Coastal-Marine Protected Areas in Santa Catarina Under the Local People’S Perspective: Contributions of the Literature1
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COASTAL-MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN SANTA CATARINA UNDER THE LOCAL PEOPLE’S PERSPECTIVE: CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE LITERATURE1 RUBANA PALHARES ALVES2 NATALIA HANAZAKI3 Introduction The creation of protected areas (PAs) impacts local people´s lives in numerous ways (MASCIA et al., 2010; KARANTH & NEPAL, 2012). Solutions that benefit both biodiversity conservation and the promotion of human welfare are difficult to find, be- cause they usually involve complex tradeoffs and choices that result in losses and costs for stakeholders (MCSHANE et al., 2011). The inclusion of local people in management of PAs and conservation projects is a strategy to increase the acceptance of these areas (BROOKS et al., 2006; GERHARDINGER et al., 2009; KARANTH & NEPAL, 2012) and to improve compliance with PAs rules and regulations (ANDRADE & RHODES, 2012). To promote such inclusion it is crucial to understand the relationships among local people and PAs, which can be studied considering different domains of analysis (e.g. DAY et al., 2012; IBAMA, 2007; ICMBIO, 2012). We analyzed the relationships among local people and five Federal Coastal-Marine PAs in the state of Santa Catarina from the people´s perspective and based on the litera- ture. Research efforts focused on the Santa Catarina coast PAs are not recent (FABRIS, 1997; MADUREIRA, 1997; STRENZEL, 1997) nor scarce. Thus, we searched for studies that embraced the vision of local people about the influence of PAs in their lives, conside- ring five analytical domains: economic, environmental, spatial, organizational and cultural. 1. We thank the managers of the Federal Coastal-Marine Protected Areas of Santa Catarina for allowing the access to their databases; to the researcher Charles Roland Clement (National Institute of Amazonian Research - INPA) for reviewing the English version of this article; to Rufford Small Grants for the financial support; RPA thanks INPA PCI/MCTI for a research fellowship; NH thanks to CNPq for the research productivity scholarship (306478/2012-9) 2. Master’s degree in Ecology at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil. Research fellow of the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA). E-mail: [email protected] 3. Professor of the Department of Ecology and Zoology at UFSC, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 94 Alves and Hanazaki Material and Methods Study area The State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, has 531 km of coastline, which is equivalent to 7% of the Brazilian coast (BRASIL, 2011a). This region lies in the Atlan- tic Forest domain, with different coastal formations, including mangroves, salt marshes, beaches, dunes, rocky shores, islands, estuaries, lagoons, bays, coves, creeks and ponds (BRASIL, 2011a). The PAs studied were: Right Whale Environmental Protection Area (Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baleia Franca/APABF) and Anhatomirim Environmental Protection Area (Área de Proteção Ambiental do Anhatomirim/APAA), both are cate- gory V in the IUCN classification system (IBAMA, 2004a); Pirajubaé Extractive Reserve (Reserva Extrativista Pirajubaé/REP), category VI (IBAMA, 2004a); Carijós Ecological Station (Estação Ecológica de Carijós/EEC) and Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve (Reserva Biológica Marinha do Arvoredo/RBMA), which are category Ia (IBAMA, 2004a) (Figure 1). They form together a conservation mosaic with different categories of management, objectives and operating systems (Table 1). Table 1. Description of Federal Coastal-Marine Protected Areas in the State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. *PA = Protected Area; APAA = Anhatomirim Environmental Protection Area; APABF = Right Whale Environmental Protection Area; REP = Pirajubaé Extractive Reserve; EEC = Ecological Station Carijós; RBMA = Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve. There are numerous local groups with different ethnic and cultural characteristics along Santa Catarina coast. They include: Guarani Amerindian (ISA, 2012), “Quilombo- las” (descendants of African slaves), and European descendants, mainly with Portuguese, German, Italian and Polish backgrounds (LEITE, 1991). One group that stands out is Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVIII, n. 4 n p. 93-112 n out.-dez. 2015 Coastal-marine protected areas in Santa Catarina under the local people’s perspective 95 Figure 1. Mosaic of Federal Coastal-Marine Protected Areas in the State of Santa Catarina, Southern, Brazil. APA = Environmental Protection Area; RESEX = Ex- tractive Reserve; ESEC = Ecological Station; REBIO = Biological Reserve. ZA = Buffer zone. Source: ICMBio, 2014. Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVIII, n. 4 n p. 93-112 n out.-dez. 2015 96 Alves and Hanazaki the Azorean, descendants of immigrants from the Azores and Madeira islands, and from mainland Portugal, who maintain their own cultural traits and generally practice fishing and small-scale agriculture (DIEGUES & ARRUDA, 2001). Tourist flows have intensified in the region since the 1970s, accelerating the process of urbanization, which has altered local livelihoods (PEREIRA, 2003). The coast is the main point of reference for people who immigrate to Santa Catarina, coming from the countryside, from other Brazilian regions and from abroad (TURNES, 2008). Analytical domains Based on the literature, consulting researchers and PAs’ managers, we identified five analytical domains that cover different aspects of people/PA interactions: economic, environmental, spatial, organizational and cultural. The economic domain involves the influence of the PAs in the income generating activities of the local people. It en- compasses activities such as tourism (ZUBE & BUSCH, 1990; SEKHAR, 2003; KISS, 2004; KARANTH & NEPAL, 2012), animal and plant extractivism, plant cultivation, and raising animals for sale or consumption (ZUBE & BUSCH, 1990; MASCIA et al., 2010; KARANTH & NEPAL, 2012; LELEU, 2012). The environmental domain refers to the awareness of the local people about the importance of the PAs for environmen- tal quality, changes in the abundance and composition of species, and changes in the environments and landscapes (LELEU, 2012; RESSURREIÇÃO, 2012). This domain also covers environmental issues and potential conflicts between conservation and local activities. The spatial domain deals with the problems and issues related to territorial regularization, including the people’s perceptions of the influence of the PAs in the use and occupation of the territory (ZUBE & BUSCH, 1990; LELEU, 2012). The organizational domain refers to the process of creation of the PAs, the performance of the managing agency in the communities, organization of the populations and their participation in the management of PAs (ZUBE & BUSCH, 1990; WELLS et al., 1992; BROOKS et al., 2006; GERHARDINGER et al., 2009; ANDRADE & RHODES, 2012; KARANTH & NEPAL, 2012). The cultural domain covers aspects such as the influence of PAs in the cultural activities of the populations, and their importance as a source of information, education and training of local people (RESSURREIÇÃO, 2012). Documentary research We searched for papers, monographs, dissertations and theses in the databases Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/home.url), Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO (http://www.scielo.org/php/index.php) and in the theses databank of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES (http://capesdw.capes.gov.br/ capesdw/), in January 2013. We used the fields “title”, “keywords” and “abstract” to search for PAs names in Portuguese and in English. Additionally, the PA’s own databases were accessed for other documents, such as technical reports, produced at the request of the managers themselves. Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVIII, n. 4 n p. 93-112 n out.-dez. 2015 Coastal-marine protected areas in Santa Catarina under the local people’s perspective 97 We selected the studies that fulfilled simultaneously three criteria: 1) contain in- formation about social and environmental issues; 2) consider the perception and opinion of local people about the analytical domains; and 3) involve participatory methodologies, interviews or similar methods for data collection. For each study we systematized the following information: year of publication, authors, study type, title, journal/institution, PA, studied communities, accessed groups, number of informants, and the information related to each domain. Data were analyzed qualitatively, summarizing the description of each PA across the domains according to the perspective of the local people. Results and discussion Characterization of the studies We found a total of 47 studies, of which 27 were Masters Dissertations, 14 journal articles, four Doctoral theses and two monographs (only professional undergraduate monographs were considered due to limitations of the CAPES database). Although dissertations were most numerous, this number may be underestimated, because the information in the CAPES database is provided by the post graduate programs, which often fail to update consistently. Only 11 of the 47 studies fulfilled the selection criteria, and eight could be obtained. The search performed directly in the PAs’ databases added 13 studies. Thus, we analyzed 21 studies (Figure 2). Figure 2. Distribution of the studies analyzed by Protected Area and according to study type. APAA = Anhatomirim Environmental Protection Area; APABF = Right Whale Environmental Protection Area; REP = Pirajubaé Extractive Reserve; EEC = Ecological Station Carijós; RBMA = Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve. Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v. XVIII,