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Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Integrando Datos Fósiles Y Actuales a Través De Un Enfoque Panbiogeográfico

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Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Integrando Datos Fósiles Y Actuales a Través De Un Enfoque Panbiogeográfico AMEGHINIANA (Rev. Asoc. Paleontol. Argent.) - 40 (3): 361-378. Buenos Aires, 30-09-2003 ISSN0002-7014 Biogeografía de puercoespines neotropicales (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Integrando datos fósiles y actuales a través de un enfoque panbiogeográfico Adriana M. CANDELA1y Juan J. MORRONE2 Abstract.BIOGEOGRAPHYOFNEOTROPICALPORCUPINES(RODENTIA, HYSTRICOGNATHI): INTEGRATINGRECENTAND FOSSILDATATHROUGHAPANBIOGEOGRAPHICAPPROACH. This paper analyzes the geographic and temporal dis- tribution of the family Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) and other fossil and living groups of neotropical mammals, with the aim of identifying distributional patterns. These patterns were recognized using the panbiogeographic method, on the basis of three requirements: (1) current representation of the groups in the Brazilian Subregion, (2) arboreal habits, and (3) recognized monophyly from the Deseadense. Two ancestral biotas were identified: one comprising the current Patagonia and areas of in- tertropical latitude mainly in western South America, the other, essentially intertropical, includes the fos- sil localities of the caves of Lagoa Santa and Bahia. Both biotas would have differentiated very early, at least from late Oligocene. The fossil locality of La Venta (middle Miocene) would correspond to a complex area or node. Current Patagonia would have acted as an area of marginal differentiation with regard to the radiations of the living taxa. The central region of Patagonia experienced marine transgressions and vol- canic activity during the middle Tertiary and could represent a baseline. Both the phylogenetic relation- ships and the temporal and geographic distribution of late Miocene erethizontids indicate a geographic differentiation between the Northwest and the Northeast Argentina, at least from late Miocene. Resumen. En este trabajo se analiza la distribución geográfica y temporal de los Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) y de otros grupos de mamíferos neotropicales fósiles y vivientes a fin de identificar pa- trones comunes de distribución. Éstos se reconocieron siguiendo el método de la panbiogeografía, sobre la base de tres requisitos: (1) representación actual en la subregión Brasílica (2) arborealidad, y (3) monofil- ia reconocida desde el Deseadense. Se identificaron dos biotas ancestrales: una comprende el actual terri- torio de Patagonia y las áreas de latitudes intertropicales representadas principalmente en el oeste de América del Sur; la otra biota, esencialmente intertropical, incluye las localidades fosilíferas de las cuevas de Lagoa Santa y Bahía. Ambas biotas se habrían diferenciación muy tempranamente, por lo menos des- de el Oligoceno tardío. La localidad fosilífera de La Venta (Mioceno medio) correspondería a un área com- pleja o nodo. La actual región patagónica habría actuado como un área de diferenciación marginal res- pecto de las radiaciones de los taxones vivientes. La región centro-patagónica afectada por las transgre- siones y el vulcanismo durante el Terciario medio podría representar una línea de base. Las relaciones filo- genéticas y distribución temporal y geográfica de los eretizóntidos del Mioceno tardío indican una dife- renciación geográfica entre el noroeste y noreste de Argentina, al menos desde el Mioceno tardío. Key words.Erethizontidae. Rodentia. Panbiogeography. Fossils. Neotropica. Palabras clave.Erethizontidae. Rodentia. Panbiogeografía. Fósiles. Neotrópica. Introducción taxón. Esto contrasta con la visión tradicional disper- salista, donde las hipótesis biogeográficas se basan Algunos autores han sugerido que los datos de en el lugar de aparición de un grupo en el registro fó- distribución de taxones fósiles son subestimados o sil. Las evidencias obtenidas a partir de diversos ta- ignorados en los análisis panbiogeográficos (Crisci y xones de plantas y animales muestran que las biotas Morrone, 1992; Cox y Moore, 1993; George, 1993). Sin vivientes pueden tener un origen antiguo, exten- embargo, Craw et al.(1999) han destacado la rele- diéndose más allá del Pleistoceno hasta el Terciario vancia de los fósiles, señalando que en panbiogeo- medio-tardío, y en algunos casos incluso hasta el grafía ellos representan la edad mínima de fosiliza- Paleozoico tardío (Craw et al., 1999). ción, la cual no equivale al origen filogenético de un Los puercoespines (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) re- 1Departamento Científico Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de presentan un grupo de interés para explorar la apli- La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. cación del enfoque panbiogeográfico a datos fósiles e [email protected] incursionar en la biogeografía y paleoclimatología 2Museo de Zoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de del Terciario y Cuaternario de América del Sur, debi- México, Apdo. Postal 70-399, 04510 México D.F., México. do a que presentan las siguientes particularidades: ©Asociación Paleontológica Argentina AMGHB2-0002-7014/03$00.00+.50 362 A.M. Candela y J.J. Morrone 1. Los puercoespines vivientes de América del Sur clados a ser considerados, descartando los numero- y Central tienen una distribución estrictamente tropi- sos grupos extintos reconocidos en esta región. El cal y subtropical, lo que abre interesantes perspecti- marco cronológico de referencia (figura 1) correspon- vas para interpretar su historia biogeográfica conjun- de a los esquemas de Flynn y Swisher (1995) para el tamente con la de otros mamíferos que hoy habitan Eoceno tardío-Mioceno medio, y Tonni y Cione estas áreas. (2001) para el Terciario tardío y Cuaternario. 2. Los puercoespines neotropicales vivientes son Entre los mamíferos vivientes eliminamos del aná- estrictamente arborícolas, un factor que limita su dis- lisis los que en la actualidad no se encuentran en la su- tribución actual, brindado la posibilidad de interpre- bregión Brasílica (sensuHershkovitz, 1958) o región tar la evolución de los mamíferos adaptados a la vida Neotropical sensustricto(Morrone, 2001a). Esta condi- arbórea. ción responde a la necesidad de interpretar las causas 3. Se conocen desde el Deseadense (Oligoceno de los patrones de distribución intertropical, de acuer- tardío) hasta la actualidad (figura 1), lo que permite do con su “homología biogeográfica” (Morrone, analizar su historia evolutiva contando con el marco 2001b). La comparación de grupos que, aunque repre- que proporciona el conocimiento de los puercoespi- sentados actualmente, muestren distribuciones dife- nes vivientes. rentes, no respondería al objetivo de hallar patrones co- 4. Son reconocibles fácilmente como un linaje mo- munes de distribución e interpretar las causas de sus nofilético desde sus registros más tempranos. coincidencias corológicas u homología biogeográfica. 5. Su patrón de distribución a lo largo del registro La arborealidad estricta merece una atención es- fósil es llamativamente similar al de otro grupo de im- pecial, pues su estudio puede resultar útil para inter- portantes implicancias biogeográficas, los primates. pretar la evolución de las selvas y demás ambientes 6. Su registro fósil es bastante amplio, por lo que arbolados de América del Sur. son adecuados para analizar las vinculaciones La condición de monofilia de los linajes registra- biogeográficas entre diferentes áreas de América del dos desde el Deseadense (Oligoceno tardío) hasta la Sur. actualidad evita que se considere como un mismo li- 7. Son los únicos roedores que sobrevivieron en naje a grupos extintos y vivientes cuando, en reali- América del Norte desde su dispersión durante el dad, tienen historias filogenéticas diferentes. El reco- Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano (Webb, 1985), nocimiento de los linajes desde el Deseadense inten- permitiendo incursionar en la historia de este evento. ta contemplar los datos más antiguos de distribución, En este trabajo analizamos la distribución geográ- cuyo desconocimiento podría conducir a interpreta- fica y temporal de los eretizóntidos y otros grupos de ciones biogeográficas parciales o erróneas. mamíferos neotropicales e identificamos patrones co- En este contexto, empleando estos tres requisitos munes de distribución siguiendo el método de la —(1) representación actual en regiones tropicales y panbiogeografía. subtropicales neotropicales, (2) arborealidad, y (3) monofilia reconocida desde el Deseadense— la bús- Abreviaturas queda de patrones comunes de distribución conduce a la siguiente valoración de los grupos de mamíferos MACN, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales de América de Sur: “Bernardino Rivadavia” (Buenos Aires, Argentina); 1. Los numerosísimos linajes de “ungulados” su- MPEG, Museu Paranense Emílio Goeldi (Belem, Brasil); damericanos, los Gomphotheridae y varios órdenes MZUSP, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao de marsupiales (e.g.Polydolopimorphia, Sparas- Paulo (San Pablo, Brasil); MNRJ, Museu Nacional do sodonta, Groeberia, Patagonidae, Argyrolagidae, Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil); MCN, Museu de Paucituberculata= Paleothentidae y Abderithidae) no Ciências Naturais da Fundaçao Zoobotânica do Rio son incluidos debido a que no están representados en Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, Brasil). la actualidad. 2. Los mamíferos de estirpe norteamericana (e. g. Taxones analizados Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, Muroidea, Geomyidae, Sciuriidae, Heteromyidae e Insectivora) A continuación proporcionamos un análisis com- quedan descartados de este análisis, ya que su repre- parativo de los principales grupos de mamíferos su- sentación
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