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The Democracy Sourcebook THE DEMOCRACY SOURCEBOOK edited by Robert Dahl, Ian Shapiro, and Jose´ Antonio Cheibub The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 6 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Excerpt from The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolu- tion, copyright 6 1955 and renewed 1983 by Louis Hartz, reprinted by permission of Harcourt, Inc. Every e¤ort has been made to contact those who hold rights for each of the selections. Any rights holders not credited should contact the editors so a correction can be made in the next printing. This book was set in Times New Roman on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong, and was printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The democracy sourcebook / Robert Dahl, Ian Shapiro, and Jose´ Antonio Cheibub, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-04217-7 (hc : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-262-54147-5 (pbk : alk. paper) 1. Democracy. I. Dahl, Robert Alan, 1915– . II. Shapiro, Ian. III. Cheibub, Jose´ Antonio. JC423.D4312 2003 321.8—dc21 2002045209 10987654321 Contents Introduction ix Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in 1 DEFINING DEMOCRACY 1 Eastern Europe and Latin America 76 Adam Przeworski The Social Contract 2 Democracy’s Third Wave 93 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Samuel P. Huntington Capitalism, Socialism, and South Africa’s Negotiated Democracy 5 Transition: Democracy, Opposition, Joseph Schumpeter and the New Constitutional Order 99 Minimalist Conception of Courtney Jung and Ian Shapiro Democracy: A Defense 12 Economic Development and Adam Przeworski Political Regimes 108 Democracy and Disagreement 18 Adam Przeworski, Michael E. Amy Gutmann and Dennis Alvarez, Jose´ Antonio Cheibub, Thompson and Fernando Limongi The Voice of the People 25 3 DEMOCRACY, CULTURE, James S. Fishkin AND SOCIETY 117 Defining and Developing Democracy 29 Larry Diamond The Federalist No. 10 118 James Madison Participation and Democratic Theory 40 The Federalist No. 14 123 Carole Pateman James Madison Polyarchal Democracy 48 The Concept of a Liberal Society 126 Robert Dahl Louis Hartz Pluralism and Social Choice 133 2 SOURCES OF DEMOCRACY 55 Nicholas R. Miller Political Man: The Social Bases of Consociational Democracy 142 Politics 56 Arend Lijphart Seymour Martin Lipset The Contest of Ideas 147 Social Revolutions in the Modern Donald Horowitz World 65 The State of Democratic Theory 153 Theda Skocpol Ian Shapiro The Impact of Economic Democracy 157 Development on Democracy 71 Robert D. Putnam Evelyne Huber, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and John D. Modernization, Cultural Change, Stephens and the Persistence of Traditional Values 168 Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker Contents vi Culture and Democracy 181 5 PRESIDENTIALISM VERSUS Adam Przeworski, Jose´ Antonio PARLIAMENTARISM 257 Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi The Perils of Presidentialism 258 4 DEMOCRACY AND Juan Linz CONSTITUTIONALISM 191 Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Di‰cult The Federalist No. 23 192 Combination 266 Alexander Hamilton Scott Mainwaring The Federalist No. 47 193 Presidents and Assemblies 272 James Madison Matthew Soberg Shugart and John The Federalist No. 48 195 Carey James Madison Minority Governments, Deadlock The Federalist No. 62 197 Situations, and the Survival of James Madison Presidential Democracies 277 Jose´ Antonio Cheibub The Federalist No. 70 199 Alexander Hamilton Minority Governments in Parliamentary Democracies: The The Federalist No. 78 201 Rationality of Nonwinning Cabinet Alexander Hamilton Solutions 284 Madisonian Democracy 207 Kaare Strom Robert Dahl Institutional Design, Party Systems, A Bill of Rights for Britain 217 and Governability: Di¤erentiating Ronald Dworkin the Presidential Regimes of Latin America 296 A Rights-Based Critique of Joe Foweraker Constitutional Rights 221 Jeremy Waldron Presidential Power, Legislative Organization, and Party Behavior in The Political Origins of Judicial Brazil 304 Empowerment through Argelina Cheibub Figueiredo and Constitutionalization: Lessons from Fernando Limongi Four Constitutional Revolutions 232 Ran Hirschl 6 REPRESENTATION 311 Decision Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Representative Government 312 Policymaker 246 John Stuart Mill Robert Dahl On Elections 315 Democratic Justice 252 Marquis de Condorcet Ian Shapiro Liberalism against Populism 317 William H. Riker Contents vii Saving Democracy from Political Inside Campaign Finance: Myths Science 321 and Realities 408 Gerry Mackie Frank J. Sorauf Unlikelihood of Condorcet’s 8 DEMOCRACY’S EFFECTS 419 Paradox in a Large Society 326 A. S. Tangian The Economics and Politics of Congruence between Citizens and Growth 420 Policymakers in Two Visions of Karl de Schweinitz, Jr. Liberal Democracy 330 Rent Seeking and Redistribution John D. Huber and G. Bingham under Democracy versus Powell, Jr. Dictatorship 427 The Political Consequences of Ronald Wintrobe Electoral Laws 343 Dictatorship, Democracy, and Douglas W. Rae Development 436 South Africa’s Negotiated Mancur Olson Transition: Democracy, Opposition, Freedom Favors Development 444 and the New Constitutional Order 350 Amartya Sen Courtney Jung and Ian Shapiro Political Regimes and Economic The Representation of Women 354 Growth 447 Anne Phillips Adam Przeworski, Michael E. Alvarez, Jose´ Antonio Cheibub, 7 INTEREST GROUPS 363 and Fernando Limongi The Governmental Process: Political Democracy in America 455 Interests and Public Opinion 364 Alexis de Tocqueville David B. Truman Does Democracy Engender Justice? 459 The Logic of Collective Action: John E. Roemer Public Goods and the Theory of Facing up to the American Dream: Groups 372 Race, Class, and the Soul of the Mancur Olson Nation 463 Neo-Pluralism: A Class Analysis of Jennifer L. Hochschild Pluralism I and Pluralism II 381 Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and John F. Manley Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in The Theory of Economic Regulation 393 America 480 George J. Stigler Rogers M. Smith Interest Intermediation and Regime 9 DEMOCRACY AND THE Governability in Contemporary GLOBAL ORDER 489 Western Europe and North America 398 Philippe C. Schmitter Perpetual Peace 490 Immanuel Kant Contents viii How Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations Create a System for Peace 492 Bruce Russett Dirty Pool 497 Donald P. Green, Soo Yeon Kim, and David H. Yoon Democracy and Collective Bads 504 Russell Hardin Representation and the Democratic Deficit 510 Pippa Norris The Transformation of Political Community: Rethinking Democracy in the Context of Globalization 516 David Held Appendix 527 Index 535 Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense Adam Przeworski nal deliberation, and to be represented as the Introduction view of the informed majority, the fact that rulers are elected is of no particular significance. I want to defend a ‘‘minimalist,’’ Schumpeterian, Voting is just a time-saving expedient (Buchanan conception of democracy, by minimalist, Pop- and Tullock 1962) and majority rule is just a perian, standards. In Schumpeter’s (1942) con- technically convenient way of identifying what ception, democracy is just a system in which everyone would or should have agreed to. Yet if rulers are selected by competitive elections. Pop- the point of departure is that in any society there per (1962: 124) defends it as the only system in are conflicts, of values and of interests, electing which citizens can get rid of governments with- rulers appears nothing short of miraculous. out bloodshed. Let us put the consensualist view of democ- Since neither the position I wish to defend nor racy where it belongs—in the Museum of the claim in its favor are new, what do I defend Eighteenth-century Thought—and observe that them from? Perusing innumerable definitions, all societies are ridden with economic, cultural, one discovers that democracy has become an al- or moral conflicts. True, as the modernization tar on which everyone hangs his or her favorite theory (notably Coser 1959) emphasized, these ex voto. Almost all normatively desirable aspects conflicts can be ‘‘cross-cutting’’: they need not of political, and sometimes even of social and pit class against class or religion against religion. economic, life are credited as intrinsic to de- They can be attenuated by an ‘‘overlapping con- mocracy: representation, accountability, equal- sensus’’: consensus about practicalities compati- ity, participation, justice, dignity, rationality, ble with di¤erences of values (Rawls 1993). They security, freedom, . , the list goes on. We are may be also moderated by public discussion of repeatedly told that ‘‘unless democracy is x or both normative and technical reasons, although, generates x, . .’’ The ellipsis is rarely spelled out, as I have argued above, deliberation is a two- but it insinuates either that a system in which edged sword, for it may lead just to solidifying governments are elected is not worthy of being conflicting views. Yet in the end, when all the called ‘‘democracy’’ unless x is fulfilled or that coalitions have been formed, the practical con- democracy in the minimal sense will not endure sensus has been elaborated, and all arguments unless x is satisfied.2 The first claim is normative, have been exhausted, conflicts remain. even
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