DOCSLIB.ORG

Foraging Behavior, Reproductive Success, and Colonial Nesting in Ospreys

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Foraging Behavior, Reproductive Success, and Colonial Nesting in Ospreys FORAGING BEHAVIOR, REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, AND COLONIAL NESTING IN OSPREYS JOHN M. HAGAN lip AND JEFFREYR. WALTERS Departmentof Zoology,Box 7617, North CarolinaState University, Raleigh,North Carolina27695-7617 USA ABSTRACT.--Wetested several hypotheses about the evolution of colonial nesting in Os- preys.We examined foraging behavior and reproductive success of membersof a densecolony in coastalNorth Carolinato test(I) if the colonyfunctioned as a centralplace for exchanging information about the location of food patches(Information Center Hypothesis), (2) if the colonywas locatedcentrally relative to foragingsites, which would minimize foragingtravel costs,(3) if the colony functioned to promote synchronizedbreeding, which would swamp predatorswith more young than they could consume,(4) if nestingin the centerof a group decreasedpredation pressure,and (5) if safe nest-sitedistribution controlsactual breeding distribution.The hypothesisthat the colony functionedas an information center was sup- portedby synchronyin departure,but contradictedby evidenceof fidelity to foragingareas. The colony did not function as the geometric center of an individual's foraging locations. Colony memberstraveled 1.5-7 timesas far as they would have traveled had they nestedat their geometric centers.There was a negative correlation between the proportion of eggs lost in the colony and the number of eggsavailable to predators,suggesting some benefits to synchronousnesting in a dose spatialgroup. However, there was no numericalresponse in predation relative to the total number of eggsavailable in the colony.Birds nesting toward the centerof the colonyproduced significantly more fledglingsthan peripheral nesters,but strong nest-sitefidelity prevented shifting to more central locationsby peripheral nesters. Spatialdistribution of nestsreflected the distribution of potential nest trees,both within the lake and within the region. This and the plasticity of nesting density shown in Ospreys supportLack's (1968) Nest-siteHypothesis. We concludethat the spatialdistribution of safe nest sitesand advantagesrelated to predation maintain coloniality in Ospreys.Received 22 May 1989,accepted 15 January1990. COLONIALnesting in birds is a common yet 1968,Lack 1968). The firsttwo explanationspos- poorly understoodphenomenon. A colonymay tulate that individualsnesting near othersde- be defined as a group of animals that nest at a rive a higher fitness as a result of interaction. centralized location, from which they recur- The third explanation postulatesno such ad- rently depart in search of food (Wittenberger vantage. For most speciesit is not clear whether and Hunt 1985). Members of a nesting colony nestingnear othersis beneficialor is a by-prod- of birds are constrainedby the immobility of uct of a habitat constraint. their clutch or brood. The costsof traveling to The Information Center Hypothesis (Ward and from such a central location are obvious, andZahavi 1973) relates colonial nesting to for- but the benefitsare not. Explanationsof colonial aging success.Individuals may learn about the breeding fall into three categories(Alexander locationof patchilydistributed, ephemeral foods 1974).Colonial breeding may enhanceforaging from other colonymembers. Information need (Crook 1965, Emlen 1971, Fisher 1954, Lack 1968, not be exchangedactively. Simply following or Ward and Zahavi 1973), reduce the probability cuing in on the return direction of an individ- of predation (Burtonand Thurston 1959,Kruuk ual known to have been a successfulforager 1964, Horn 1968, Burger 1974, Hoogland and qualifiesas "exchange."Ward and Zahavi's In- Sherman 1976), or result from resource con- formationCenter Hypothesis has become widely straints(e.g. nestsites, food distribution) (Horn cited (ISI 1983), but clear evidence that infor- mationtransfer induces colonial nesting is lack- ing. It is a difficult hypothesisto test and in- ' Presentaddress: Mahomet Bird Observatory, P.O. volves distinguishing between successfuland Box 936, Mahomet, Massachusetts 02345 USA. unsuccessfulforagers, and then demonstrating 506 The Auk 107: 506-521. July 1990 July1990] ColonialNesting inOspreys 507 that unsuccessfulforagers improve their suc- similarlyenhanced by groupingamong nesting cessby obtaininginformation on food location birds. Nests in the center of colonies suffer less from successfulbirds (Mock et al. 1988). predationthan thoseon the peripheryin many Nevertheless, evidence that information ex- species,which is consistentwith the proposed changeseems to occurin colonies(or roosts) effectsof groupmobbing or predatordetection has recently been obtained for three avian (e.g.Patterson 1965, Tenaza 1971, Siegfried 1972, species(Brown 1986, Rabenold 1987, Greene Feare1976, Siegel-Causey and Hunt 1981). 1987). The role of the information exchangein Synchronousbreeding of an avian assem- the evolution of colonies remains debatable, blagecan also produce benefits to members.By however. Information centers could be wide- swampingpotential predators with a synchro- spreadphenomena, critical to the evolutionof nized productionof young, colonymembers coloniality,or they couldsimply be a secondary can reducethe probability that their offspring adaptationthat sometimesoccurs as a result of will be preyed upon (Patterson1965, Nisbet group living (colonialityhaving evolved for 1975, Feare 1976, Veen 1977). Emlen and De- other reasons). mong(1975) suggested that synchronous breed- To addressthis question,we examinedanother ing in BankSwallow (Riparia riparia) colonies colonyof a speciesthat hasalready been shown increased opportunities for social foraging, to exchangeinformation. Demonstration of in- therebyincreasing foraging efficiency. We tested formation exchange at an independent site this hypothesisby relating breedingchronol- would imply that it can be a widespreadphe- ogyto reproductivesuccess in the colony. nomenon, and therefore may be an important Finally,we testedtwo hypothesesrelated to factor leading to, or at leastmaintaining, group resource constraints'. Horn's Geometric Center living. Its relative importanceto colonymain- Hypothesisholds that colonyformation could tenance should be correlated to its common- be due to food distribution (Horn 1968). By ness. nestingin the centerof the distributionof a We testedthe Information Center Hypothesis patchy,ephemeral food supply,birds can min- for an Osprey(Pandion haliaetus) colony in coast- imize overall foraging distancetraveled. No al North Carolina. This site is distant from the benefit of socialityis implied; rather, foraging colonyin NovaScotia where Greene (1987) doc- considerationsthat act on many individuals in umentedinformation exchange, and the strong an identicalway leadto colonyformation. The natal-sitefidelity of Ospreysmakes it extremely evidenceto supportthis hypothesiscomes from unlikelythat individuals of thesecolonies would Horn's(1968) study of Brewer'sBlackbird (Eu- mix (Poole 1989: 137). Male Ospreys supply phaguscyanocephalus). nearly all of the food for the female and nest- The Nest-siteHypothesis (Lack 1968)holds lings.Males in the North Carolinacolony must that colonialityis relatedto the distributionof travel long distancesto any of severalforaging safe nest sites. If safe nest sites are clumped, locations, and exploit schoolsof marine fish, nestswill also be clumped. For those colonial which fluctuatespatially and temporally. The speciesthat feed solitarily, Lack (1968) main- colony is large (50-60 pairs) and dense,and tainedthat safenesting sites--rather than feed- returning foragersare readily visible. If infor- ing habitats--arethe criticaldeterminants of mationexchange is a prominentfeature of group nestingdistribution. It has never been dem- living in Ospreys,it shouldbe evident at this onstrated that nest-site limitation alone can in- site, where conditionstheoretically conducive duce coloniality. to informationexchange are nearly ideal. We used a comprehensiveapproach to the We testedother hypothesesrelated to pre- studyof colonyformation and functionin Os- dation reduction as a result of group living in preys,recognizing that many factorsmay op- Ospreysby examinationof spatialand temporal erate to maintain colonial nesting. Although patternsof reproductivesuccess in the colony. not commonlyconsidered a coloniallynesting Detectionof predatorsis improved by flocking species,Ospreys historically nested in colonies. (Powell 1974, Siegfried and Underhill 1975, Coloniesbecame rare along the U.S. Atlantic Kenward 1978, Lazarus 1979, Caraco et al. 1980, seaboard in the 1950s and 1960s as a result of Barnard 1980, Bertram 1980, Jennings and Ev- extensiveuse of DDT and its effectson eggshells ans 1980,Thompson and Barnard1983), and it (Amesand Mersereau1964, Ames 1966, Hickey seemslikely that detectingpredators would be and Anderson 1968). Before this time, colonies 508 HAGANAND WArTEES [Auk, Vol. 107 noon sampleswere followed by subsequentmorning samplesto obtain this equivalent of a full day of sam- pling of a pair. We sampled three pairs twice (two daysfor eachpair), but at differenttimes during the breeding cycle. We observedpairs for a total of 170h, and assigned behaviorsonly to broad categoriesbecause we were interestedin qualitativepatterns in foraging by the males,which provide most of the food for their mates and young until fledging.The categoriesincluded (1) perched over nest, (2) perched on nest (includes in- cubation),(3) perchedin territory (not nest tree), (4) away from territory, (5) flying within territory,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Pennsylvania State University Schreyer Honors College
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FEAR OF WORKING-CLASS AGENCY IN THE VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL NOVEL ADAM BIVENS SPRING 2018 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in English with honors in English Reviewed and approved* by the following: Elizabeth Womack Assistant Professor of English Thesis Supervisor Paul deGategno Professor of English Honors Adviser * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. i ABSTRACT This work examines the Victorian Industrial novel as a genre of literature that reflects the middle-class biases of influential authors like Charles Dickens and Elizabeth Gaskell, who cater to middle-class readers by simultaneously sympathizing with the poor and admonishing any efforts of the working class to express political agency that challenge the social order. As such, the Victorian Industrial novel routinely depicts trade unionism in a negative light as an ineffective means to secure socioeconomic gains that is often led by charismatic demagogues who manipulate naïve working people to engage in violent practices with the purpose of intimidating workers. The Victorian Industrial novel also acts as an agent of reactionary politics, reinforcing fears of mob violence and the looming threat of revolutionary uprising in England as had occurred throughout Europe in 1848. The novels display a stubborn refusal to link social ills to their material causes, opting instead to endorse temporary and idealist solutions like paternalism, liberal reformism, and marriage between class members as panaceæ for class antagonisms, thereby decontextualizing the root of the problem through the implication that all poor relations between the worker and employer, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, can be attributed to a breakdown in communication and understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • Signalized Intersections
    TRAFFIC FLOW AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS BY NAGUI ROUPHAIL15 ANDRZEJ TARKO16 JING LI17 15 Professor, Civil Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 276-7908 16 Assistant Professor, Purdue University, West LaFayette, IN 47907 17 Principal, TransSmart Technologies, Inc., Madison, WI 53705 Chapter 9 - Frequently used Symbols variance of the number of arrivals per cycle I mean number of arrivals per cycle Ii = cumulative lost time for phase i (sec) L = total lost time in cycle (sec) q=A(t)= cumulative number of arrivals from beginning of cycle starts until t, B = index of dispersion for the departure process, variance of number of departures during cycle B mean number of departures during cycle c = cycle length (sec) C = capacity rate (veh/sec, or veh/cycle, or veh/h) d = average delay (sec) d1 = average uniform delay (sec) d2 = average overflow delay (sec) D(t) = number of departures after the cycle starts until time t (veh) eg = green extension time beyond the time to clear a queue (sec) g=effective green time (sec) G=displayed green time (sec) h=time headway (sec) i = index of dispersion for the arrival process q=arrival flow rate (veh/sec) Q0 = expected overflow queue length (veh) Q(t) = queue length at time t (veh) r = effective red time (sec) R = displayed red time (sec) S = departure (saturation) flow rate from queue during effective green (veh/sec) t = time T = duration of analysis period in time dependent delay models U = actuated controller unit extension time (sec) Var(.) = variance of (.) Wi = total waiting time of all vehicles during some period of time i x = degree of saturation, x = (q/S) / (g/c), or x = q/C y = flow ratio, y = q/S Y = yellow (or clearance) time (sec) = minimum headway 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing New Guinea New
    Governing New Guinea New Guinea Governing An oral history of Papuan administrators, 1950-1990 Governing For the first time, indigenous Papuan administrators share their experiences in governing their country with an inter- national public. They were the brokers of development. After graduating from the School for Indigenous Administrators New Guinea (OSIBA) they served in the Dutch administration until 1962. The period 1962-1969 stands out as turbulent and dangerous, Leontine Visser (Ed) and has in many cases curbed professional careers. The politi- cal and administrative transformations under the Indonesian governance of Irian Jaya/Papua are then recounted, as they remained in active service until retirement in the early 1990s. The book brings together 17 oral histories of the everyday life of Papuan civil servants, including their relationship with superiors and colleagues, the murder of a Dutch administrator, how they translated ‘development’ to the Papuan people, the organisation of the first democratic institutions, and the actual political and economic conditions leading up to the so-called Act of Free Choice. Finally, they share their experiences in the UNTEA and Indonesian government organisation. Leontine Visser is Professor of Development Anthropology at Wageningen University. Her research focuses on governance and natural resources management in eastern Indonesia. Leontine Visser (Ed.) ISBN 978-90-6718-393-2 9 789067 183932 GOVERNING NEW GUINEA KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE GOVERNING NEW GUINEA An oral history of Papuan administrators, 1950-1990 EDITED BY LEONTINE VISSER KITLV Press Leiden 2012 Published by: KITLV Press Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies) P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Everyday Life of Papuan Civil Servants 1950-1990
    The everyday life of Papuan civil servants 1950-1990 Leontine Visser This book started as an oral history of the governance of Netherlands New Guinea from about 1950 to 1962, as lived and experienced by the indigenous Papuan civil servants at the time. It is based on a series of interview sessions held during 1999 and 2000 in Jayapura and Biak. Yet, the book is more than a series of personal accounts of a unique period in the social-cultural, economic, and political history of the geographical space that today forms the two Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua. Particularly the second round of interviews took place in a highly politicized environment1 which stimulated the former civil servants to reflect on their lives and actions as members of the ruling elite of a developing nation. This unplanned contextualization of their accounts added the important extra dimension of subjective comparison of their functioning in the Dutch development administration of the 1950’s until 1962 and the Indonesian government administration of Soeharto’s New Order. The Papuan civil servants2 were still in their late teens when they took up major responsibilities in the development of New Guinea, first under supervision of the Dutch, but by the end of the decade, often also as their colleagues. After 1962, they continued to serve their people as 1 The year 2000 was particularly tense in Papua. After a meeting with President Habibie, Papuans started gathering in a mass movement. During two grand meetings an organization was added to the movement. The first of these meetings was held in Sentani, the Great Conference (Musyawarah Besar) in February 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hero Who Was Thursday: a Modern Myth
    Volume 19 Number 3 Article 5 Summer 7-15-1993 The Hero Who Was Thursday: A Modern Myth Russell Carlin Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Carlin, Russell (1993) "The Hero Who Was Thursday: A Modern Myth," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 19 : No. 3 , Article 5. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol19/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm Mythcon 51: A VIRTUAL “HALFLING” MYTHCON July 31 - August 1, 2021 (Saturday and Sunday) http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-51.htm Mythcon 52: The Mythic, the Fantastic, and the Alien Albuquerque, New Mexico; July 29 - August 1, 2022 http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-52.htm Abstract Calls Chesterton’s The Man Who Was Thursday a modern fantasy “that can effectively serve as an example of a true modern myth as seen through” Campbell’s journey of the hero. The “novel contains many of the structure elements and conventions” of Campbell’s monomyth while providing the reader “some particularly modern insights.” Additional Keywords Campbell, Joseph.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Stories
    The Complete Stories by Franz Kafka a.b.e-book v3.0 / Notes at the end Back Cover : "An important book, valuable in itself and absolutely fascinating. The stories are dreamlike, allegorical, symbolic, parabolic, grotesque, ritualistic, nasty, lucent, extremely personal, ghoulishly detached, exquisitely comic. numinous and prophetic." -- New York Times "The Complete Stories is an encyclopedia of our insecurities and our brave attempts to oppose them." -- Anatole Broyard Franz Kafka wrote continuously and furiously throughout his short and intensely lived life, but only allowed a fraction of his work to be published during his lifetime. Shortly before his death at the age of forty, he instructed Max Brod, his friend and literary executor, to burn all his remaining works of fiction. Fortunately, Brod disobeyed. Page 1 The Complete Stories brings together all of Kafka's stories, from the classic tales such as "The Metamorphosis," "In the Penal Colony" and "The Hunger Artist" to less-known, shorter pieces and fragments Brod released after Kafka's death; with the exception of his three novels, the whole of Kafka's narrative work is included in this volume. The remarkable depth and breadth of his brilliant and probing imagination become even more evident when these stories are seen as a whole. This edition also features a fascinating introduction by John Updike, a chronology of Kafka's life, and a selected bibliography of critical writings about Kafka. Copyright © 1971 by Schocken Books Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Schocken Books Inc., New York. Distributed by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Underwater Glider-Based Absolute Oceanic Current
    IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 21, NO. 6, MARCH 15, 2021 8045 Novel Underwater Glider-Based Absolute Oceanic Current Observation Solutions Dalei Song, Zhaohui Chen, Jinhui Fu, Xinning Wang, Weimin Jiang, and Jin Wu , Member, IEEE Abstract—This work indicates two novel ocean current observation methods that based on a glider type mobile plat- form. Glider with current meters are ideal current observation solutions for marine scientists since they have merits of large dynamic area and low power consumption, but their measure- ment accuracy is insufficient now. The proposed 1st solution, single point current meter compensated inversion method (SPCMCIM), is a revolution of the conventionalinverse method by solving the acoustic Doppler to current profiler (AD2CP) induced turbulence problem. It’s a cooperated AD2CP and single point current meter (SPCM) algorithm that compen- sates the contaminated first AD2CP layer data. The physical position of the SPCM is also optimized according to a finite element analysis (FEA) study to minimize the interference generated by the SPCM. The 2nd method is solving the area restriction problems that AD2CP can just apply to non-pure water environment namely single point and inertial measure- ment inversion method (SPIMIM). It utilizes the SPCM as the only current observation source and takes advantages of physical properties of ocean currents. The currents are constitute of stable layers and each of them has a stable velocity, so the glider’s velocity variation can be obtained by reading the SPCM. The velocity variation in the transition process between layers can be acquired by the low cost inertial sensors. Finally, these theoretical studies were verified in an onsite sea trial.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to and Themes from C.S. Lewis' the Abolition Of
    Summer Institute Dallas Baptist University in Christian Scholarship Dr. Davey Naugle An Introduction to and Themes from C. S. Lewis’s The Abolition of Man Introduction to the Book: 1. Historical Background to The Abolition of Man The book originated during WWII when Lewis was asked by the University of Durham to present the Riddell Memorial Lectures on February 24-26, 1943. They were actually given, not in the city of Durham, but further north in the village of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne in the evening of these three days. The lectures were published in a book later that same year by Oxford University Press. 2. The Theme of The Abolition of Man One of the best defenses of the natural law tradition in the 20th century. Natural law is the notion that there is an innate or native understanding of right and wrong that is the possession of every human being. St. Paul explains the idea in Romans 2: 14-16. Rom. 2:14 For when Gentiles who do not have the Law do instinctively the things of the Law, these, not having the Law, are a law to themselves, Rom. 2:15 in that they show the work of the Law written in their hearts, their conscience bearing witness, and their thoughts alternately accusing or else defending them, Rom. 2:16 on the day when, according to my gospel, God will judge the secrets of men through Christ Jesus. Lewis summarizes the natural law tradition, “written on the heart” in all its Judeo- Christian, Greco-Roman glory, and thus he stands in the tradition of the giants of Western civilization such as Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, and Thomas Aquinas.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Reaction Fluxes in Stationary and Oscillating Far-From-Equilibrium Biological Systems C Bianca, a Lemarchand
    Evaluation of reaction fluxes in stationary and oscillating far-from-equilibrium biological systems C Bianca, A Lemarchand To cite this version: C Bianca, A Lemarchand. Evaluation of reaction fluxes in stationary and oscillating far-from- equilibrium biological systems. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, 2015, 483, pp.1-16. 10.1016/j.physa.2015.06.012. hal-01172704 HAL Id: hal-01172704 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01172704 Submitted on 7 Jul 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Evaluation of reaction fluxes in stationary and oscillating far-from-equilibrium biological systems C. Bianca1,2 and A. Lemarchand*1,2 1 Sorbonne Universit´es, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7600, Laboratoire de Physique Th´eorique de la Mati`ere Condens´ee, 4, place Jussieu, case courrier 121, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7600 LPTMC, Paris, France May 5, 2015 Abstract The complex spatio-temporal structures that appear in chemical and bi- ological systems require far-from-equilibrium conditions which may lead to the circulation of reaction fluxes. We investigate how time asymmetry of cross-correlation functions of concentration fluctuations may be exploited to determine reaction fluxes at the cellular level.
    [Show full text]
  • 124214015 Full.Pdf
    PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI DEFENSE MECHANISM ADOPTED BY THE PROTAGONISTS AGAINST THE TERROR OF DEATH IN K.A APPLEGATE’S ANIMORPHS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By MIKAEL ARI WIBISONO Student Number: 124214015 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI DEFENSE MECHANISM ADOPTED BY THE PROTAGONISTS AGAINST THE TERROR OF DEATH IN K.A APPLEGATE’S ANIMORPHS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By MIKAEL ARI WIBISONO Student Number: 124214015 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016 ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI A SarjanaSastra Undergraduate Thesis DEFENSE MECIIAMSM ADOPTED BY TITE AGAINST PROTAGOMSTS THE TERROR OT OTATTT IN K.A APPLEGATE'S AAUMORPHS By Mikael Ari Wibisono Student Number: lz4ll4}ls Defended before the Board of Examiners On August 25,2A16 and Declared Acceptable BOARD OF EXAMINERS Name Chairperson Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. Secretary Dra. Sri Mulyani, M.A., ph.D / Member I Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. Member2 Drs. HirmawanW[ianarkq M.Hum. Member 3 Elisa DwiWardani, S.S., M.Hum Yogyakarta, August 31 z}rc Faculty of Letters fr'.arrr s41 Dharma University s" -_# 1,ffi QG*l(tls srst*\. \ tQrtnR<{l
    [Show full text]
  • Behavior and Energetics of Ospreys Nesting in Northern California
    BEHAVIOR AND ENERGETICS OF OSPREYS NESTING IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA by Howard Levenson A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science December, 1976 BEHAVIOR AND ENERGETICS OF OSPREYS NESTING IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA by Howard Levenson Approved by the Master's Thesis Committee Chairman Approved by the Graduate Dean ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Drs. James R. Koplin and David W. Kitchen for their friendship, their constant interest in my studies, and for critically reviewing the manuscript. Their enthu- siasm for ecological research provided me an extremely stimulating atmosphere in which to work. Jim Koplin, my major professor, deserves special thanks for directing my research; he deserves additional praise for directing various studies that have increased our understanding of birds of prey in general and of Ospreys in particular. I am most grateful to Dr. William R. Sise for his invaluable criticisms and witticisms of the manuscript. Dr. Roger J. Ledderer, of California State University at Chico, kindly gave me permission to use the facilities of the Eagle Lake Biological Station during my stay at Eagle Lake. My research at Eagle Lake was supported by a grant from the Frank M. Chapman Memorial Fund of the American Museum of Natural History (Grant #24464). I am grateful to Steve Berman for showing me the Chinese poem and for drawing the Chinese characters. I also would like to thank Kathy McDonough for drawing the map of the study areas and for
    [Show full text]
  • Cougar Exploitation Levels in Utah: Implications for Demographic Structure, Metapopulation Dynamics, and Population Recovery
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2004 Cougar Exploitation Levels in Utah: Implications for Demographic Structure, Metapopulation Dynamics, and Population Recovery David C. Stoner Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Stoner, David C., "Cougar Exploitation Levels in Utah: Implications for Demographic Structure, Metapopulation Dynamics, and Population Recovery" (2004). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 3789. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3789 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COUGAR EXPLOITATION LEVELS IN UTAH: IMPLICATIO S FOR DEMOGRAPillC STRUCTURE, MET APOPULA TION DYNAMICS, At'ID POPULATION RECOVERY by David C. Stoner A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Wildlife Ecology UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2004 II ABSTRACT Cougar Exploitation Levels in Utah: Implications for Demographic Structure, Metapopulation Dynamics, and Population Recovery by David C. Stoner, Master of Science Utah State University, 2004 Major Professor: Dr. Michael L. Wolfe Department: Forest, Range, and Wildlife Sciences Presentl y, eleven western states and two Canadian provinces utilize spo11 hunting as the primary mechanism for managin g cougar (Puma concolor) populati ons. However, the impacts of sustained harvest on population dynami cs and demographic structure arc not well understood. Additionally, the lack of cost-effective enumeration techniques and strongly connictin g societal values complicate effective management of this species.
    [Show full text]