Introduction to MPLS
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Control Plane Overview Subnet 1.2 Subnet 1.2
The Network Layer: Control Plane Overview Subnet 1.2 Subnet 1.2 R3 R2 R6 Interior Subnet 1.2 R5 Subnet 1.2 Subnet 1.2 R7 1. Routing Algorithms: Link-State, Distance Vector R8 R4 R1 Subnet 1.2 Dijkstra’s algorithm, Bellman-Ford Algorithm Exterior Subnet 1.2 Subnet 1.2 2. Routing Protocols: OSPF, BGP Raj Jain 3. SDN Control Plane Washington University in Saint Louis 4. ICMP Saint Louis, MO 63130 5. SNMP [email protected] Audio/Video recordings of this lecture are available on-line at: Note: This class lecture is based on Chapter 5 of the textbook (Kurose and Ross) and the figures provided by the authors. http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain 5-1 5-2 Network Layer Functions Overview Routing Algorithms T Forwarding: Deciding what to do with a packet using 1. Graph abstraction a routing table Data plane 2. Distance Vector vs. Link State T Routing: Making the routing table Control Plane 3. Dijkstra’s Algorithm 4. Bellman-Ford Algorithm Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain 5-3 5-4 Rooting or Routing Routeing or Routing T Rooting is what fans do at football games, what pigs T Routeing: British do for truffles under oak trees in the Vaucluse, and T Routing: American what nursery workers intent on propagation do to T Since Oxford English Dictionary is much heavier than cuttings from plants. -
DSL-Based Access Solutions Thomas Martin Session SPL-211
SPL_211 © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Design Principles for DSL-Based Access Solutions Thomas Martin Session SPL-211 SPL_211 © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Agenda • Digital Subscriber Line Technologies • Subscriber Connection Models • Reaching the Services • Case Studies • Summary, Question and Answer SPL_211 © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 What is Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)? End-User DSL E’net ATM Value-Added Copper Loop Packet Network DSL DSL “Modem” “Modem” • DSL is a pair of “modems” on either end of a copper wire pair • DSL converts ordinary phone lines into high-speed data conduits • Like dial, cable, wireless, and E1, DSL by itself is a transmission technology, not a complete end-to-end solution • End-users don’t buy DSL, they buy services such as high-speed Internet access, intranet, leased-line, voice, VPN, and video on demand SPL_211 © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 DSL Modem Technology DSLDSL ServiceService Max.Max. DataData RateRate AnalogAnalog VoiceVoice Max.Max. ReachReach Down/UplinkDown/Uplink (bps)(bps) SupportSupport (km-feet)(km-feet) Residential VDSL–Very 25M/1.6M25M/1.6M YesYes .9–3,000.9–3,000 High Bit Rate oror 8M/8M8M/8M SOHO ADSL–Asymmetric 8M/1M8M/1M YesYes 5.5–18,0005.5–18,000 G.SHDSL 2.3M/2.3M.2.3M/2.3M. NoNo 8.15–26,0008.15–26,000 Business • Trade-off is reach vs. Bandwidth • Reach numbers imply “clean copper” • Different layer 1 transmission technologies, need a common upper protocol layer to tie them together SPL_211 © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. -
Best Practices for Deploying Ipv6 Over Broadband Access
WHITE PAPER Best Practices for Deploying IPv6 over Broadband Access www.ixiacom.com 915-0123-01 Rev. D, January 2016 2 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................. 4 IPv6 Solutions for Broadband Access......................................................... 4 Translation ................................................................................................... 5 Tunneling ..................................................................................................... 5 Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite) ............................................................................ 5 IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) ...................................................................... 6 Dual-Stack ................................................................................................... 8 How Dual-Stack PPP works ....................................................................... 8 Test Requirements ....................................................................................... 9 Testing Tunneling ......................................................................................... 9 Testing Dual-Stack PPP ............................................................................. 11 Conclusion ..................................................................................................12 3 Introduction Service Providers: The IPv6 Bell Tolls for Thee! After more than a decade of forewarning, the IPv4 to IPv6 transition has -
The Network Layer: Control Plane
CHAPTER 5 The Network Layer: Control Plane In this chapter, we’ll complete our journey through the network layer by covering the control-plane component of the network layer—the network-wide logic that con- trols not only how a datagram is forwarded among routers along an end-to-end path from the source host to the destination host, but also how network-layer components and services are configured and managed. In Section 5.2, we’ll cover traditional routing algorithms for computing least cost paths in a graph; these algorithms are the basis for two widely deployed Internet routing protocols: OSPF and BGP, that we’ll cover in Sections 5.3 and 5.4, respectively. As we’ll see, OSPF is a routing protocol that operates within a single ISP’s network. BGP is a routing protocol that serves to interconnect all of the networks in the Internet; BGP is thus often referred to as the “glue” that holds the Internet together. Traditionally, control-plane routing protocols have been implemented together with data-plane forwarding functions, monolithi- cally, within a router. As we learned in the introduction to Chapter 4, software- defined networking (SDN) makes a clear separation between the data and control planes, implementing control-plane functions in a separate “controller” service that is distinct, and remote, from the forwarding components of the routers it controls. We’ll cover SDN controllers in Section 5.5. In Sections 5.6 and 5.7 we’ll cover some of the nuts and bolts of managing an IP network: ICMP (the Internet Control Message Protocol) and SNMP (the Simple Network Management Protocol). -
Qos Support in MPLS Networks
1 QoS Support in MPLS Networks MPLS/Frame Relay Alliance White Paper May 2003 By: Victoria Fineberg, Consultant [email protected] Abstract MPLS is sometimes used synonymously with QoS, but more accurately, it is a QoS- enabling technology that forces application flows into connection-oriented paths and provides mechanisms for traffic engineering and bandwidth guarantees along these paths. Furthermore, when an MPLS network supports DiffServ, traffic flows can receive class- based admission, differentiated queue servicing in the network nodes, preemption priority, and other network treatment that provide bases for QoS guarantees. The IETF work in this area has been augmented by the MPLS/Frame Relay Alliance Implementation Agreement which extends MPLS to the user-network interface, and thus serves as a foundation for implementing QoS end-to-end. This paper describes various QoS and MPLS mechanisms and analyzes their applicability. 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................3 1.1 QoS Drivers .........................................................................................................3 1.2 Main Definitions ..................................................................................................4 1.3 Necessary Conditions for QoS.............................................................................5 2. Initial QoS and TE Models ..........................................................................................6 -
IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support
IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support The Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) protocol provides short-duration detection of failures in the path between adjacent forwarding engines while maintaining low networking overheads. The BFD IS-IS Client Support feature enables Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) to use Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) support, which improves IS-IS convergence as BFD detection and failure times are faster than IS-IS convergence times in most network topologies. The IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support feature enables the network to identify whether a BFD session failure is genuine or is the result of a control plane failure due to a router restart. When planning a router restart, you should configure this feature on all neighboring routers. • Finding Feature Information, on page 1 • Prerequisites for IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 1 • Information About IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 2 • How to Configure IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 2 • Configuration Examples for IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 3 • Additional References, on page 4 • Feature Information for IS-IS Client for BFD C-Bit Support, on page 4 Finding Feature Information Your software release may not support all the features documented in this module. For the latest caveats and feature information, see Bug Search Tool and the release notes for your platform and software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the feature information table. -
ISP Architecture – MPLS Overview, Design and Implementation for Wisps
www.iparchitechs.com 1-855-MIKROTI(K) ISP Architecture – MPLS Overview, Design and Implementation for WISPs. KEVIN MYERS, NETWORK ARCHITECT / MANAGING PARTNER MTCINE #1409 MIKROTIK CERTIFIED TRAINER •Kevin Myers, Network Architect • Jackson, Mississippi – United States • 18 + years in IT, Network Architecture and Engineering • Areas of Design Focus: •MikroTik integration with large multi-vendor networks •Design/Implement/Operate BGP/MPLS/OSPF Wireline and WISP service provider networks •Design/Implement/Operate Data Center (Enterprise and Cloud) networks • Certifications • MTCINE #1409 & MikroTik Certified Trainer • MikroTik – MTCWE, MTCUME, MTCRE, MTCTCE, MTCNA • Cisco/Microsoft – CCNP, CCNA, MCP •www.iparchitechs.com •Global Leaders in MikroTik Design and Engineering •#1 ranked MikroTik consulting firm in North America •The most successful MikroTik global integrator – we bill thousands of hours in MikroTik engineering across 6 continents. •The first consulting firm to offer 24/7 MikroTik technical assistance with enterprise level SLAs •Operate at large scale supporting networks with tens of thousands or routers, switches, firewalls, etc •www.iparchitechs.com •Our Services •Global Professional Services – Consulting for Design, Engineering, Integration and Operations •Fully Managed Network Services - per rack unit support for full network management and monitoring •24/7 support contracts per device – support all MikroTik devices with 24/7 TAC support and 4 hour SLAs. • MultiLingual Support in: English, Français, Polski, Español MPLS – What is it? • Theory: Briefly introduce the MPLS protocol and how it works in conjunction with existing L2/L3 networks • Design: Discuss an MPLS architecture and preparing your WISP for implementing MPLS. • Business Justification: Identify the business and financial use case for implementing MPLS in a WISP. -
Ipv6 in Broadband Networks MR-244
IPv6 in Broadband Networks MR-244 January 2011 Agenda 1. Introduction to the Broadband Forum 2. Business drivers for IPv6 and IPv4 exhaustion 3. Key IPv6 attributes and deployment challenges 4. IPv6 strategies for broadband access to support Internet access and new services 5. Summary 2 IPv6 in Broadband Networks Tutorial Contributors Christophe Alter – France Telecom Salman Asadullah – Cisco David Allan – Ericsson Michel Borgne – France Telecom Dave Christophe – Alcatel-Lucent Guillaume Gottardi – Cisco Michael Hanrahan – Huawei Christian Jacquenet – France Telecom David Kessens – NSN Suresh Krishnan – Ericsson Roberta Maglione – Telecom Italia Drew Rexrode – Verizon 3 We are the Broadband Forum http://www.broadband-forum.org The Broadband Forum is the central organization driving broadband solutions and empowering converged packet networks worldwide to better meet the needs of vendors, service providers and their customers. We develop multi-service broadband packet networking specifications addressing interoperability, architecture and management. Our work enables home, business and converged broadband services, encompassing customer, access and backbone networks. 4 The BroadbandSuite Goals and Focus The BroadbandSuite is broken down into three major domains: BroadbandManagement – Goal – enhance network management capabilities and enable an intelligent, programmable control layer that unifies diverse networks – Focus - empower service providers to deliver and efficiently maintain personalized services that enhance the -
The Role of Emerging Broadband Technologies on the Converged
The Role of Emerging Broadband Technologies on the Converged Packet-Based Network Introduction The vision of network convergence toward a consolidated packet-based network has been discussed for years, though it is still not a reality. Currently, there are numerous overlay networks such as IP, ATM, FR, Ethernet, SONET, DWDM and wireless for different services. The evolution pace toward convergence has been slow due to economic, technical and regulatory issues. However, the fact is that data traffic volume is now surpassing voice traffic volume. Traditional TDM voice traffic is moving to IP packets and TDM private line is moving to Ethernet private line. The wave of broadband applications such as Internet access, VOD, and IPTV create high bandwidth requirements for the network. These applications are packet-based, but have a much lower margin of profit for the service providers when compared to traditional voice service. Today’s overlay and traditional circuit-based infrastructure will become less optimal for the new packet-based services as the profit margin decreases. Most of the wireless networks in North America today are still circuit-based because most of the current wireless service is still voice-based. However, with emerging wireless access technologies such as WiMAX and Wi-Fi, more broadband wireless data and video services can be deployed. As a result, the wireless core network evolves toward a packet-based network. Service offerings drive network evolution. As more packet-based broadband services are launched and bundled together in service offerings, service providers start to add more packet-aware features into their current network components. -
Service Provider Ipv6 Deployment BRKSPG-3300
Service Provider IPv6 Deployment BRKSPG-3300 Amarjit Gahir – Solutions Architect BRKSPG-3300 Prerequisites: Session Abstract • This session focuses on SP IPv6 deployment techniques in core networks which will help network designers and administrators understand IPv6 operation and implementation options for native IPv4 and MPLS core environments. This session will also shed light on IPv6 Multihoming, addressing and Cisco Carrier- Grade IPv6 (CGv6) Solution considerations in core networks. • Attendee must have a solid foundation of IPv6 basics (Protocol, Addressing, Routing), MPLS and Multicast. © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2 Agenda • SP IPv6 Integration Strategy • IPv6 in Core Networks and Deployment Models • IPv6 Addressing Considerations • IPv6 Multi-homing Considerations • Carrier-Grade IPv6 Solution – CGv6 • Conclusion Growing Internet Challenge & Evolution Moving from 1 to 2 to 3 to 1 ….. Public Public IPv4 IPv4 Public IPv6 IPv4 Private IPv6 Private IPv4 IPv4 • 2012: Mandates take effect – GlobAlization - WorldIPv6LAunch - Massive Mobile deployment. Transition to IPv6 forces Services & Applications running over IPv6 customers to acquire product or managed services to sustain business and IPv4/IPv6 Coexistence Infrastructure customer reach IPv6 Internet • 2015: IPv6 is mAinstreAm Customers without transition Preserve IPv4 infrastructure experience v4 run out reduced service levels, diminished customer reach 2012 2015 2020+ © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public IPv4 Runout RIR Projected RemAining ExhAustion Addresses in Date RIR Pool (/8s) APNIC 19-Apr-2011 0.6079 (actual) RIPE NCC 14-Sep-2012 0.9394 (actual) LACNIC 10-Jun-2014 0.1067 (actual) ARIN 24 Sep-2015 (actual) AFRINIC 11-Jan-2019 1.6947 5 © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. -
Implementing Trust-To-Trust with Customer Edge Switching
Implementing Trust-to-Trust with Customer Edge Switching Raimo A. Kantola, Member, IEEE, Department of Communications and Networking Aalto University Helsinki, Finland [email protected] for the duration of a session. Abstract — A Network Address Translator allows hosts in a The UNSAF architecture requires a STUN client in the private address space to communicate with servers in the pub- hosts and STUN servers to be deployed in the global net- lic Internet. There is no accepted solution for an arbitrary host work but it leaves the NATs themselves as they are. UNSAF from the public IP network to initiate communication with a uses IP addresses for identification. It clutters applications host in a private address space although attempts have been made to create one. This paper proposes the replace NATs with code that has nothing to do with the task of the with a more comprehensive concept we call Customer Edge application. It scales poorly particularly for mobile hosts. It Switching (CES). Customer edge switching assumes connection does not help in deploying servers in private address space state on the trust boundary between the user and the core net- and thus hampers the user innovation potential. works. The connection state is managed by implicit signaling. An application on a user device such as a mobile termi- The state gives means for the private network operator to ap- nal that wants to be reachable needs to maintain a NAT ply elaborate access control to packet flows arriving from the Internet to the private network. CES is a way of moving from mapping by a keep-alive mechanism that wakes the device the end-to-end principle to the trust-to-trust principle advo- at regular intervals and keeps the NAT state alive. -
Efficient Network Reachability Analysis Using a Succinct Control Plane Representation
Efficient Network Reachability Analysis using a Succinct Control Plane Representation Seyed K. Fayaz Tushar Sharma Ari Fogel∗ Ratul Mahajany Todd Millsteinz Vyas Sekar George Varghesez CMU ∗Intentionet yMicrosoft Research zUCLA Abstract— To guarantee network availability and se- curity, operators must ensure that their reachability poli- cies (e.g., A can or cannot talk to B) are correctly im- plemented. This is a difficult task due to the complexity Routers Environment at )me t configura)on files of network configuration and the constant churn in a net- Network work’s environment, e.g., new route announcements ar- Environment at )me t+1 control plane rive and links fail. Current network reachability analysis Environment at )me t+2 … … techniques are limited as they can only reason about the data plane at )me t+2 current “incarnation” of the network, cannot analyze all data plane at )me t+1 configuration features, or are too slow to enable explo- data plane at )me t ration of many environments. We build ERA, a tool for A B efficient reasoning about network reachability. Instead of Figure 1: Reachability behavior of a network (e.g., A reasoning about individual incarnations of the network, can talk to B) is determined by its data plane, which, ERA directly reasons about the network “control plane” in turn, is the current incarnation of the control plane. that generates these incarnations. We address key expres- siveness and scalability challenges by building (i) a suc- To highlight this challenge, it is useful to consider prior cinct model for the network control plane (i.e., various work on network verification.