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Marine Biodiversity Survey of Coral Reefs in Cabo Delgado in March 2015

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Marine Biodiversity Survey of Coral Reefs in Cabo Delgado in March 2015 Marine biodiversity survey of coral reefs in Cabo Delgado in March 2015 Melita Samoilys, David Obura and Kennedy Osuka CORDIO East Africa Report prepared for Our Sea Our Life Project (ZSL, AMA, Bioclimate, CORDIO EA, University Lurio, University of Lisbon) and Flora and Fauna International December 2015 1 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 4 Survey sites ............................................................................................................................ 4 Coral species richness, reef structure and resilience ............................................................ 6 Fish diversity .......................................................................................................................... 6 Fish abundance ...................................................................................................................... 6 Results and Discussion............................................................................................................... 7 Benthic substrate................................................................................................................... 7 Coral community structure ................................................................................................... 8 Reef resilience indicators .................................................................................................... 11 Fish species diversity ........................................................................................................... 12 Fish abundance .................................................................................................................... 15 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 23 Coral reef structure and benthos ........................................................................................ 23 Fish populations .................................................................................................................. 25 References ............................................................................................................................... 29 Appendix 1. Fish abundance survey method. .................................................................... 31 Appendix 2. Reef fish species inventory. ............................................................................. 34 Appendix 3. Mean fish abundance and biomass per site. ................................................... 39 Appendix 4. Coral genera and species lists ......................................................................... 44 Acknowledgements We appreciate the hard work and support of Jamen Mussa for data collection and Rebecca Short for diving support on this survey. We are indebted to Matundo Island Lodge for providing us with accomodation, great food, a perfect dive boat, SCUBA tanks and compressor for the bulk of the dives. We are grateful to Dr Andrew Halford, Curtin University, for analysing the trends in fish populatons over years. The field surveys were supported by the financial assistance of the European Union (DCI- ENV/2013/323-897) and the Darwin Initiative (20-023) to the Zoological Society, with additional support from FFI. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union, Darwin Initiative or Flora and Fauna International. 2 Introduction This report on the coral reefs of northern Cabo Delgado contributes to the EU funded project Securing marine biodiversity through sustainably-financed and community-managed marine areas in coastal Mozambique, led by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL). The purpose of the survey was to assess the biodiversity status of the coral reefs at the project sites, and to assess the health of these reefs, in particular their fish populations in the context of the local artisanal fisheries. The objective in conducting comprehensive and quantitative surveys of these reefs is to provide a baseline prior to conservation action. Specifically, this report provides input to the following project outputs: i) Establish a community-run model for management of marine areas in Mozambique. v) Evaluate and communicate impacts of this action; and the following project objective: 1. Establishment of a community-run model for management of marine areas in Mozambique to secure marine biodiversity and increase coverage of marine protected areas (MPAs). Measures of coral and fish diversity; and reef health in terms of fish populations and a range of resilience indices; are described here to provide the ecological basis for designing the community-run management areas, and to provide indices for measuring project impact. The coral reefs of Cabo Delgado province in Northern Mozambique, particularly in the Quirimbas Archipelago, are increasingly recognized as among the most well developed and diverse in the Western Indian Ocean (Obura 2012, McClanahan et al. 2014). The convoluted coastline of low islands and banks cut by deep canyons and the very narrow continental shelf provide for a complex matrix of sheltered, channel, bank and deep reefs, which are bathed by variable eddies and mesoscale currents from the Mozambique Channel (Ternon et al. 2014). Due to their remoteness the reefs of this coastline have not been comprehensively studied, though have had a number of monitoring and research projects focus on different parts of the reef system, such as around Pemba town, the southern Quirimbass islands, and the northern islands, in particular Vamizi and Metundu (Schleyer et al. 1999, Davidson and Hill 2006, Samoilys et al. 2011, Obura 2012, Obura, unpubl. 2003). Coral diversity at the provincial scale is at the highest levels for the Western Indian Ocean (WIO), with up to 300 species expected at a site and >350 to 400 species regionally. Comprehensive surveys and analyses of coral reef fish diversity are few in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). Consequently our understanding of patterns in reef fish diversity and species richness across the WIO region is still poor. However, a region centred around southern Tanzania/northern Mozambique and Northern Madagascar has been proposed as a centre of coral diversity in the WIO, driven by the Indian Ocean current patterns (Obura 2008, 2012). It is likely that coral reef fishes follow similar gradient patterns (Chabanet and Durville 2005) and therefore the reefs in northern Cabo Delgado would be expected to support high species diversity of reef fishes. Similarly this region is considered more resilient to climate induced coral bleaching (Ateweberhan et al. 2011) and less impacted by human populations and therefore likely to support higher densities and biomass of a suite of reef fish species both targeted and not targeted by local fisheries. 3 The underwater coral reef surveys conducted in March 2015 under the ZSL-led Our Sea Our Life (OSOL) Project (2013-2018) is contributing to understanding patterns in the biodiversity and health of reefs in the WIO. It also sets a baseline for the status of corals and reef fish populations on these reefs in northern Cabo Delgado prior to management and conservation interventions set to start late in 2015. In particular the surveys set baseline values for key indicator variables selected for monitoring the impacts of conservation interventions in thse sites. These reefs contribute important fishing grounds to neighbouring villages and are therefore integral to the livelihoods of coastal people in this region. Methods Survey sites The coral reefs surveyed in northern Cabo Delgado under the Our Sea Our Life Project were selected to correspond to the project village sites and are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1. It is important to note that villages share fishing grounds and therefore these reefs cannot be seen as exclusive fishing grounds to only one village. Of further note, Vamizi reef has been afforded some protection through a local Reserve supported by the Lodge on Vamizi Island. This site also represents a fishing ground for Olumbi village. Details of the surveys sites are provided in Table 1. Twenty two dives were done to survey corals and reef structure and resilience while 20 dive stations were done survey fish diversity and population abundance. The latter are aggregated to give 10 sites in total for diversity and 11 for abundance. An additional site from 2014 (Quifuki) was added in the presentation of the results because this site was surveyed for corals in 2015. Figure 1. Map of all sites surveyed during the OSOL survey (see Table 1 for further details). 4 Table 1. Survey sites in 2015 listed with dive station names, coordinates and the villages whose fishing grounds most closely link to these reefs. * = coral data only. # fish data collected in 2014, though replication level low. Country Area Location Site Station(dive) Lat Long Survey Date Village-Fishing ground Mozambique Palma Quirindi Quirindi Quirind2 -10.62036501 40.61030997 14/03/2015 Quirindi Mozambique Palma Quirindi Quirindi Quirind1 -10.64928903 40.58802098 14/03/2015 Quirindi Mozambique Palma Quiwia Quiwia Farol2 -10.67093203 40.64220998 14/03/2015 Quiwia Mozambique Palma
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