DOCSLIB.ORG

COMP211 Chapter 5 Network Layer: the Control Plane

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
COMP211 Chapter 5 Network Layer: the Control Plane COMP211 Chapter 5 Network Layer: The Control Plane Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach th 7 edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson/Addison Wesley All material copyright 1996-2016 April 2016 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Network Layer: Control Plane 5-1 Chapter 5: network layer control plane chapter goals: understand principles behind network control plane § traditional routing algorithms § SDN controlllers and their instantiation, implementation in the Internet: § OSPF, BGP, OpenFlow Network Layer: Control Plane 5-2 Chapter 5: outline 5.1 introduction 5.5 the SDN control plane 5.2 routing protocols § link state § distance vector 5.3 intra-AS routing in the Internet: OSPF 5.4 routing among the ISPs: BGP Network Layer: Control Plane 5-3 Network-layer functions Recall: two network-layer functions: § forwarding: move packets from router’s input to data plane appropriate router output § routing: determine route taken by packets from source control plane to destination Two approaches to structuring network control plane: § per-router control (traditional) § logically centralized control (software defined networking) Network Layer: Control Plane 5-4 4.1 • OVERVIEW OF NETWORK LAYER 309 Routing algorithm Control plane Data plane Local forwarding table header output 0100 3 0110 2 0111 2 1001 1 Values in arriving packet’s header 1 1101 2 Per-router control plane3 Individual routing algorithmFigure 4.2 ♦ Routing algorithms components determine values in forward in tables each and every tables. In this example, a routing algorithm runs in each and every router and both router interact withforwarding each and routing other functions are incontained control within a router. As plane we’ll see in Sec- to compute tions 5.3 and 5.4, the routing algorithm function in one router communicates with the routing algorithm function in other routers to compute the values for its forward- forwarding tables ing table. How is this communication performed? By exchanging routing messages containing routing information according to a routing protocol! We’ll cover routing algorithms and protocols in Sections 5.2 through 5.4. The distinct and different purposes of the forwarding and routing functions can be further illustrated by considering the hypothetical (and unrealistic, but technically feasible) case of a network in which all forwarding tables are configured directly by human network operators physically present at the routers. In this case, no routing Routing protocols would be required! Of course, the human operators would need to interact Algorithm with each other to ensure that the forwarding tables were configured in such a way that packets reached their intended destinations. It’s also likely that human configu- control ration would be more error-prone and much slower to respond to changes in the net- work topology than a routing protocol. We’re thus fortunate that all networks have plane both a forwarding and a routing function! data plane M04_KURO4140_07_SE_C04.indd 309 11/02/16 3:14 PM Network Layer: Control Plane 5-5 Logically centralized control plane A distinct (typically remote) controller interacts with local control agents (CAs) in routers to compute forwarding tables Remote Controller control plane data plane CA CA CA CA CA Network Layer: Control Plane 5-6 Chapter 5: outline 5.1 introduction 5.5 The SDN control plane 5.2 routing protocols § link state § distance vector 5.3 intra-AS routing in the Internet: OSPF 5.4 routing among the ISPs: BGP Network Layer: Control Plane 5-7 Routing Routing protocol Goal: determine “good” path 5 (sequence of routers) through 3 B C network from source to destination. 2 5 A 2 1 F 3 1 2 D E Graph abstraction for 1 routing algorithms: § graph nodes are routers v “good” path: § graph edges are physical links § typically means minimum cost path • link cost: delay, $ cost, or congestion level § other def’s possible Network Layer 4-8 Routing algorithm classification Q: global or decentralized Q: static or dynamic? information? static: global: § routes change slowly over § all routers have complete time topology, link cost info dynamic: § “link state” algorithms § routes change more decentralized: quickly § router knows physically- • periodic update connected neighbors, link costs to neighbors • in response to link cost changes § iterative process of computation, exchange of info with neighbors § “distance vector” algorithms Network Layer: Control Plane 5-9 Chapter 5: outline 5.1 introduction 5.5 The SDN control plane 5.2 routing protocols § link state § distance vector 5.3 intra-AS routing in the Internet: OSPF 5.4 routing among the ISPs: BGP Network Layer: Control Plane 5-10 Making routing scalable our routing study thus far - idealized § all routers identical § network “flat” … not true in practice scale: with billions of administrative autonomy destinations: § internet = network of § can’t store all networks destinations in routing § each network admin may tables! want to control routing in § routing table exchange its own network would swamp links! Network Layer: Control Plane 5-11 Internet approach to scalable routing aggregate routers into regions known as “autonomous systems” (AS) (a.k.a. “domains”) intra-AS routing inter-AS routing § routing among hosts, routers § routing among AS’es in same AS (“network”) § gateways perform inter- § all routers in AS must run domain routing (as well same intra-domain protocol as intra-domain routing) § routers in different AS can run different intra-domain routing protocol § gateway router: at “edge” of its own AS, has link(s) to router(s) in other AS’es Network Layer: Control Plane 5-12 Interconnected ASes 3c 3a 2c 3b 2a AS3 2b 1c AS2 1a 1b 1d AS1 § forwarding table configured by both intra- and inter-AS routing Intra-AS Inter-AS algorithm Routing Routing algorithm algorithm • intra-AS routing determine entries for Forwarding table destinations within AS • inter-AS & intra-AS determine entries for external destinations Network Layer: Control Plane 5-13 Intra-AS Routing § also known as interior gateway protocols (IGP) § most common intra-AS routing protocols: • RIP: Routing Information Protocol • OSPF: Open Shortest Path First (IS-IS protocol essentially same as OSPF) • IGRP: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (Cisco proprietary for decades, until 2016) Network Layer: Control Plane 5-14 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) § “open”: publicly available § uses link-state algorithm • link state packet dissemination • topology map at each node • route computation using Dijkstra’s algorithm § router floods OSPF link-state advertisements to all other routers in entire AS • carried in OSPF messages directly over IP (rather than TCP or UDP • link state: for each attached link § hierarchical OSPF in large domains (see next slide) § IS-IS routing protocol: nearly identical to OSPF Network Layer: Control Plane 5-15 boundary router backbone router Hierarchical OSPF backbone area border routers area 3 § two-level hierarchy: internal local area, backbone. area 1 routers • link-state area 2 advertisements only in area • each nodes has detailed area topology; only know direction (shortest path) to nets in other areas. § area border routers: “summarize” distances to nets in own area, advertise to other Area Border routers. § backbone routers: run OSPF routing limited to backbone. § boundary routers: connect to other AS‘s. Network Layer: Control Plane 5-16 Chapter 5: outline 5.1 introduction 5.5 The SDN control plane 5.2 routing protocols 5.6 ICMP: The Internet § link state Control Message § distance vector Protocol 5.3 intra-AS routing in the 5.7 Network management Internet: OSPF and SNMP 5.4 routing among the ISPs: BGP Network Layer: Control Plane 5-17 Internet inter-AS routing: BGP § BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): the de facto inter-domain routing protocol • “glue that holds the Internet together” § BGP provides each AS a means to: • eBGP: obtain subnet reachability information from neighboring ASes • iBGP: propagate reachability information to all AS- internal routers. • determine “good” routes to other networks based on reachability information and policy § allows subnet to advertise its existence to rest of Internet: “I am here” Network Layer: Control Plane 5-18 BGP basics § BGP session: two BGP routers (“peers”) exchange BGP messages over semi-permanent TCP connection: • advertising paths to different destination network prefixes (BGP is a “path vector” protocol) § when AS3 gateway router 3a advertises path AS3,X to AS2 gateway router 2c: • AS3 promises to AS2 it will forward datagrams towards X AS 3 3b AS 1 1b 3a 3c 1a 1c AS 2 2b 3d X 1d BGP advertisement: 2a 2c AS3, X 2d Network Layer: Control Plane 5-19 Path attributes and BGP routes § advertised prefix includes BGP attributes • prefix + attributes = “route” § two important attributes: • AS-PATH: list of ASes through which prefix advertisement has passed • NEXT-HOP: indicates specific internal-AS router to next- hop AS § Policy-based routing: • gateway receiving route advertisement uses import policy to accept/decline path (e.g., never route through AS Y). • AS policy also determines whether to advertise path to other other neighboring ASes Network Layer: Control Plane 5-20 BGP path advertisement AS3 3b AS1 1b 3a 3c 1a 1c AS2 2b 3d X 1d AS3,X AS2,AS3,X 2a 2c 2d § AS2 router 2c receives path advertisement AS3,X (via eBGP) from AS3 router 3a § Based on AS2 policy, AS2 router 2c accepts path AS3,X, propagates (via iBGP) to all AS2 routers § Based on AS2 policy, AS2 router 2a advertises (via eBGP) path AS2, AS3,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Control Plane Overview Subnet 1.2 Subnet 1.2
    The Network Layer: Control Plane Overview Subnet 1.2 Subnet 1.2 R3 R2 R6 Interior Subnet 1.2 R5 Subnet 1.2 Subnet 1.2 R7 1. Routing Algorithms: Link-State, Distance Vector R8 R4 R1 Subnet 1.2 Dijkstra’s algorithm, Bellman-Ford Algorithm Exterior Subnet 1.2 Subnet 1.2 2. Routing Protocols: OSPF, BGP Raj Jain 3. SDN Control Plane Washington University in Saint Louis 4. ICMP Saint Louis, MO 63130 5. SNMP [email protected] Audio/Video recordings of this lecture are available on-line at: Note: This class lecture is based on Chapter 5 of the textbook (Kurose and Ross) and the figures provided by the authors. http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain 5-1 5-2 Network Layer Functions Overview Routing Algorithms T Forwarding: Deciding what to do with a packet using 1. Graph abstraction a routing table Data plane 2. Distance Vector vs. Link State T Routing: Making the routing table Control Plane 3. Dijkstra’s Algorithm 4. Bellman-Ford Algorithm Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain 5-3 5-4 Rooting or Routing Routeing or Routing T Rooting is what fans do at football games, what pigs T Routeing: British do for truffles under oak trees in the Vaucluse, and T Routing: American what nursery workers intent on propagation do to T Since Oxford English Dictionary is much heavier than cuttings from plants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Network Layer: Control Plane
    CHAPTER 5 The Network Layer: Control Plane In this chapter, we’ll complete our journey through the network layer by covering the control-plane component of the network layer—the network-wide logic that con- trols not only how a datagram is forwarded among routers along an end-to-end path from the source host to the destination host, but also how network-layer components and services are configured and managed. In Section 5.2, we’ll cover traditional routing algorithms for computing least cost paths in a graph; these algorithms are the basis for two widely deployed Internet routing protocols: OSPF and BGP, that we’ll cover in Sections 5.3 and 5.4, respectively. As we’ll see, OSPF is a routing protocol that operates within a single ISP’s network. BGP is a routing protocol that serves to interconnect all of the networks in the Internet; BGP is thus often referred to as the “glue” that holds the Internet together. Traditionally, control-plane routing protocols have been implemented together with data-plane forwarding functions, monolithi- cally, within a router. As we learned in the introduction to Chapter 4, software- defined networking (SDN) makes a clear separation between the data and control planes, implementing control-plane functions in a separate “controller” service that is distinct, and remote, from the forwarding components of the routers it controls. We’ll cover SDN controllers in Section 5.5. In Sections 5.6 and 5.7 we’ll cover some of the nuts and bolts of managing an IP network: ICMP (the Internet Control Message Protocol) and SNMP (the Simple Network Management Protocol).
    [Show full text]
  • IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support
    IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support The Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) protocol provides short-duration detection of failures in the path between adjacent forwarding engines while maintaining low networking overheads. The BFD IS-IS Client Support feature enables Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) to use Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) support, which improves IS-IS convergence as BFD detection and failure times are faster than IS-IS convergence times in most network topologies. The IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support feature enables the network to identify whether a BFD session failure is genuine or is the result of a control plane failure due to a router restart. When planning a router restart, you should configure this feature on all neighboring routers. • Finding Feature Information, on page 1 • Prerequisites for IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 1 • Information About IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 2 • How to Configure IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 2 • Configuration Examples for IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 3 • Additional References, on page 4 • Feature Information for IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 4 Finding Feature Information Your software release may not support all the features documented in this module. For the latest caveats and feature information, see Bug Search Tool and the release notes for your platform and software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the feature information table.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Network Reachability Analysis Using a Succinct Control Plane Representation
    Efficient Network Reachability Analysis using a Succinct Control Plane Representation Seyed K. Fayaz Tushar Sharma Ari Fogel∗ Ratul Mahajany Todd Millsteinz Vyas Sekar George Varghesez CMU ∗Intentionet yMicrosoft Research zUCLA Abstract— To guarantee network availability and se- curity, operators must ensure that their reachability poli- cies (e.g., A can or cannot talk to B) are correctly im- plemented. This is a difficult task due to the complexity Routers Environment at )me t configura)on files of network configuration and the constant churn in a net- Network work’s environment, e.g., new route announcements ar- Environment at )me t+1 control plane rive and links fail. Current network reachability analysis Environment at )me t+2 … … techniques are limited as they can only reason about the data plane at )me t+2 current “incarnation” of the network, cannot analyze all data plane at )me t+1 configuration features, or are too slow to enable explo- data plane at )me t ration of many environments. We build ERA, a tool for A B efficient reasoning about network reachability. Instead of Figure 1: Reachability behavior of a network (e.g., A reasoning about individual incarnations of the network, can talk to B) is determined by its data plane, which, ERA directly reasons about the network “control plane” in turn, is the current incarnation of the control plane. that generates these incarnations. We address key expres- siveness and scalability challenges by building (i) a suc- To highlight this challenge, it is useful to consider prior cinct model for the network control plane (i.e., various work on network verification.
    [Show full text]
  • The Network Layer Data Plane
    The Network Layer: Data Plane Overview Net 1 R1 Net 2 R2 Net 3 R3 Net 4 1. Network Layer Basics Raj Jain 2. What’s inside a router? Washington University in Saint Louis 3. Forwarding Protocols: IPv4, DHCP, NAT, IPv6 Saint Louis, MO 63130 4. Software Defined Networking [email protected] Audio/Video recordings of this lecture are available on-line at: Note: This class lecture is based on Chapter 4 of the textbook http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ (Kurose and Ross) and the figures provided by the authors. Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain 4-1 4-2 Overview Network Layer Basics Forwarding and Routing 1. Forwarding and Routing T Forwarding: Input link to output link via Address prefix lookup in a table. 2. Connection Oriented Networks: ATM Networks T Routing: Making the Address lookup table 3. Classes of Service T Longest Prefix Match 4. Router Components 5. Packet Queuing and Dropping 125.200.1.3 126.23.45.67 125.200.1.1 125.200.1.2 128.272.15.2 2 1 Prefix Next Router Interface 126.23.45.67/32 125.200.1.1 1 128.272.15/24 125.200.1.2 2 128.272/16 125.200.1.1 1 Ref: Optional Homework: R3 in the textbook Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain Washington University in St.
    [Show full text]
  • Tesseract: a 4D Network Control Plane Hong Yan†, David A
    Tesseract: A 4D Network Control Plane Hong Yany, David A. Maltzz, T. S. Eugene Ngx, Hemant Gogineniy, Hui Zhangy, Zheng Caix yCarnegie Mellon University zMicrosoft Research xRice University Abstract example, load balanced best-effort forwarding may be implemented by carefully tuning OSPF link weights to We present Tesseract, an experimental system that en- indirectly control the paths used for forwarding. Inter- ables the direct control of a computer network that is un- domain routing policy may be indirectly implemented by der a single administrative domain. Tesseract’s design setting OSPF link weights to change the local cost met- is based on the 4D architecture, which advocates the de- ric used in BGP calculations. The combination of such composition of the network control plane into decision, indirect mechanisms create subtle dependencies. For in- dissemination, discovery, and data planes. Tesseract pro- stance, when OSPF link weights are changed to load bal- vides two primary abstract services to enable direct con- ance the traffic in the network, inter-domain routing pol- trol: the dissemination service that carries opaque con- icy may be impacted. The outcome of the synthesis of trol information from the network decision element to the indirect control mechanisms can be difficult to predict nodes in the network, and the node configuration service and exacerbates the complexity of network control [1]. which provides the interface for the decision element to The direct control paradigm avoids these problems be- command the nodes in the network to carry out the de- cause it forces the dependencies between control policies sired control policies. to become explicit.
    [Show full text]
  • Single-Chip Control/Data-Plane Processors Trends, Features, Deployment
    Single-Chip Control/Data-Plane Processors Trends, Features, Deployment By Linley Gwennap Principal Analyst June 2008 www.linleygroup.com Single-Chip Control/Data-Plane Processors By Linley Gwennap, Principal Analyst, The Linley Group This paper examines the trend toward combining control-plane and data-plane processing on a single chip. It discusses the technologies driving this trend, the common features of these chips, their advantages and disadvantages, and how they are being deployed today and into the future. What Is an SCDP? A single-chip control/data-plane processor (SCDP) combines control-plane and data- plane processing on a single chip. In networking or communications equipment, the data plane processes each packet as it passes through the system. Data-plane tasks may include converting packets from one protocol to another, encrypting or decrypting data, filtering unwanted packets, prioritizing packets, and routing them to their next destina- tion. A relatively simple processor with a small amount of software can perform these tasks, but they must be done quickly. Packets must be processed at least at wire speed, that is, the speed of the incoming network connection (e.g., 1Gbps for a Gigabit Ethernet connection). The control plane handles packets that require extra processing, typically about 5% to 10% of all packets. The most common example is a routing update (e.g., RIP, BGP); the control plane maintains the route table. The control plane may also process other protocols (e.g., ARP) that are too complex for the data plane, or legacy protocols (e.g., SNA, AppleTalk) that are rarely encountered. Finally, the control plane also handles management tasks such as system configuration and logging.
    [Show full text]
  • REDDIG II – Computer Networking Training
    REDDIG II – Computer Networking Training JM SANCHEZ / PH RASSAT - 20/06/2012 IP Addressing and Subnetting Invierno 2011 | Capacitacion en fabrica - CORPAC IP Addressing and Subnetting IP Addresses An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask. 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits) Dotted decimal format (for example, 172.16.254.1) REDDIG II | Network Course | Module 2 | 3 IP Addressing and Subnetting Binary and Decimal Conversion REDDIG II | Network Course | Module 2 | 4 IP Addressing and Subnetting IP Address Classes • IP classes are used to assist in assigning IP addresses to networks with different size requirements. • Classful addressing: REDDIG II | Network Course | Module 2 | 5 IP Addressing and Subnetting Private Address Range • Private IP addresses provide an entirely separate set of addresses that still allow access on a network but without taking up a public IP address space. • Private addresses are not allowed to be routed out to the Internet, so devices using private addresses cannot communicate directly with devices on the Internet. REDDIG II | Network Course | Module 2 | 6 IP Addressing and Subnetting Network Masks • Distinguishes which portion of the address identifies the network and which portion of the address identifies the node. • Default masks: Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0 • Once you have the address and the mask represented in binary, then identification of the network and host ID is easier.
    [Show full text]
  • A Exploration of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (Mpls) Network: a Review
    ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 13, 2020 A EXPLORATION OF MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING (MPLS) NETWORK: A REVIEW Nisha 1, Dr. Rashid Hussain 2 Ph.D. Scholar 1, Associate Professor 2 Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Jagatpura, Jaipur 1, 2 Received: 14 March 2020 Revised and Accepted: 8 July 2020 ABSTRACT: The central principle of the Multiprotocol Label Switching Network (MPLS) utilizes Label Switching Path (LSP) technology that provides high efficiency in packet transmission without needing to check for routing tables. Nevertheless, where a connection breakdown happens in an MPLS network, the reconstruction of a new path may entail further overhead. The MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) network is increasingly moving into a general and converged network capable of exchanging multi-service (voice, data, and video) information on the same IP-based network. Quality of service (QoS) has been progressively a critical requirement for new applications carrying MPLS networks. It realization helps service companies to develop the methods of network design and include full network services and to resolve any loss. This article describes a standard network loss (the loss would contribute to the restoration of the path in the MPLS network by using MPLS) and the network failure on the basis of exploratory study findings. KEYWORD: Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), Label Switch Path (LSP), Quality of Service (QoS) I. INTRODUCTION MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) is used as the core technologies of multiple autonomous systems in many business networks and public infrastructures. This is a connection-oriented infrastructure intended to solve the challenges of today’s network in terms of volume, scalability and traffic engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to MPLS
    Introduction to MPLS Steve Smith Systems Engineer 2003 Technical Symposium © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Agenda • Background • Technology Basics What is MPLS? Where Is it Used? • Label Distribution in MPLS Networks LDP, RSVP, BGP • Building MPLS Based Services VPNs AToM Traffic Engineering • Configurations Configuring MPLS, LDP, TE • Summary RST-1061 8216_05_2003_c1 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Background 2003 Technical Symposium © 1999, Cisco Systems,© 2003, Inc. Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Terminology • Acronyms PE—provider edge router P—Provider core router CE—Customer Edge router (also referred to as CPE) ASBR—Autonomous System Boundary Router RR—Route Reflector • TE—Traffic Engineering TE Head end—Router that initiates a TE tunnel TE Midpoint—Router where the TE Tunnel transits • VPN—Collection of sites that share common policies • AToM—Any Transport over MPLS Commonly known scheme for building layer 2 circuits over MPLS Attachment Circuit—Layer 2 circuit between PE and CE Emulated circuit—Pseudowire between PEs RST-1061 8216_05_2003_c1 © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Evolution of MPLS • From Tag Switching • Proposed in IETF—Later combined with other proposals from IBM (ARIS), Toshiba (CSR) Cisco Calls a MPLS Croup Cisco Ships Traffic Engineering BOF at IETF to Formally Chartered MPLS TE Deployed Standardize by IETF Tag Switching Cisco Ships MPLS VPN Large Scale MPLS (Tag Deployed Deployment Switching) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Time RST-1061 8216_05_2003_c1
    [Show full text]
  • Nsa Cybersecurity Report
    NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY CYBERSECURITY REPORT A GUIDE TO BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL (BGP) BEST PRACTICES A TECHNICAL REPORT FROM NETWORK SYSTEMS ANALYSIS BRANCH U/OO/202911-18 PP-18-0645 10 September 2018 1 s NSA CYBERSECURITY REPORT DOCUMENT CHANGE HISTORY DATE VERSION DESCRIPTION 07/24/18 01 Initial Release 08/24/18 02 Re-templated DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND ENDORSEMENT The information and opinions contained in this document are provided “as is” and without any warranties or guarantees. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. U/OO/202911-18 PP-18-0645 10 September 2018 2 s NSA CYBERSECURITY REPORT A Guide to Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Best Practices CONTACT INFORMATION Client Requirements and Inquiries or General Cybersecurity Inquiries CYBERSECURITY REQUIREMENTS CENTER (CRC) 410-854-4200 [email protected] U/OO/202911-18 PP-18-0645 10 September 2018 3 s NSA CYBERSECURITY REPORT Executive Summary The dominant routing protocol on the Internet is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). BGP has been deployed since the commercialization of the Internet and version 4 of BGP is over a decade old. BGP works well in practice, and its simplicity and resilience enabled it to play a fundamental role within the global Internet. However, BGP inherently provides few performance or security protections.
    [Show full text]
  • LTRDCT-2223.Pdf
    Implementing VXLAN In a Data Center Lilian Quan, Principle Engineer, INSBU Erum Frahim, Technical Leader, Services Kevin Cook, Solution Architecture LTRDCT-2223 Agenda . VxLAN Overview . Flood-&-Learn VXLAN . VXLAN with MP-BGP EVPN Control Plane . VXLAN Design Options . MP-BGP EVPN VXLAN Configuration . Lab Introduction Agenda . VxLAN Overview . Flood-&-Learn VXLAN . VXLAN with MP-BGP EVPN Control Plane . VXLAN Design Options . MP-BGP EVPN VXLAN Configuration . Lab Introduction Recap – What is VXLAN ? Tunnel Ethernet Frames Endpoints NETWORK OVERLAY Host Host 1 4 IP Addr IP Network IP Addr Host 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 Host 2 Switch Switch 5 Host Host 3 IP/UDP Packets 6 PLANE DATA DATA Outer Outer Outer Outer Outer Outer VXLAN Inner Inner Optiona Original CRC MAC MAC MAC MAC l Inner Ethernet 802.1Q IP DA IP SA UDP ID CRC DA SA (24 bits) DA SA 802.1Q Payload VXLAN Encapsulation Original Ethernet Frame • VXLAN uses MAC in UDP encapsulation (UDP destination port 4789) 5 Why VXLAN? VXLAN provides a Network with Segmentation, IP Mobility, and Scale • “Standards” based Overlay • Leverages Layer-3 ECMP – all links forwarding • Increased Name-Space to 16M identifier • Segmentation and Multi-Tenancy • Integration of Physical and Virtual • It’s SDN 6 VXLAN VTEP VXLAN terminates its tunnels on VTEPs (Virtual Tunnel End Point). Each VTEP has two interfaces, one is to provide bridging function for local hosts, the other has an IP identification in the core network for VXLAN encapsulation/decapsulation. Underlay Network (IP Routing) VTEP VTEP IP Interface IP Interface Local LAN Segment Local LAN Segment Host Host Host Host 7 VXLAN Underlay Network – IP Routing • IP routed Network • Flexible topologies IP Transport Network • Recommend a network with redundant paths using ECMP for load sharing • Support any routing protocols --- OSFP, EIGRP, IS-IS, BGP, etc.
    [Show full text]