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Lithuanian Religious and Ceremonial Terms of Semitic Origin: the Phenomenon of Azazel
Etnolingwistyka 29 Lublin 2017 I. Rozprawy i analizy DOI: 10.17951/et.2017.29.257 Rolandas K r e g ž d y s (Vilnius, Lithuanian Culture Research Institute) Lithuanian religious and ceremonial terms of semitic origin: the phenomenon of Azazel The article deals with the so-called phenomenon of Azazel, i.e. the scape- goat icon, examples of which can be found in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and in dialectal sources. Its relics are also traced in three-day Shro- vetide rites before the Lenten fast, which begins on Ash Wednesday (Shrove Tuesday in Lithuania), and in the Easter feast from Piev˙enaiin Samogitia (the histrionic so-called “Easter Jews” vigil on the night before Easter). Using different methods of investigating cultural realia, i.e. cross-cultural comparison and linguistic analysis (based on the inner and external reconstruction (or historical) methodology), two main types of religious terms of Semitic origin registered in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and dialectal sources are identified: (i) Hebraisms with neutral or hereditary connotation; and (ii) pejoratives or semantically modified words with an anti-Semitic background. The paper also explains the origin of the xenophobic elements of the Easter feast, the way it has been celebrated in Piev˙enaiuntil today. Key words: Azazel/scapegoat phenomenon; religious terms; ceremonial terms; Hebraism; pejorative; semantically modified words Introduction: a short prehistory of the origin and purport of the scapegoat or Azazel icon The mythonym of Azazel or Hazazel (Azael, Azozel)1 is traditionally explained as an appellative of one of the chiefs of the 200 fallen angels 1 The exact meaning of the proper name is ambiguous: 1. -
Health Systems in Transition
61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 1 03/03/2020 09:55 Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Vol. Health Systems in Transition Vol. 21 No. 4 2019 Health Systems in Transition: in Transition: Health Systems C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Latvia Latvia Health system review Daiga Behmane Alina Dudele Anita Villerusa Janis Misins The Observatory is a partnership, hosted by WHO/Europe, which includes other international organizations (the European Commission, the World Bank); national and regional governments (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Kristine Klavina Ireland, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Veneto Region of Italy); other health system organizations (the French National Union of Health Insurance Funds (UNCAM), the Dzintars Mozgis Health Foundation); and academia (the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the Giada Scarpetti London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)). The Observatory has a secretariat in Brussels and it has hubs in London at LSE and LSHTM) and at the Berlin University of Technology. HiTs are in-depth profiles of health systems and policies, produced using a standardized approach that allows comparison across countries. They provide facts, figures and analysis and highlight reform initiatives in progress. Print ISSN 1817-6119 Web ISSN 1817-6127 61575 Latvia HiT_2_WEB.pdf 2 03/03/2020 09:55 Giada Scarpetti (Editor), and Ewout van Ginneken (Series editor) were responsible for this HiT Editorial Board Series editors Reinhard Busse, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Josep Figueras, European -
Ramsar Sites in Order of Addition to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance
Ramsar sites in order of addition to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance RS# Country Site Name Desig’n Date 1 Australia Cobourg Peninsula 8-May-74 2 Finland Aspskär 28-May-74 3 Finland Söderskär and Långören 28-May-74 4 Finland Björkör and Lågskär 28-May-74 5 Finland Signilskär 28-May-74 6 Finland Valassaaret and Björkögrunden 28-May-74 7 Finland Krunnit 28-May-74 8 Finland Ruskis 28-May-74 9 Finland Viikki 28-May-74 10 Finland Suomujärvi - Patvinsuo 28-May-74 11 Finland Martimoaapa - Lumiaapa 28-May-74 12 Finland Koitilaiskaira 28-May-74 13 Norway Åkersvika 9-Jul-74 14 Sweden Falsterbo - Foteviken 5-Dec-74 15 Sweden Klingavälsån - Krankesjön 5-Dec-74 16 Sweden Helgeån 5-Dec-74 17 Sweden Ottenby 5-Dec-74 18 Sweden Öland, eastern coastal areas 5-Dec-74 19 Sweden Getterön 5-Dec-74 20 Sweden Store Mosse and Kävsjön 5-Dec-74 21 Sweden Gotland, east coast 5-Dec-74 22 Sweden Hornborgasjön 5-Dec-74 23 Sweden Tåkern 5-Dec-74 24 Sweden Kvismaren 5-Dec-74 25 Sweden Hjälstaviken 5-Dec-74 26 Sweden Ånnsjön 5-Dec-74 27 Sweden Gammelstadsviken 5-Dec-74 28 Sweden Persöfjärden 5-Dec-74 29 Sweden Tärnasjön 5-Dec-74 30 Sweden Tjålmejaure - Laisdalen 5-Dec-74 31 Sweden Laidaure 5-Dec-74 32 Sweden Sjaunja 5-Dec-74 33 Sweden Tavvavuoma 5-Dec-74 34 South Africa De Hoop Vlei 12-Mar-75 35 South Africa Barberspan 12-Mar-75 36 Iran, I. R. -
The Military Heritage and Environment of Kurzeme
SELFDRIVE THE MILITARY HERITAGE AND ENVIRONMENT OF KURZEME The NATURA 2000 system was established by European Union member states to protect a large series of environmental territories. In Latvia’s case, the system includes territories that were protected before it was set up, as well as 122 new territories. Each EU member state establishes its own system of territories, and these are then joined in the central system. NATURA 2000 territories are of European importance and are environmentally protected. Along this route, the most interesting NATURA 2000 territories include the Zvārde Forest Park, the Embūte Nature Park, the Ziemupe Nature Reserve and the Nature Park of the Ancient Abava River Valley. While in these territories, please be gentle with environmental, cultural and historical values. Keep the “interests” of birds in mind when birdwatching. ROUTE During the Soviet era, Latvia was the western border of the USSR, and that made it a strategic location in which lots of military resources were concentrated. During the Soviet occupation, there were more than 1,000 Soviet military units in Latvia, and they controlled some 600 facilities equalling to more than 10% of the territory of the Latvian SSR. In other words, Latvia was behind the Iron Curtain for nearly half a century. Border guard posts, tank bases, aviation bases, military airfields, storage facilities for weapons and munitions (including nuclear missiles), military espionage facilities and other, similar entities were mostly centred on the shore of the Baltic Sea, where there was a special frontier regime. It was just 20 years ago that people were allowed to be on the beach only during sunlight and in very limited areas. -
One of the Oldest Village in the Nemunas Delta, Founded in the XV Century
RUSNE village Rusnė - one of the oldest village in the Nemunas Delta, founded in the XV century. This is the only city in Lithuania that is in the island. The modern bridge Atmata not always saves the local population from the spring floods. During the flood 40 thousand hectares of grassland is covered in water. People of Rusnė are kept safe from the floods by mound. Island has a Polders system equipped with 20 water lift stations. At the lake Dumblė the land surface is 1.3 m below sea level. During the summer Rusnė becomes particularly popular place. Tourists are coming not only from Lithuania but also from Germany, Denmark. In 2002, in Rusnė there was established an information center. The old tradition of fishermen revives – there was built and old sailing yawl according to the old drawing. In island Rusnė we can visit the restored church, the old post office, ethnographic K. Banys farmstead, Uostadvaris lighthouse (1876), the first water lifting station (1907). Rusnė - border town – on the other side of Skirvytė there is a region of Kaliningrad, Russian Federation. MINIJA (MINGE, MINE) village Minija is also called "Lithuanian Venice" because of its unique landscape. Village was fist mentioned in 16th century and originates for the river name, but earlier it was called only Minė. Germans called the village Minge. River Minija divides the village into 2 parts, but there are now bridges. Every house in Minija is facing the river and people say, that river is the street there. The town was flooded periodically. In 19th century there were 76 houses and more than 400 people lived in Minija. -
On the Problem of Assessment of Sustainability in the Sea Shore Region
ISSN 2029-9370. REGIONAL FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, No. 2 (10) ON THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN THE SEA SHORE REGION Kristina ramanausKaitė1, angelija Bučienė2 Klaipėda University (Lithuania) ABSTRACT Definitions and sets of indicators as well as approaches on sustainable development are compiled, discussed and evaluated in this paper. The researched region embraces for five urban and district municipalities in western Lithuania and Latvia in the total area of 1393.93 km2. The scheme of steps of assessment of sustainability with selected sets of indicators relevant for the sea shore region of Lithuania and Latvia is presented and discussed. KEY WORDS: sustainability, assessment, sea shore region. JEL CODES: Q01, Q56. Introduction The sea shore or coastal zone’s importance in the country’s economics is one of the greatest in most of world countries because of high natural and human resources located there (Berkes et al., 2003; Gadal and Lekavičiūtė, 2012; Walter, Stützel, 2009). In the sense of spatial planning, it involves a territory in the sea and on land, the boundaries of which are defined by mutual influences and interests (Pužulis, 2010; Spiriajevas, 2012; Burgis, Čiegis, 2012). According to the research in Finland, about 40 % of Baltic sea shore habitat types are threatened (SH7 Red-listed, 2008). The seashore meadows, seasonally flooded meadows and paludified wet meadows are among the most valuable rural landscapes in the coastal areas. This kind of areas has most certainly decreased lately, due to decreased grazing and hay harvesting, drainage activities, cultivation or increased damp construction with shrinking of agricultural activities. However the tourism, recreation, fishing, sports are increasing and their impact on the environment in these regions increases as well. -
National Minorities in Lithuania, a Study Visit
National Minorities in Lithuania; A study visit to Vilnius and Klaipėda for Mercator Education 7-14 November 2006 Tjeerd de Graaf and Cor van der Meer Introduction The Mercator-Education project hosted at the Frisian Academy has been established with the principal goal of acquiring, storing and disseminating information on minority and regional language education in the European region 1. Recently a computerised database containing bibliographic data, information about people and organisations involved in this subject has been established. The series of Regional Dossiers published by Mercator-Education provides descriptive information about minority languages in a specific region of the European Union, such as characteristics of the educational system and recent educational policies. At present, an inventory of the languages in the new states of the European Union is being made showing explicitly the position of ethnic minorities. In order to investigate the local situation in one of these new states in more detail and to inform representatives of the communities about the work of Mercator Education and the policies of the European Union in this field, a delegation from the Frisian Academy visited Lithuania in the week 7-14 November 2006. Together with Lithuanian colleagues a program for this visit was prepared according to the following schedule. Schedule of the study trip to Lithuania 7 – 14 November 2006 Tuesday 7 November: Arrival in Vilnius at 13:25 with TE465 16:00 Meeting at the Department of National Minorities and Lithuanians -
Žemės Rinkos Specifika Šilutės Rajone
LIETUVOS ŽEMĖS ŪKIO UNIVERSITETAS VANDENS ŪKIO IR ŽEMĖTVARKOS FAKULTETAS Žemėtvarkos katedra Lina Simonavičiūtė ŽEMĖS RINKOS SPECIFIKA ŠILUTĖS RAJONE Magistrantūros studijų baigiamasis darbas Studijų sritis: Technologijos mokslai Studijų kryptis : Kraštotvarka Studijų programa: Žemėtvarka Akademija, 2010 Magistrantūros studijų baigiamojo darbo valstybinė kvalifikacinė komisija (patvirtinta Rektoriaus įsakymu 2010-03-17 Nr. 61- kb) Pirmininkas: prof., habil. dr. Algimantas ZAKAREVIČIUS, VILNIAUS GEDIMINO TECHNIKOS UNIVERSITETAS Nariai: 1. doc. dr. Vidmantas GURKLYS, LIETUVOS ŽEMĖS ŪKIO UNIVERSITETAS 2. doc. dr. Audrius ALEKNAVIČIUS, LIETUVOS ŽEMĖS ŪKIO UNIVERSITETAS 3. doc. dr. Pranas ALEKNAVIČIUS, LIETUVOS ŽEMĖS ŪKIO UNIVERSITETAS 4. doc. dr. Virginija GURSKIENĖ, LIETUVOS ŽEMĖS ŪKIO UNIVERSITETAS Mokslinis vadovas:............................................................................................................................ (parašas) (lekt. dr. Marius ALEKNAVIČIUS, LIETUVOS ŽEMĖS ŪKIO UNIVERSITETAS) Recenzentas:...................................................................................................................... (parašas) (doc. dr. Audrius ALEKNAVIČIUs , LIETUVOS ŽEMĖS ŪKIO UNIVERSITETAS) Katedros vedėjas:............................................................................................................................... (parašas) (doc. dr. Audrius ALEKNAVIČIUS, LIETUVOS ŽEMĖS ŪKIO UNIVERSITETAS) Oponentas: ......................................................................................................................................... -
Privatization at the Crossroad of Latvia's Economic Reform
PRIVATIZATION AT THE CROSSROAD OF LATVIA'S ECONOMIC REFORM Sandra Berzups" I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 171 II. BACKGROUND ................................................................. 172 III. ECONOMIC REFORM ........................................................ 175 IV. PRIVATIZATION - THE BEGINNING ....................................... 177 V. RESTITUTION ................................................................. 179 VI. PRIVATIZATION CERTIFICATES ........................................... 180 VII. SECTORAL PRIVATIZATION - AGRICULTURE ........................... 182 VIII. SECTORAL PRIVATIZATION - BANKING .................................. 183 IX. SMALL SCALE PRIVATIZATION ........................................... 185 X. LARGE PRIVATIZATION ..................................................... 186 XI. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRIVATIZATION AGENCY ................... 188 XII. NEW PRIVATIZATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE PRIVATIZATION AGENCY - THE SPECIFICS ............................. 190 XIII. NEW PRIVATIZATION METHODOLOGY FOR PRIVATIZATION COMMITTEES - THE SPECIFICS ........................ 192 XIV. ANALYSIS OF NEW METHODOLOGY ..................................... 193 XV. CONCLUSION ................................................................. 195 I. INTRODUCTION Latvia regained its independence from the former Soviet Union in August 1991. Since then, it has begun the slow and arduous path of replacing the centrally-planned, socialist system with an economic structure based -
KLAIPĖDOS RAJONAS Sveiki Atvykę Į Klaipėdos Rajoną – Keturių Vandenų Kraštą Jus Pasitinka Keturių Vandenų Kraštu Vadinamas Rajonas
KLAIPĖDOS RAJONAS Sveiki atvykę į Klaipėdos rajoną – keturių vandenų kraštą Jus pasitinka keturių vandenų kraštu vadinamas rajonas. Jaukūs miestai ir miesteliai, gamtos prieglobsčio apsupti kaimai, akį džiuginantys ir vaiz- duotę įkvepiantys gamtos peizažai, tūkstantmečius skaičiuojanti lietuvininkų ir žemaičių krašto istorija, per amžius išsaugota kultūra, puoselėjamos tradi- cijos, šilti ir draugiški žmonės. Visa tai ir dar daugiau atrasite Klaipėdos ra- jone – krašte, kurį skalauja Baltijos jūros bangos ir Kuršių marios, vingiuoja 1. srauni Minijos upė, žalią rajono veidą gyvina mėlynų ežerų akys. Šį keturių vandenų kraštą lengvai pažinsite keliaudami po apylinkes, atos- togaudami kaimo turizmo sodybose. Krašto žmonės didžiuojasi savo istorija, tradicijomis ir nuostabia gamta. Linkime nepamirštamų akimirkų ir turi- ningo poilsio. GARGŽDAI Klaipėdos rajonas etniniu Tai Klaipėdos rajono administracinis 1. požiūriu yra išskirtinis: jį beveik centras, miestas prie Minijos upės, šalia pusiau dalija dviejų Lietuvos istorinės ribos su Mažąja Lietuva. Žmo- etninių grupių istorinis ir nių čia gyventa nuo žalvario amžiaus, o istoriniuose šaltiniuose Gargždai pirmą kultūrinis palikimas – Mažosios kartą minimi 1253 m. Ilgus amžius Gargž- Lietuvos lietuvininkų ir Didžiosios dai buvo pasienio gyvenvietė, o cariz- Lietuvos žemaičių. Išlikę Mažosios mo laikais per miestą į Didžiąją Lietuvą ir Didžiosios Lietuvos etniniai gabenta draudžiama spauda. XV–XVI a. ir kultūriniai skirtumai puikiai Gargžduose buvo žemaičių seniūnų Kęs- regimi keliaujant po Klaipėdos gailų dvaras. Per Antrąjį pasaulinį karą rajoną. miestelis sudegė. Gargždams Atgimimo 2. simboliu tapo 1989−1990 m. pastatyta postmodernistinio stiliaus mūrinė Šv. ar- kangelo Mykolo bažnyčia. Gargždai di- džiuojasi istorinio palikimo fragmentais: 2. senųjų gatvių linijomis, atnaujinta miesto aikšte, 2005 m. įsteigtu Gargždų krašto muziejumi, restauruotais senųjų kapinių vartais, šventoriaus koplyčia, varpine bei dvaro parku. -
Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow, Sediment And
Article Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow, Sediment and Nutrient Loadings of the Minija River (Lithuania): A Hillslope Watershed Discretization Application with High-Resolution Spatial Inputs Natalja Čerkasova 1,*, Georg Umgiesser 1,2 and Ali Ertürk 3 1 Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania; [email protected] 2 ISMAR-CNR, Institute of Marine Sciences, 30122 Venezia, Italy 3 Department of Inland Water Resources and Management, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +370-6-8301-627 Received: 5 February 2019; Accepted: 28 March 2019; Published: 1 April 2019 Abstract: In this paper we focus on the model setup scheme for medium-size watershed with high resolution, multi-site calibration, and present results on the possible changes of the Minija River in flow, sediment load, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) load in the near-term (up to 2050) and long-term (up to 2099) in the light of climate change (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios) under business-as-usual conditions. The SWAT model for the Minija River basin was setup by using the developed Matlab (SWAT-LAB) scripts for a highly customized watershed configuration that addresses the specific needs of the project objective. We performed the watershed delineation by combining sub-basin and hillslope discretization schemes. We defined the HRUs by aggregating the topographic, land use, soil, and administrative unit features of the area. A multisite manual calibration approach was adopted to calibrate and validate the model, achieving good to satisfactory results across different sub-basins of the area for flow, sediments and nutrient loads (TP and TN). -
Lietuvos Pajūrio Žemėlapis Su Lankomais Objektais
20. Kartenos piliakalnis. Kartenos miestelyje, kairiajame Minijos krante, stūkso XIII a. piliakal- 37. Lakūno Stepono Dariaus gimti nė-muziejusįkurtas 1991 m. Atstatytos Stepono Dariaus tėvų 53. Pažinti nis takas Naglių gamtos rezervate. Einant pažinti niu taku, kurio ilgis 1 100 m, gali- SKUODAS nis, nuo kurio atsiveria įspūdingas vaizdas: Kartenos miestelis, Minijos vingis ir slėniai. sodybos gyvenamajame name ir klėtyje įrengtos ekspozicijos. ma pamatyti išskirti nį Pilkųjų kopų, dar vadinamų Mirusiomis, kraštovaizdį, užpustytas buvusių gyvenviečių vietas, savaiminės kilmės miško augaliją ir po smėliu palaidotus šimtamečių miškų 1. I. Navidansko botanikos parkas – vienas pirmųjų botanikos parkų Lietuvoje. Plotas – 48 ha. 38. Agluonėnų etnografi nė sodyba ir klojimo teatras. Tai unikali Klaipėdos krašto nedidelio ūkio dirvožemius. Parke auga 34 vieti nių rūšių ir 95 atvežti nių rūšių ir formų medžiai ir krūmai. savininko sodyba, kurioje įkurtas klojimo teatras. PALANGA 54. Vecekrugo (Senosios smuklės) kopa – aukščiausia (67,2 m) Kuršių nerijos kopa, apaugusi 2. Žemdirbio muziejuje demonstruojami surinkti istoriniai eksponatai: senoviniai įrenginiai, 39. Laisvės kovų ir tremti es istorijos muziejus įkurtas 2006 m. ir skirtas lietuvių tautos laisvės kalninių pušų masyvais. prietaisai, įrankiai, baldai, namų apyvokos reikmenys. Šalia veikiančioje kalvėje galima išban- 21. Žemaičių alkas – senosios žemaičių šventvietės su paleoastronomine observatorija mo- kovoms atminti . dyti kalvio amatą. delis. 55. Nidos Evangelikų liuteronų bažnyčia,