I Cattivi Di Hebron:A Chi Servono I Coloni?

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I Cattivi Di Hebron:A Chi Servono I Coloni? I CATTIVI DI HEBRON: A CHI SERVONO I COLONI? 8 AGOSTO 2007 New York 1982 - Manifestazione di kahanisti; fonte: tbk.org L’aspetto che mi colpiva di più, che mi piaceva, nell’estetica del cyberpunk classico era il contesto malsano di queste enormi megalopoli collassate su se stesse, sotto il loro stesso peso, disposte su vari livelli come una torta a strati in un ordine verticale del benessere sociale: gli uffici delle megacorporazioni che affondano le fondamenta nello sprawl di brulicanti disperati costretti a vivere alla giornata o ridotti a zombie senza volontà, in un far west senza speranza. Un’apocalisse tecnologica inevasa, incancrenita. Vista oggi forse quest’estetica appare già vintage, anche perché molte cose scritte e immaginate negli anni ottanta le teniamo costantemente sotto gli occhi, come mi capita a volte tornando di sera sull’Asse Mediano, una sopraelevata che attraversa tutta l’area urbana di Napoli nord: sotto di me le luci del tessuto cittadino si stendono senza soluzione di continuità, sullo sfondo di un cielo dal colore indefinibile “come uno schermo televisivo mal sintonizzato”, con i fuochi e i fumi dell’immondizia bruciata come pire di enormi fornaci e torri di controllo dalle luci rosse intermittenti che si ergono sullo sfondo mentre le macchine sfrecciano alla mia sinistra a velocità tale che sembra stiano volando tra le case. Non scherzo, è una sensazione che ho avuto veramente una volta, all’altezza di Frattamaggiore, come fossi stato catapultato all’improvviso dalla realtà fin dentro la scena iniziale di Blade Runner. Ma è durato giusto un istante. C’è stato però un luogo in cui una simile sensazione cyberpunk è durata un bel po’, tutto il tempo della mia permanenza, e mi ha preso alla gola da subito, già alla prima visita. La sensazione del collasso, dell’apocalisse congelata. E mi è tornata in mente proprio ieri quando ho visto scorrere le immagini delle due famiglie sgomberate da tremila soldati dell’IDF nel Suq di Hebron, proprio lì dove - esattamente due anni fa - tutto il malsano del futuro immaginato mi si è rivelato tangibile, giusto sopra la mia testa. Hebron 24 Giugno 2005 - foto di Ugo E se mi è tornata in mente quella prima volta ad Hebron cercherò di recuperarne i dettagli non solo per un personalissimo (e inutile) esercizio alla Proust, ma per tentare di descrivere il contesto per poi provare a spiegare com’è che un bel giorno di Agosto, nel 2007, l’esercito israeliano decide di sgomberare da lì delle famiglie. Perché proprio loro e non altri coloni? Eravamo arrivati da pochi giorni e il nostro primo impatto con l’occupazione erano state Abu Dis e Ramallah: chi poteva immaginare però che il muro e i checkpoint fossero ancora poca cosa rispetto al delirio di Hebron. O all’assedio di Nablus. Qualcuno ci disse che laggiù, a trenta chilometri da Gerusalemme, abitavano “i più cattivi”. Difficile da dimenticare il modo in cui cercavo di interpretare questa frase mentre il service ci portava verso al-Khalil, La Piccolina, nota agli ebrei col nome di Hevron. Una delle città più antiche del mondo. Che poi tanto piccolina non è: con i suoi 160000 abitanti nella West Bank è seconda solo all’area urbana di Gerusalemme Est. Ci arriviamo dopo ore, nonostante il breve tratto, per via del giro lungo da fare per bypassare Betlemme. John Lynes del Christian Peacemaker Team, un signore inglese di settantasette anni nato ebreo ma convertitosi al quaccherismo, è lì ad aspettarci. Questo vecchietto col bastone (ma dall’energia incontenibile) ci accompagna in una passeggiata conradiana dalla periferia fino al cuore di tenebra di Hebron. Hebron 24 Giugno 2005 - Io e John verso la Tomba dei Patriarchi, foto di Ugo Come tutte le città arabe (ma anche italiane, se penso a Napoli), al-Khalil ospita un grande mercato lungo le strade del centro. Di solito il mercato è strutturato come una serie di cerchi concentrici: più si va verso l’interno - la città vecchia, il suq - più s’infittisce il caos, i colori, la merce, le urla, il movimento. John ci avverte che qui sarebbe stato diverso, ma in realtà non c’è alcun segno a indicarci questa eccezione rispetto alla norma. Poi all’improvviso il rumore, invece di trasformarsi in un brusìo compatto, comincia a diradarsi insieme alla gente e ai tendoni, ai banchi. In pochi metri cala il silenzio e la città appare come abbandonata, le porte chiuse, proprio all’ingresso dell’old suq, dove alcuni soldati di Tsahal pattugliano la strada. Un cubo di cemento blocca l’ingresso agli eventuali veicoli. Hebron 24 Giugno 2005 – L’ingresso del suq, foto di Sara Stiamo per entrare nella città morta, il cuore di Hebron un tempo pulsante. Solo ora mi accorgo, alzando la testa, che i piani superiori dei palazzi sono adibiti a postazioni dell’IDF. E ci capisco sempre meno: qui siamo al centro di una città palestinese, sotto piena autorità dell’ANP! In realtà scopro in seguito che Hebron rappresenta un’eccezione: è l’unica città palestinese ad ospitare una “minoranza ebraica” al suo interno. Ma loro non si considerano minoranza: sono coloni. Hebron 24 Giugno 2005 – L’ingresso del suq dal lato della colonia di Beit Romano, foto di Daria Continuando la passeggiata, la sensazione di essere entrati in un film di fantascienza si fa potente: una città divisa per confessioni su un piano verticale. Di sopra i coloni ebrei e sotto i palestinesi. Camminiamo per un tratto sotto una rete di contenimento che divide i due piani: la rete è sfondata e cede in più punti sotto il peso dei rifuti che i coloni lanciano giù. Siamo dalle parti dell’Avraham Avinu (Padre Abramo) Settlement: i coloni hanno accesso ai piani superiori delle case da una strada parallela a quella che stiamo percorrendo. La strada è blindata da una barriera metallica e pattugliata dall’IDF. Io, di fronte all’incredibile, ho solo la fantascienza come supporto, come precedente al quale associare quello che vedo. Hebron 24 Giugno 2005 - Sopra: John mostra a Ugo la rete di contenimento tra i due livelli. Sotto: la barriera che divide la strada dei coloni da quella dei palestinesi. Foto di Daria Facciamo una breve sosta nella sede dei CPT. John ci spiega che dal 1997 la città è divisa in due zone in base ad un accordo noto come Hebron Agreement, incluso nel pacchetto Oslo II. Le zone sono dette H1 e H2. La H1 è sotto il controllo totale dell’ANP. La H2, quella in cui ci troviamo, anche se amministrata dall’ANP è in realtà sotto il controllo militare israeliano. Per proteggere i coloni, ma anche i palestinesi: proprio qui infatti si è consumato il peggior attacco terroristico israeliano degli anni novanta, che qualcuno considera come il primo “attacco kamikaze” a inaugurare la lunga serie da parte palestinese. Nel 1994 il dottor Baruch Goldstein di Kiryat Arba, la grande colonia di Hebron situata a poche centinaia di metri dal centro, entrò nella Moschea di Abramo (Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi), durante il Ramadan, nella sua uniforme da soldato e armato di un fucile d’assalto. Uccise 29 palestinesi e ne ferì 125 prima di essere abbattuto. L’impatto della tragedia fu grande, svelò al mondo l’esistenza di un estremismo israeliano. Ma per qualcuno il dottore era un eroe: Yigal Amir, il ragazzo che assassinò Rabin l’anno dopo, si dichiarò ispirato dall’opera di Goldstein. L’accordo di Hebron, legalizzando la presenza di coloni nell’old suq ha di fatto ucciso la città vecchia, trasformandola in una città fantasma. Le poche famiglie palestinesi che ancora vi abitano, sotto, coperte dai rifiuti dei coloni, sono costrette ad andarsene. L’unica presenza costante è quella dei militari, in un rapporto di 5 per ogni colono, che pattugliano continuamente le strade del suq. Hebron 24 Giugno 2005 - Sopra: l’insediamento di Avinu visibile dal tetto della sede dei CPT. A destra: soldati pattugliano l’old suq. Foto di Ugo La Moschea di Abramo si trova a pochi metri da qui. In realtà fa parte di un complesso monumentale che contiene la Tomba dei Patriarchi, dove si dice sia sepolto Abramo, uno dei luoghi più sacri dell’ebraismo. Per dividere le due confessioni “belligeranti”, l’IDF ha installato un checkpoint per l’accesso alla moschea: nel senso, un palestinese che vuole entrare nella moschea deve passare un checkpoint israeliano. Al centro del suq. Hebron 24 Giugno 2005 - Il checkpoint che controlla l’accesso dei palestinesi alla moschea. Foto di Daria Ma com’è possibile che il governo israeliano permetta una cosa del genere? Che faccia parte di un accordo? Su territorio dell’Autorità Palestinese! Per poche centinaia di coloni! Queste domande mi hanno assillato per giorni, e la risposta me la sono cercata nella storia recente. Non esistevano case occupate al centro di Hebron, nel suq, fino agli anni ottanta. Kiryat Arba, fondata nel 1971, si trova fuori dal suq. È da lì che i coloni sono partiti, cominciando, nel 1979, a occupare pezzi della città vecchia: in 1979, 10 women settlers with 40 children occupied the old hospital Beit Hadassa, during the night. The then Israeli Prime Minister, Menachem Begin, claimed he didn’t approve of the settlement at first for it was in the heart of the Palestinian city. He placed the building under siege and prevented more settlers from joining them. The situation remained the same for a long time, and on Fridays, Jewish men used to go outside the hospital building to celebrate the Shabbat together with their wives. In early May, 1980, a group of Palestinians shot and killed six Jews during such occasion.
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