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ETOPS Extended Twin Engine Operations

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ETOPS Extended Twin Engine Operations fachhochschule hamburg FACHBEREICH FAHRZEUGTECHNIK Studiengang Flugzeugbau Berliner Tor 5 D – 20099 Hamburg theoretische Arbeit - Flugzeugbau - Extended Range Operations with Two-Engined Aeroplanes Verfasser: Stefan Ebel Abgabedatum: 01.03.99 Prüfer: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME Fahrzeugtechnik ETOPS Extended Twin Engine Operations Preface The following ETOPS report is the result of the investigation about regulations to serve routes with twin-engined aircraft’s. These limitations are given from the authorities especially the FAA and JAA to the manufacture and airliner. Until today there is no comprehensive information about the ETOPS theme existing, so I started collecting different material all about ETOPS. It was very helpful to have access to DaimlerChrysler Aerospace Airbus and AIRBUS INDUSTRIE documents. All these chapters are close to the presentation [ 1 ] [ 2 ] of the AIRBUS INDUSTRIE – First ETOPS Conference in February 1994. The complete ETOPS history from the beginning of aviation with piston twin- engined aircrafts to the high bypass engines on modern Airbus and Boeing aircrafts is explained. The ETOPS regulations are still in a process of adaptation to new technical standards, this reading will consider the standards until 1995. Stefan Ebel, Hamburg February 1999 - 2 - ETOPS Extended Twin Engine Operations Table of contents ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................................. 5 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 6 1.1 THE MEANING OF ETOPS ....................................................................................................... 6 1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND...................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Original regulations.............................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 First generation of turbine engine reliability......................................................................... 7 1.2.3 High-bypass engines and widebody twin aircraft development............................................... 7 1.2.4 Initial 120-minute ETOPS operations.................................................................................... 8 1.2.5 Modification of existing aircraft............................................................................................ 9 1.3 THE BENEFIT OF ETOPS ....................................................................................................... 11 2 THE REGULATIONS, WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO ETOPS ....................................... 14 2.1 THE INTENTION OF THE ETOPS REQUIREMENTS.................................................................... 14 Aircraft ETOPS Type Design Approval ............................................................................... 14 ETOPS type design eligibility.............................................................................................. 15 Design assessment............................................................................................................... 15 Propulsion system reliability ............................................................................................... 15 Electrical power sources redundancy .................................................................................. 15 APU design ......................................................................................................................... 16 Emergency/standby electrical generator design................................................................... 16 Minimum crew workload ..................................................................................................... 16 System redundancy.............................................................................................................. 16 Ice protection...................................................................................................................... 17 Safety assessment ................................................................................................................ 17 ETOPS type design capability ............................................................................................. 17 JAA policy statement........................................................................................................... 17 2.1.1 The A330 ETOPS Design Concept....................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 ETOPS Capability Statement............................................................................................... 19 3 TO OBTAIN THE OPERATIONAL APPROVAL.......................................................... 20 3.1 GETTING THE ETOPS OPERATIONAL APPROVAL ................................................................... 20 3.2 ACCELERATED ETOPS APPROVAL........................................................................................ 20 3.2.1 Requirements ................................................................................................................. 21 3.2.2 Operator’s propulsion system reliability.............................................................................. 22 3.2.3 Engineering modification and maintenance program .......................................................... 22 3.2.4 Flight dispatch ................................................................................................................. 22 3.2.5 Flight crew training and evaluation program ...................................................................... 23 3.2.6 Operational limitations ....................................................................................................... 23 3.2.7 ETOPS operations start-up.................................................................................................. 23 3.2.8 Accelerated ETOPS surveillance......................................................................................... 24 3.2.9 Simulated ETOPS during proving period............................................................................. 24 3.2.10 138-minute ETOPS approval criteria .................................................................................. 25 4 PREPARING ETOPS OPERATIONS.............................................................................. 26 4.1 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................. 26 ETOPS Operations.............................................................................................................. 26 Suitable Airport................................................................................................................... 26 Diversion / en-route alternate airport.................................................................................. 26 Maximum diversion time ..................................................................................................... 26 - 3 - ETOPS Extended Twin Engine Operations Maximum diversion distance ............................................................................................... 26 ETOPS area of operation .................................................................................................... 27 ETOPS entry point (EEP).................................................................................................... 27 ETOPS segment................................................................................................................... 27 Equitime Point (ETP) .......................................................................................................... 27 Critical Point (CP) .............................................................................................................. 27 One-engine-out diversion speed .......................................................................................... 27 4.2 AREA OF OPERATION............................................................................................................. 28 4.2.1 Aircraft reference weight..................................................................................................... 29 4.2.2 Diversion speed schedule and maximum diversion distance................................................. 29 4.3 ETOPS FUEL REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................ 29 4.3.1 General fuel requirements................................................................................................... 29 4.3.2 Critical fuel scenario........................................................................................................... 30 4.4 ETOPS DISPATCH WEATHER MINIMA..................................................................................... 31 4.5 MEL (MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST)....................................................................................... 32 5 DISPATCHING THE ETOPS FLIGHT .......................................................................... 33 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 33 5.2 DISPATCH REQUIREMENTS, SUITABLE AIRPORTS DETERMINATION ........................................... 33 5.3 FLIGHT CREW DOCUMENTATION...........................................................................................
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