing, such as the CPI. - Are states returning to their previous levels of • There is no consensus on the need — let alone on dominance in global affairs, or is space for the how — to regulate the Internet globally and under state shrinking faster than ever? whose control (if anyone’s) it should be. The risk that governments will purposely or accidentally fragment - How to cope with the intersection of natural the Internet is real. Uncertainty and disagreement resource extraction and foreign policy. abound about what the appropriate trade-offs are among Internet openness, security, accessibility, - The foreign policy intersection of natural resource management, interoperability, human rights and extraction, intrastate conflict and human rights. economic advantage. - The growing importance of cities and urban • Cyber security is a mushrooming, multifarious governments to international relations. problem — involving states, corporations, civil society, activists, spies, and both petty and sophisticated - Are international institutions in retreat, and is the criminals — that requires a multitude of defensive world headed away from a rules-based system of responses and offensive capabilities and deterrents, international relations? including, ultimately, norms and treaties. - The United States’ dysfunctional domestic politics • Digital diplomacy, public diplomacy and open foreign and whether it is a permanent or temporary state policy development efforts that combine the insights, of affairs. ideas and judgment networks of experts both inside and outside government holds enormous promise - Whether and to what extent technology drives for governments that are capable of managing risk, policy development. moderating message disciplines and trusting their diplomats. - What can be done to broaden the circle of constructive actors? Is China likely to preserve the international order or surmount it? Executive Summary 1 THE CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE INNOVATION - Will Western countries become chauvinistic if the future of politics in specific countries and regions); slow economic growth persists, and what will this shifts in the world’s patterns of economic development mean for Western foreign policy? and wealth distribution; changes in technology; the need for innovation in “global governance”; and the general - In the face of a security void, and with the absence unpredictability of the global security environment. of progress on the global level, are regional organizations up to the task of providing global Global and Regional Politics public goods? Globalization and the communications revolution notwithstanding, regional and bilateral foreign policy CONFERENCE REPORT concerns and interests remain important for all the constructive powers. The latter include the festering debt Paul Heinbecker and Simon Palamar and unemployment problems in the European Union; transnational organized crime (notably the criminal drug INTRODUCTION trade) in North and South America; tensions in Northeast and Southeast Asia, occasioned particularly by China’s Policy researchers and current and former foreign policy military and economic rise and North Korea’s eccentric practitioners from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and unpredictable behaviour; lagging and inadequate Japan, Korea, Mexico, South Africa, Switzerland and governance in Africa; and identity politics, revolution, Turkey attended the workshop, along with counterparts sectarianism and civil war in the Middle East. Events from Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand and and developments in home regions continue to have Sweden participating
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