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Hexenfurcht in Afrika Annäherungen an Ein Sperriges Thema
Hexenfurcht missionsakademie an der universität hamburg academy of mission at the university of hamburg in Afrika Annäherungen an ein sperriges Thema THEOLOGISCHE IMPULSE DER MISSIONSAKADEMIE10 THEOLOGISCHE IMPULSE DER MISSIONSAKADEMIE (TIMA) ISSN 2196-4742 Herausgeber: Missionsakademie an der Universität Hamburg Rupertistr. 67 | 22609 Hamburg | Tel. (040) 823 161-0 www.missionsakademie.de | [email protected] Umschlag: EMW/Martin Keiper Redaktion dieser Ausgabe: Werner Kahl (verantwortlich) Hamburg, April 2015 Die Texte der Reihe TIMA stehen auf der Website www.missionsakademie.de als PDF-Dateien zum Download bereit. Die Rechte an den Texten liegen bei den Autorinnen und Autoren. Hexenfurcht in Afrika Annäherungen an ein sperriges Thema THEOLOGISCHE IMPULSE DER MISSIONSAKADEMIE10 Vorwort Für viele Menschen in – und aus – Afrika sind Hexenvorstellungen selbstver- ständlich. Nach dem im sub-saharischen verbreiteten Weltwissen gilt weithin: Das menschliche Leben ist eingebettet in eine spirituelle Welt, die sich als freundlich oder feindlich erweist. Sie wird beeinflusst durch Riten und Gebete, damit – das je eigene – Leben gelingen kann. Hexerei wird bekämpft, und Geister werden ausgetrieben, um Menschen vor Unheil und Krankheit zu schützen und sie aus den Klauen feindlicher Mächte zu retten. In der kirchlichen Partnerschaftsarbeit sorgen konträre Weltbilder und disparate Erfahrungen von Wirklichkeit für z.T. erhebliche Irritationen. Aufgrund von Migrationsbewegungen sind afrikanische Hexenvorstellungen seit einigen Jahren auch in Europa anzutreffen. Insofern ist die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit dieser Problematik entwicklungspolitisch, gesellschaftlich und kirchlich relevant – nicht zuletzt auch als kritische Anfrage an den Westen nach der Existenz des Bösen. Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert deutsch- und englischsprachige Beiträge einer Konsultation der Missionsakademie zu „Hexenfurcht in Afrika – exotisch oder aktuell?“ aus dem Jahr 2014. -
Hoodoo People
HOODOO PEOPLE AFURAKANU/AFURAITKAITNUT (AFRICANS) IN NORTH AMERICA AKAN CUSTODIANS OF HOODOO FROM ANCIENT HOODOO/UDUNU LAND (KHANIT/NUBIA) ODWIRAFO KWESI RA NEHEM PTAH AKHAN 1 Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans~Black People) in North america brought our Hoodoo religion and culture with us in our blood-circles from Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa) during the Mmusuo Kese (Great Perversity/Enslavement Era). This is an unbroken tradition which is not only intergenerational, but transcarnational. This means that it was and is informed by the Abosom and our Nananom Nsamanfo, Akan terms for Deities/Divine Spirit-Forces that animate Creation and our Spiritually Cultivated Ancestresses and Ancestors. It is through the Abosom (Deities) that our Ancestral Religious traditions are established. This is true of all Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) wherever we are in the world. When the Abosom first possessed our Ancestresses and Ancestors via ritual and communicated the Divine Order of Creation directly to them, our religious practice was established. When those first Ancestresses and Ancestors preserved what they were taught by the Abosom and transferred that tradition via protocols to their posterity without profanation, our religious practice was/is perpetuated. Our knowledge of Nyamewaa-Nyame Nhyehyee, The Mother and Father Supreme Being’s Order (Divine Order), our role in the Divine Order and the means by which we can ritually incorporate Divine Law and ritually restore Divine Balance to our lives is replenished in every generation as the Abosom and Nananom Nsamanfo continue to communicate with us via spirit-possession and spirit-communication. Ancestral Spirit possession includes communication with our ancient Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestresses and Ancestors up to our recently transitioned Ancestresses and Ancestors of good character. -
Interior, Only Escaping Back to Europe Years Later Through Bribery and the Help of Portuguese Merchants in Guangzhou
Contents Editorial 5 A Thousand Li Sorghum and Steel 11 The Socialist Developmental Regime and the Forging of China Introduction - Transitions 12 1 - Precedents 21 2 - Development 58 3 - Ossification 102 4 - Ruination 127 Conclusion - Unbinding 146 Gleaning the Welfare Fields 151 Rural Struggles in China since 1959 Revisiting the Wukan Uprising of 2011 183 An Interview with Zhuang Liehong No Way Forward, No Way Back 191 China in the Era of Riots “The Future is Hidden within these Realities” 229 Selected Translations from Factory Stories 1 - Preface to Issue #1 233 2 - One Day 235 3 - Layoffs and Labor Shortages 237 4 - Looking Back on 20 years in Shenzhen’s Factories 240 3 Editorial A Thousand Li As the Qing dynasty began its slow collapse, thousands of peasants were funneled into port cities to staff the bustling docks and sweatshops fueled by foreign silver. When these migrants died from the grueling work and casual violence of life in the treaty ports, their families often spent the sum of their remittances to ship the bodies home in a practice known as “transporting a corpse over a thousand li” (qian li xing shi), otherwise the souls would be lost and misfortune could befall the entire lineage. The logistics of this ceremony were complex. After blessings and reanimation rituals by a Taoist priest, “corpse drivers” would string the dead upright in single file along bamboo poles, shouldering the bamboo at either end so that, when they walked, the stiff bodies strung between them would appear to hop of their own accord. Travelling only at night, the corpse drivers would ring bells to warn off the living, since the sight of the dead migrants was thought to bring bad luck. -
Cultural Governance in Contemporary China: Popular Culture, Digital Technology, and the State
! ! ! ! CULTURAL GOVERNANCE IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA: POPULAR CULTURE, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, AND THE STATE BY LUZHOU LI DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communications and Media in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2015 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Emeritus John Nerone, Chair Assistant Professor Amanda Ciafone Professor Emeritus Dan Schiller Professor Kent Ono, University of Utah ii ABSTRACT This dissertation is a study of the historical formation and transformation of the Chinese online audiovisual industry under forces of strategic political calculations, expanding market relations, and growing social participation, and the cultural ramifications of this process, especially the kind of transformations digital technologies have wrought on the state-TV-station-centered mode of cultural production/distribution and regulatory apparatuses. Through this case, the project aims to theorize the changing mode of cultural governance of post-socialist regimes in the context of digital capitalism. Using mixed methods of documentary research, interviews with industry practitioners, participant observations of trade fairs/festivals, and critical discourse analyses of popular cultural texts, the study finds that the traditional broadcasting and the online video sectors are structured along two different political economic mechanisms. While the former is dominated by domestic capital and heavily regulated by state agencies, the latter is supported by transnational capital and less regulated. Digital technologies coupled with transnational capital thus generate new cultural flows, processes, and practices, which produces a heterogeneous and contested cultural sphere in the digital environment that substantially differs from the one created by traditional television. -
Confucianism and Sun Yat-Sen's Views on Civilization
1 Confucianism and Sun Yat-sen’s Views on Civilization Teiichi KAWATA I. Introduction The Qing Dynasty, the last of China’s feudal monarchies, was shaken to its very foundations due to the impact of the West, which was symbolized by the cannon fire of the Opium War in 1840. This is because the 2,000-plus year old system that made Confucianism the state ideology from the time of Emperor Wu in the Earlier Han was easily defeated by England’s military might, which made rapid advances due to the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century. Here the history of modern China begins. In the century that followed, in the time that the old system transformed into socialist China, a multitude of intellectual problems sprung forth. Truly, if this period of 100-plus years were put in the terms of Western European intellectual history, themes of intellectual history spanning several centuries were compressed into this period. Namely, starting the Renaissance in the fifteenth century, the Religious Reformation of the sixteenth century, French Enlightenment philosophy of the seventeenth century, as well as the revolutionary thought of the American and French Revolutions in the eighteenth century, and German Idealism, from Hegel to Marx’s Communism, truly various things were adopted, and they sprouted and bloomed. In a sense, that period could be called a golden age of thought. For these thinkers, it was absolutely necessary to engage in the task of how to think about the China in which they lived, and how to change it. They needed to prepare answers to cultural problems such as China’s traditions versus China’s modernization, Chinese civilization versus Western civilization; political problems such as imperialism, constitutionalism, or 2 republicanism and capitalism or socialism. -
Buddhist Print Culture in Early Republican China Gregory Adam Scott Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of
Conversion by the Book: Buddhist Print Culture in Early Republican China Gregory Adam Scott Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Gregory Adam Scott All Rights Reserved This work may be used under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. For more information about that license, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. For other uses, please contact the author. ABSTRACT Conversion by the Book: Buddhist Print Culture in Early Republican China 經典佛化: 民國初期佛教出版文化 Gregory Adam Scott 史瑞戈 In this dissertation I argue that print culture acted as a catalyst for change among Buddhists in modern China. Through examining major publication institutions, publishing projects, and their managers and contributors from the late nineteenth century to the 1920s, I show that the expansion of the scope and variety of printed works, as well as new the social structures surrounding publishing, substantially impacted the activity of Chinese Buddhists. In doing so I hope to contribute to ongoing discussions of the ‘revival’ of Chinese Buddhism in the modern period, and demonstrate that publishing, propelled by new print technologies and new forms of social organization, was a key field of interaction and communication for religious actors during this era, one that helped make possible the introduction and adoption of new forms of religious thought and practice. 本論文的論點是出版文化在近代中國佛教人物之中,扮演了變化觸媒的角色. 通過研究從十 九世紀末到二十世紀二十年代的主要的出版機構, 種類, 及其主辦人物與提供貢獻者, 論文 說明佛教印刷的多元化 以及範圍的大量擴展, 再加上跟出版有關的社會結構, 對中國佛教 人物的活動都發生了顯著的影響. 此研究顯示在被新印刷技術與新形式的社會結構的推進 下的出版事業, 為該時代的宗教人物展開一種新的相互連結與構通的場域, 因而使新的宗教 思想與實踐的引入成為可能. 此論文試圖對現行關於近代中國佛教的所謂'復興'的討論提出 貢獻. Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables iii Acknowledgements v Abbreviations and Conventions ix Works Cited by Abbreviation x Maps of Principle Locations xi Introduction Print Culture and Religion in Modern China 1. -
Bannerman and Townsman: Ethnic Tension in Nineteenth-Century Jiangnan
Bannerman and Townsman: Ethnic Tension in Nineteenth-Century Jiangnan Mark Elliott Late Imperial China, Volume 11, Number 1, June 1990, pp. 36-74 (Article) Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: 10.1353/late.1990.0005 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/late/summary/v011/11.1.elliott.html Access Provided by Harvard University at 02/16/13 5:36PM GMT Vol. 11, No. 1 Late Imperial ChinaJune 1990 BANNERMAN AND TOWNSMAN: ETHNIC TENSION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY JIANGNAN* Mark Elliott Introduction Anyone lucky enough on the morning of July 21, 1842, to escape the twenty-foot high, four-mile long walls surrounding the city of Zhenjiang would have beheld a depressing spectacle: the fall of the city to foreign invaders. Standing on a hill, looking northward across the city toward the Yangzi, he might have decried the masts of more than seventy British ships anchored in a thick nest on the river, or perhaps have noticed the strange shapes of the four armored steamships that, contrary to expecta- tions, had successfully penetrated the treacherous lower stretches of China's main waterway. Might have seen this, indeed, except that his view most likely would have been screened by the black clouds of smoke swirling up from one, then two, then three of the city's five gates, as fire spread to the guardtowers atop them. His ears dinned by the report of rifle and musket fire and the roar of cannon and rockets, he would scarcely have heard the sounds of panic as townsmen, including his own relatives and friends, screamed to be allowed to leave the city, whose gates had been held shut since the week before by order of the commander of * An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Manchu Studies (Manzokushi kenkyùkai) at Meiji University, Tokyo, in November 1988. -
Magic, Explanations, and Evil on the Origins and Design of Witches and Sorcerers
This is an accepted manuscript. Please cite as: Singh, M. (forthcoming) Magic, explanations, and evil: On the origins and design of witches and sorcerers. Current Anthropology. Magic, explanations, and evil On the origins and design of witches and sorcerers Manvir Singh Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University 13 March 2020 Abstract In nearly every documented society, people believe that some misfortunes are caused by malicious group mates using magic or supernatural powers. Here I report cross-cultural patterns in these beliefs and propose a theory to explain them. Using the newly-created Mystical Harm Survey, I show that several conceptions of malicious mystical practitioners recur around the world, including sorcerers (who use learned spells), possessors of the evil eye (who transmit injury through their stares and words), and witches (who possess superpowers, pose existential threats, and engage in morally abhorrent acts). I argue that these beliefs develop from three cultural selective processes: a selection for intuitive magic, a selection for plausible explanations of impactful misfortune, and a selection for demonizing myths that justify mistreatment. Separately, these selective schemes produce traditions as diverse as shamanism, conspiracy theories, and campaigns against heretics – but around the world, they jointly give rise to the odious and feared witch. I use the tripartite theory to explain the forms of beliefs in mystical harm and outline ten predictions for how shifting conditions should affect those conceptions. Societally-corrosive beliefs can persist when they are intuitively appealing or they serve some believers’ agendas. ON THE ORIGINS AND DESIGN OF WITCHES AND SORCERERS “I fear them more than anything else,” said Don Talayesva1 about witches. -
Jamaica Witchcraft
PSYCHIC PHENOMENA OF JAMAICA BY JOSEPH J. WILLIAMS, S.J. Ph.D. (Ethnol.), Litt.D. Professor of Cultural Anthropology, Boston College Graduate School FELLOW of The Royal Anthropological Institute; The Royal Geographical Society; The American Geographical Society; The Royal Society of Arts. MEMBER of Congrès International des Sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnologiques; International Institute of African Languages and Cultures; American Association for the Advancement of Science; American Council of Learned Societies; American Anthropological Association; American Ethnological Society; Catholic Anthropological Conference; American Folklore Society; African Society; etc. AUTHOR of "Voodoos and Obeahs," "Hebrewisms of West Africa," "Whence the 'Black Irish' of Jamaica?" "Whisperings of the Caribbean," etc. THE DIAL PRESS NEW YORK ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN 1934 Psychic Phenomena Of Jamaica By Joseph J. Williams. This web edition created and published by Global Grey 2013. GLOBAL GREY NOTHING BUT E-BOOKS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION-WEIRD HAPPENINGS CHAPTER I: ASHANTI CULTURAL INFLUENCE IN JAMAICA CHAPTER II: JAMAICA WITCHCRAFT CHAPTER III: APPLIED MAGIC CHAPTER IV: POPULAR BELIEF IN GHOSTS CHAPTER V: FUNERAL CUSTOMS CHAPTER VI: POLTERGEIST CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSIONS DOCUMENTATION BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Psychic Phenomena Of Jamaica By Joseph J. Williams INTRODUCTION - WEIRD HAPPENINGS EARLY in December, 1906, I first visited Jamaica, where I planned staying a couple of months. On January 14th, the day of the disastrous earthquake, I was returning from the north side of the island, driving by way of Mount Diabolo, and I arrived at the Ewarton Railway Station about an hour before the starting time of the train that was to carry me back to Kingston. The day was unusually tropical for that season of the year in Jamaica, with a cloudless sky, and what was really strange, at a time when the Trade Winds should have been at their height, not a breath of air was stirring. -
Jamaican Folk Religion, 1919-1929
University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/71099 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Shadow worlds and “superstitions”: an analysis of Martha Warren Beckwith’s writings on Jamaican folk religion, 1919-1929 by Hilary Ruth Sparkes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in History University of Warwick, Department of History February 2015 Contents Acknowledgements and Declaration and Inclusion of Material from a Prior i Thesis Abstract ii Introduction 1 i.) Martha Warren Beckwith in the academic scholarship 5 ii.) Her methodology 7 iii.) Secondary literature 16 iv.) My methodology 19 v.) My terminology 26 vi.) Chapter plan 28 Chapter 1: Jamaica: folk culture, race and identity 32 i.) Jamaica as it was 33 ii.) Growing radicalisation 39 iii.) Religion and resistance 45 iv.) The black middle classes 47 v.) Evolution of a national identity 49 vi.) Jamaica and the United States 53 vii.) Race and anthropology in the United States 57 viii.) Folk culture and national identity 65 Chapter 2: Obeah: ‘religion of the shadow world’ 73 Obeah and Obeah lore 73 i.) Obeah: questions of etymology and origins 74 ii.) Obeah practice 78 iii.) -
The Authentic Person As Ideal for the Late Ming Dynasty Physician
Original Paper UDC [133.5:221.3]:61(510)“15/16” Received January 7th, 2013 Leslie de Vries University of Westminster, EASTmedicine, Room N3.110, Copland Building 115, New Cavendish Street, UK–W1W 6UW London [email protected] The Authentic Person as Ideal for the Late Ming Dynasty Physician Daoist Inner Alchemy in Zhang Jiebin’s Commentary on the Huangdi neijing1 Abstract At the end of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Daoist inner alchemy had a significant influ ence on the medical theories of some of the most prominent scholar physicians in Jiangnan China. In this article, I zoom in on Zhang Jiebin’s (1563–1640) commentary on the Huangdi neijing (Inner Classic of the Yellow Emperor), the foundational text of Chinese medicine. In the first chapter of this text, four exemplary types of human beings are described. I analyse how Zhang Jiebin elaborates on one of them, the Authentic Person (zhenren). Abundantly referring to inner alchemical sources, his focus is on the essential constituents of the body: essence (jing), qi, and spirit (shen). I further show how Zhang emphasizes strong connec tions between medicine and inner alchemy in a discussion on concrete practices, which could not only dispel disorders but also lead to the Daoist ideal of becoming a zhenren. Keywords Zhang Jiebin, Chinese medicine, Ming dynasty, inner alchemy, qi, soteriology Introduction Joseph Needham, the great historian of Chinese science, considered Daoism to be the main catalyst for the development of science in China. He stated that Daoists (daojia), “whose -
Magic, Explanations, and Evil: the Origins and Design of Witches and Sorcerers
Magic, Explanations, and Evil The Origins and Design of Witches and Sorcerers Manvir Singh In nearly every documented society, people believe that some misfortunes are caused by malicious group mates using magic or supernatural powers. Here I report cross-cultural patterns in these beliefs and propose a theory to explain them. Using the newly created Mystical Harm Survey, I show that several conceptions of malicious mystical practitioners, including sorcerers (who use learned spells), possessors of the evil eye (who transmit injury through their stares and words), and witches (who possess superpowers, pose existential threats, and engage in morally abhorrent acts), recur around the world. I argue that these beliefs develop from three cultural selective processes: a selection for intuitive magic, a selection for plausible explanations of impactful misfortune, and a selection for demonizing myths that justify mistreatment. Separately, these selective schemes produce traditions as diverse as shamanism, conspiracy theories, and campaigns against heretics—but around the world, they jointly give rise to the odious and feared witch. I use the tripartite theory to explain the forms of beliefs in mystical harm and outline 10 predictions for how shifting conditions should affect those conceptions. Societally corrosive beliefs can persist when they are intuitively appealing or they serve some believers’ agendas. Online enhancements: supplemental material and tables. “I fear them more than anything else,”1 said Don Talayesva about witches. By then, the Hopi man suspected his grand- mother, grandfather, and in-laws of using dark magic against him. Introduction Humans in nearly every documented society believe that some illnesses and hardships are the work of envious or malig- Beliefs in witches and sorcerers are disturbing and calamitous.