DOCSLIB.ORG

Animals in Space

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Animals in Space Animals in Space By Yasmine Avila, Matthew Brown, Sarah Siegel, and Michelle Ji Introduction ❖ Our Topic: Animals in Space ➢ Very specific, but enough information ➢ Interesting ❖ Prior Theory: humans will not survive long periods of weightlessness ❖ Long debates: scientists- effects of weightlessness ❖ Scientists utilized animals ➢ Mainly monkeys, chimps and dogs ■ Test each country's ability to launch a living organism into space ■ Bring it back alive and unharmed Gray, T. (2004, August 2). A Brief History of Animals in Space. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from http://history.nasa.gov/animals.html “Laika the Dog & the First Animals in Space” (Website) ❏ “The United States and the U.S.S.R. had been putting animals atop rockets since 1947.” ❏ Dogs, monkeys, and chimps were used to test the safety of launching large living beings into outer space and returning them safely. ❏ Animals used in microgravity and zero gravity: - Wasps - Ants - Brine - Beetles - Frogs - Shrimp - Tortoises - Mice - Jellyfish “The History of Animals in Space” infographic - Flies - Crickets - Guinea Pigs (left) courtesy of SPACE.com and Laika, the - Worms - Rats - Butterflies first animal to orbit the Earth in Soviet sattelite - Fish - Newts - Scorpions Sputnik II (top). Image retrieved from - Spiders - Snails -Cockroaches https://www.spaceanswers.com/space-explorati - Rabbits - Urchins on/heroes-of-space-laika-the-space-dog/ - Bees - Moths ❏ Belka and Strelka (August 19, 2016) = First animals to orbit Earth and return alive. Dohrer, E. (2012, September 25). Laika the Dog & the First Animals in Space. Retrieved from http://www.space.com/17764-laika-first-animals-in-space.html ● Started with seeds, plants, small Fundamentals of Space Biology Research on Cells, Animals and Plants in Space insects ● America ○ Fruit Flies 1946 ○ Able and Baker 1959 ● Russia-Laika 1957 ● Tortoises, worms, more animals and for longer Chimpanzee Ham on the Mercury-Redstone rocket in Miss Baker awaits liftoff! Photo 1961. Photo courtesy of NASA. courtesy of NASA. “Space Travel, Technology and Aliens” ● Media portrays fictional events in which extraterrestrial creatures come down to Earth and are able to survive. Ex: E.T. and WALL·E ○ Poses the question if in the real world the reverse is possible with animals sent up to space. ● Earliest animals used for aeronautical exploration were a sheep, duck, and rooster (1783). Albert II in preparation for his historic ● Albert II became the first monkey in space but flight. Image Credit: NASA did not survive (1949). ○ Many more animals sent after (1950s-1960s). (2013, May 24). Space travel, technology, and aliens. The Times Educational Supplement. Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=235865 Conclusion ❖ Past 50 years, scientists have utilized the animal world for testing ❖ Disadvantage ➢ Loss of animals during testing ❖ Advantage ➢ Taught scientists a tremendous amount more than could have been learned without them ➢ Without animals: great losses of human life ➢ Animals could perform services that humans could not have ➢ Paved the way for humanity's travel into space Gray, T. (2004, August 2). A Brief History of Animals in Space. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from http://history.nasa.gov/animals.html Works Cited Clement, G. Slenzka, K. (2006). Fundamentals of Space Biology: Research on Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space. New York, NY: Springer New York. Dohrer, E. (2012, September 25). Laika the Dog & the First Animals in Space. Retrieved from http://www.space.com/17764-laika-first-animals-in-space.html (2013, May 24). Space travel, technology, and aliens. The Times Educational Supplement. Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=235865.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Bonobo (Pan Paniscus)
    EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Editors: Dr Jeroen Stevens Contact information: Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp – K. Astridplein 26 – B 2018 Antwerp, Belgium Email: [email protected] Name of TAG: Great Ape TAG TAG Chair: Dr. María Teresa Abelló Poveda – Barcelona Zoo [email protected] Edition: First edition - 2020 1 2 EAZA Best Practice Guidelines disclaimer Copyright (February 2020) by EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy, machine-readable or other forms without advance written permission from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) may copy this information for their own use as needed. The information contained in these EAZA Best Practice Guidelines has been obtained from numerous sources believed to be reliable. EAZA and the EAZA APE TAG make a diligent effort to provide a complete and accurate representation of the data in its reports, publications, and services. However, EAZA does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information. EAZA disclaims all liability for errors or omissions that may exist and shall not be liable for any incidental, consequential, or other damages (whether resulting from negligence or otherwise) including, without limitation, exemplary damages or lost profits arising out of or in connection with the use of this publication. Because the technical information provided in the EAZA Best Practice Guidelines can easily be misread or misinterpreted unless properly analysed, EAZA strongly recommends that users of this information consult with the editors in all matters related to data analysis and interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in the Study of Wild Chimpanzee Behavior
    Evolutionary Anthropology 9 ARTICLES Recent Developments in the Study of Wild Chimpanzee Behavior JOHN C. MITANI, DAVID P. WATTS, AND MARTIN N. MULLER Chimpanzees have always been of special interest to anthropologists. As our organization, genetics and behavior, closest living relatives,1–3 they provide the standard against which to assess hunting and meat-eating, inter-group human uniqueness and information regarding the changes that must have oc- relationships, and behavioral endocri- curred during the course of human evolution. Given these circumstances, it is not nology. Our treatment is selective, and surprising that chimpanzees have been studied intensively in the wild. Jane Good- we explicitly avoid comment on inter- all4,5 initiated the first long-term field study of chimpanzee behavior at the Gombe population variation in behavior as it National Park, Tanzania. Her observations of tool manufacture and use, hunting, relates to the question of chimpanzee and meat-eating forever changed the way we define humans. Field research on cultures. Excellent reviews of this chimpanzee behavior by Toshisada Nishida and colleagues6 at the nearby Mahale topic, of central concern to anthropol- Mountains National Park has had an equally significant impact. It was Nishida7,8 ogists, can be found elsewhere.12–14 who first provided a comprehensive picture of the chimpanzee social system, including group structure and dispersal. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION No single issue in the study of wild Two generations of researchers erything about the behavior of these chimpanzee behavior has seen more have followed Goodall and Nishida apes in nature. But this is not the case. debate than the nature of their social into the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Representation of Magnitude in Gorillas and Orangutans ⇑ Regina Paxton Gazes A,B, , Rachel F.L
    Cognition 168 (2017) 312–319 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cognition journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/COGNIT Original Articles Spatial representation of magnitude in gorillas and orangutans ⇑ Regina Paxton Gazes a,b, , Rachel F.L. Diamond c,g, Jasmine M. Hope d, Damien Caillaud e,f, Tara S. Stoinski a,e, Robert R. Hampton c,g a Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States b Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, United States c Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States d Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States e Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA, United States f Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States g Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States article info abstract Article history: Humans mentally represent magnitudes spatially; we respond faster to one side of space when process- Received 1 March 2017 ing small quantities and to the other side of space when processing large quantities. We determined Revised 24 July 2017 whether spatial representation of magnitude is a fundamental feature of primate cognition by testing Accepted 25 July 2017 for such space-magnitude correspondence in gorillas and orangutans. Subjects picked the larger quantity in a pair of dot arrays in one condition, and the smaller in another. Response latencies to the left and right sides of the screen were compared across the magnitude range. Apes showed evidence of spatial repre- Keywords: sentation of magnitude. While all subjects did not adopt the same orientation, apes showed consistent Space tendencies for spatial representations within individuals and systematically reversed these orientations SNARC Ape in response to reversal of the task instruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees
    ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR VOL. 35 Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees MARTIN N. MULLER* and JOHN C. MITANIt *DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BOSTON UNIVERSITY BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, 02215, USA tDEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, 48109, USA 1. INTRODUCTION The twin themes of competition and cooperation have been the focus of many studies in animal behavior (Alcock, 2001; Dugatkin, 2004; Krebs and Davies, 1997). Competition receives prominent attention because it forms the basis for the unifying, organizing principle of biology. Darwin's (1859) theory of natural selection furnishes a powerful framework to understand the origin and maintenance of organic and behavioral diversity. Because the process of natural selection depends on reproductive competition, aggression, dominance, and competition for mates serve as important foci of ethological research. In contrast, cooperation in animals is less easily explained within a Darwinian framework. Why do animals cooperate and behave in ways that benefit others? Supplements to the theory of natural selection in the form of kin selection, reciprocal altruism, and mutualism provide mechanisms that transform the study of cooperative behavior in animals into a mode of inquiry compatible with our current understand- ing of the evolutionary process (Clutton-Brock, 2002; Hamilton, 1964; Trivers, 1971). If cooperation can be analyzed via natural selection operating on indivi- duals, a new way to conceptualize the process emerges. Instead of viewing cooperation as distinct from competition, it becomes productive to regard them together. Students of animal behavior have long recognized that an artificial dichotomy may exist insofar as animals frequently cooperate to compete with conspecifics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ledger and Times, April 16, 1953
    Murray State's Digital Commons The Ledger & Times Newspapers 4-16-1953 The Ledger and Times, April 16, 1953 The Ledger and Times Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/tlt Recommended Citation The Ledger and Times, "The Ledger and Times, April 16, 1953" (1953). The Ledger & Times. 1272. https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/tlt/1272 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the Newspapers at Murray State's Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Ledger & Times by an authorized administrator of Murray State's Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. :g hi A .0.• ..•••••• Aks AWL It. 11,f5N Selected As Best All sound Kentucky Community Newspaper for 1947 We Weather Are KN^ETUCKV: Fair with -ir -- terrepersteoires-neetr -Or a little Helping To 1411NNsorst• below freezing tomeht. low 30 to 34 in the east and a Build Murray , • `1,:*"\ ‘7441"--"7- 32 to 38 in the east portion. Friday fair and continued Each Day cool. r• YOUR PROGRESSIVE HOME NEWSPAPER United Press IN ITS 74th YEAR Murray, Ky., Thursday Afternioon, April 16, 1953 MURRAY POPULATION . - - 8,000 Vol. XXIX; No. 91 Vitality Dress Shoes IKE CHALLENGES RE!)s IN PEACE MOVE Basque, Red Calf and , als; In Flight Blue Calf Soon de Hoard I Now.4)':,t7".. Lions Will Be Six Point Program Listed $10.95 By LEIO, PANMUNJOM, ,./iApril 16 Sold To Aid By President To End War Al'OUttd • / (UP)-Red trucks b. /ambulances today delivered the first of 805 By MERRIMAN SMITH ,hopes with mere words and prom- I Allied sick and wounded prisoners Health Center WASHINGTON April 16 iUPI- ises and gestures," he said.
    [Show full text]
  • Orangutan Positional Behavior and the Nature of Arboreal Locomotion in Hominoidea Susannah K.S
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000:000–000 (2006) Orangutan Positional Behavior and the Nature of Arboreal Locomotion in Hominoidea Susannah K.S. Thorpe1* and Robin H. Crompton2 1School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK 2Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK KEY WORDS Pongo pygmaeus; posture; orthograde clamber; forelimb suspend ABSTRACT The Asian apes, more than any other, are and orthograde compressive locomotor modes are ob- restricted to an arboreal habitat. They are consequently an served more frequently. Given the complexity of orangu- important model in the interpretation of the morphological tan positional behavior demonstrated by this study, it is commonalities of the apes, which are locomotor features likely that differences in positional behavior between associated with arboreal living. This paper presents a de- studies reflect differences in the interplay between the tailed analysis of orangutan positional behavior for all age- complex array of variables, which were shown to influence sex categories and during a complete range of behavioral orangutan positional behavior (Thorpe and Crompton [2005] contexts, following standardized positional mode descrip- Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 127:58–78). With the exception tions proposed by Hunt et al. ([1996] Primates 37:363–387). of pronograde suspensory posture and locomotion, orang- This paper shows that orangutan positional behavior is utan positional behavior is similar to that of the African highly complex, representing a diverse spectrum of posi- apes, and in particular, lowland gorillas. This study sug- tional modes. Overall, all orthograde and pronograde sus- gests that it is orthogrady in general, rather than fore- pensory postures are exhibited less frequently in the pres- limb suspend specifically, that characterizes the posi- ent study than previously reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Death of a Trapped Chimpanzee: Survival and Conservation of Great Apes in Unprotected Agricultural Areas of Uganda
    African Primates 13: 47-56 (2019)/ 47 Case Study: Death of a Trapped Chimpanzee: Survival and Conservation of Great Apes in Unprotected Agricultural Areas of Uganda Marie Cibot1,2,3, Sarah Le Roux⁴, Jacqueline Rohen2, and Matthew R. McLennan1,2,5 1Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom; 2Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda; 3Anicoon Vétérinaires, Ploemeur/ Larmor- Plage, France; 4Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers, Angers, France; 5Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom Abstract: Rural, human-dominated landscapes present substantial risks to chimpanzees and other primates. In western Uganda, some farmers guard against crop losses to wildlife by placing large steel leg-hold traps (‘mantraps’) near their agricultural fields. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) can step in these illegal devices, resulting in severe injury or death. Here, we report a case of trapping and subsequent death of a wild chimpanzee from the Bulindi community (Hoima District). The elderly female chimpanzee died 13 days after being injured by a mantrap. Her injury could have contributed to the cause of death by impacting her balance in low trees above a stream; her body was subsequently found in the water. Behavioural observations prior to death and evidence from physical inspection of her injured hand suggest she may have otherwise recovered from her
    [Show full text]
  • Space Resources : Social Concerns / Editors, Mary Fae Mckay, David S
    Frontispiece Advanced Lunar Base In this panorama of an advanced lunar base, the main habitation modules in the background to the right are shown being covered by lunar soil for radiation protection. The modules on the far right are reactors in which lunar soil is being processed to provide oxygen. Each reactor is heated by a solar mirror. The vehicle near them is collecting liquid oxygen from the reactor complex and will transport it to the launch pad in the background, where a tanker is just lifting off. The mining pits are shown just behind the foreground figure on the left. The geologists in the foreground are looking for richer ores to mine. Artist: Dennis Davidson NASA SP-509, vol. 4 Space Resources Social Concerns Editors Mary Fae McKay, David S. McKay, and Michael B. Duke Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 1992 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Program Washington, DC 1992 For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0-16-038062-6 Technical papers derived from a NASA-ASEE summer study held at the California Space Institute in 1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Space resources : social concerns / editors, Mary Fae McKay, David S. McKay, and Michael B. Duke. xii, 302 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.—(NASA SP ; 509 : vol. 4) 1. Outer space—Exploration—United States. 2. Natural resources. 3. Space industrialization—United States. I. McKay, Mary Fae. II. McKay, David S. III. Duke, Michael B. IV. United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla) Diet and Activity Budgets: Effects of Group Size, Age Class and Food Availability in the Dzanga-Ndoki
    Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) diet and activity budgets: effects of group size, age class and food availability in the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic Terence Fuh MSc Primate Conservation Dissertation 2013 Dissertation Course Name: P20107 Title: Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) diet and activity budgets: effects of group size, age class and food availability in the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic Student Number: 12085718 Surname: Fuh Neba Other Names: Terence Course for which acceptable: MSc Primate Conservation Date of Submission: 13th September 2013 This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the regulations for an MSc degree. Oxford Brookes University ii Statement of originality Except for those parts in which it is explicitly stated to the contrary, this project is my own work. It has not been submitted for any degree at this or any other academic or professional institution. ……………………………………………. ………………… Signature Date Regulations Governing the Deposit and Use of Oxford Brookes University Projects/ Dissertations 1. The “top” copies of projects/dissertations submitted in fulfilment of programme requirements shall normally be kept by the School. 2. The author shall sign a declaration agreeing that the project/ dissertation be available for reading and photocopying at the discretion of the Head of School in accordance with 3 and 4 below. 3. The Head of School shall safeguard the interests of the author by requiring persons who consult the project/dissertation to sign a declaration acknowledging the author’s copyright. 4. Permission for any one other then the author to reproduce or photocopy any part of the dissertation must be obtained from the Head of School who will give his/her permission for such reproduction on to an extent which he/she considers to be fair and reasonable.
    [Show full text]
  • Chimpanzee Referents and the Emergence of Human Hunting Travis Rayne Pickering*,1,2 and Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo3
    The Open Anthropology Journal, 2010, 3, 107-113 107 Open Access Chimpanzee Referents and the Emergence of Human Hunting Travis Rayne Pickering*,1,2 and Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo3 1Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, 5240 Social Building, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA; 2Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; 3Department of Prehistory, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain Abstract: The use of referent taxa, and especially chimpanzee referents, in modeling human evolution has been harshly criticized. No doubt, chimpanzee data are often misused in models of early hominid behavior. But, those misuses are ex- amples of careless, formal analogizing. In contrast, it is equally possible to create non-trivial chimpanzee analogies. These analogies can, in turn, be linked together to construct credible models of human evolution, from which emanate hypothe- ses that are testable using paleoanthropological data. Unique among potential referents, chimpanzees are very closely re- lated to early hominids and some populations reside in ecological contexts that are comparable to those of our African an- cestors. It is these two variables that form the core of evolutionary behavioral ecology. We exploit chimpanzee and early hominid continuities and employ non-trivial analogies to provide a model of basal hominid hunting. The model is testable and the topic is worthy because hunting and meat-eating are argued by some to be the basis of human sociality. Keywords: Uniformitarianism, modeling, human evolution, predation, meat-eating. INTRODUCTION mandible and on the ventral surface of a rib implies filleting of fully fleshed limbs and the removal of the tongue and up- Human hunting is unique.
    [Show full text]
  • Does the Bonobo Have a (Chimpanzee-Like) Theory of Mind?
    Chapter 6 Does the bonobo have a (chimpanzee-like) theory of mind? Christopher Krupenye, Evan L. MacLean and Brian Hare Abstract Theory of mind—the ability to reason about the thoughts and emotions of others—is central to what makes us hu- man. Chimpanzees too appear to understand some psychological states. While less is known about bonobos, several lines of evi- dence suggest that the social-cognitive abilities of the two sister taxa may differ in key respects. This chapter outlines a framework to guide future research on bonobo social cognition based on the predictions of two potentially complementary hypotheses. The self-domestication hypothesis suggests that selection against aggression and for prosociality in bonobos may have impacted the on- togeny of their social-cognitive skills relative to chimpanzees. The empathizing–systemizing hypothesis links degree of prenatal brain masculinization, a potential result of self-domestication, to adult cognition. Specifically, relative feminization may yield more flexible theory of mind skills in bonobos than chimpanzees. Finally, directions for future study, including development of new paradigms that maximize ecological validity for bonobos, are discussed. La théorie de l’esprit—le pouvoir de raisonner les pensées et émotions des autres—est centrale à notre nature humaine. Il parait que les chimpanzés peuvent comprendre quelques états psychologiques. Tandis que nous savons moins des bonobos, plusieurs té- moignages suggèrent que les capacités socio-­cognitives des deux taxons soeur peuvent différer dans des aspects clefs. Nous traçons un cadre pour guider les prochaines recherches sur la cognition sociale des bonobos, basé sur les prédictions de deux hypothèses potentiellement complémentaires.
    [Show full text]
  • Between the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee: a History of Debate Concerning the Existence of the Kooloo-Kamba Or Gorilla-Like Chimpanzee
    "J. Ethnobiol. 4(1): 1-13 May 1984 BETWEEN THE GORILLA AND THE CHIMPANZEE: A HISTORY OF DEBATE CONCERNING THE EXISTENCE OF THE KOOLOO-KAMBA OR GORILLA-LIKE CHIMPANZEE BRIAN T. SHEA Department ofAnthropology and Cell Biology & Anatomy Northwestern University 2006 Sheridan Road Evanston, IL 60201 ABSTRACT.-The taxonomic scheme proposed in 1934 by Ernst Schwarz for the subspec­ ific classification of common chimpanzees (P(J.n troglody tes) has been accepted by the majority of subsequent primatologists. A notable exception to this general trend is that the late W. C. O. Hill continued and revived a long history of controversial debate over the existence of a rare gorilla-like chimpanzee subspecies known as the "kooloo-kamba." The history of the enigmatic kooloo-kamba is reviewed here, from its early discovery and des­ cription by DuChaillu, through the morphological investigations of Keith, Schwarz, Merfield, and others, and finally to the more recent claims of Hill. Almost all claims supporting the existence of the kooloo-kamba have invoked indigenous labels and folk taxonomies as t'yJdence. The prolonged debate provides insights into the relationships between folk taxonomies and our own classifications. Confusion, vanatlon, and me u~~ 0"/ ,i'i'&"J.~\"ru".a..tc.t.!'" or hybrid categories in both Western and indigenous classifications probably reflects a salient biologic fact-gorillas and chimpanzees are very closely related animals with patterns of morphological development which coincide and overlap. INTRODUCTION During the late 1800s and early 1900s, a large number of chimpanzee and gorilla species were described by various workers, often on the basis of a particular variation of facial coloring, hair distribution, or cranial shape.
    [Show full text]