Final SSIB 2008 Abstracts
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EFFECT OF WHOLE GRAIN BREAKFAST CEREAL ON SATIETY AND SHORT-TERM FOOD INTAKE R ABOU SAMRA, D BRIENZA, D GRATHWOHL, H GREEN; Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd P.O. Box 44, Lausanne, Switzerland An association between whole grain (WG) intake and lower risk of obesity is well documented. We investigated whether this may, at least partly, be mediated through appetite by comparing WG breakfast cereal (94.5% WG) against refined cereal (0% WG) with respect to their effects on satiety and short-term food intake. We studied unrestricted healthy men and women after an overnight fast in a single-blind randomized crossover design. Forty-five grams of cereal was served with 125 ml of milk (2.7% fat) and 250 ml water. Subjective feelings of satiety, thirst and palatability were measured using validated visual analogue scales at 15-min intervals before and after eating. Ad libitum food intake was measured 2 hrs later. Satiety was assessed with a composite score for satiety (CSS), averaging fullness and the inverse of hunger, desire-to-eat and prospective consumption. Research was funded by Nestec SA and Cereal Partners Worldwide. ORAL INTAKE AND POST-ORAL REINFORCEMENT BY CORN OIL AND ENOVA OIL IN RATS. K ACKROFF, A SCLAFANI; Brooklyn College of CUNY, Brooklyn, USA Enova oil is a blend of vegetable oils processed to contain a high concentration of 1,3 diglycerides (DG). It is marketed as an alternative to standard triglyceride (TG) oils, because it is oxidized rather than stored as body fat. Rodent studies have found no differences in intake of high-fat mixed diets made with DG or TG oil. We examined whether rats would respond differently to DG and TG oil emulsions presented as separate sources of food, and whether the oils differed in reinforcing flavor preferences. In Experiment 1, food- restricted rats were trained in 30-min sessions with CS flavors paired with IG infusions of 7.1% corn oil (TG) and Enova oil (DG) emulsions to compare their reinforcement potency. Both oil-paired flavors were preferred (71-72%) to a water-paired flavor, and rats consumed the two oil-paired flavors equally in a choice test between them. 1- and 2-bottle oral intakes of the emulsions were also similar. The emulsions were equally satiating when infused as rats drank a palatable low-energy fluid. In Experiment 2, ad libitum- fed rats consumed similar amounts of DG and TG emulsion in 1- and 2-bottle tests (2 days each). On 1- bottle days, chow intake was lower with DG than with TG, suggesting that DG-fed animals might maintain lower energy intakes. Other rats were given 7.1% DG or TG and chow for several weeks. DG-fed rats consumed only half as much oil emulsion as TG-fed rats, and the TG group consumed more total energy and gained more weight than chow-only controls. DG oil thus appears to be equally acceptable and equally reinforcing, but leads to less overeating than TG oil. Supported by NIH DK31135 COFFEE INTAKE, FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY IN RATS V. AGUILERA, A. LÓPEZ- ESPINOZA, A. G MARTÍNEZ, A. GALINDO, C. DE LA TORRE-IBARRA, M. L GONZÁLEZ-TORRES, E. VALDÉS; Feeding Behavior and Nutrition Research Center, CUSur, University of Guadalajara, Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, Mexico The experimental evidence demonstrates that an important relation between activity and feeding behavior exists. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of coffee consumption on feeding behavior and patterns of activity in albino rats. Eight rats, 4 males and 4 females of three months of age were assigned randomly to 2 experimental groups. The experiment was divided in 5 phases. In phases 1, 3 and 5, all subjects were exposed to 200ml of water during half an hour, followed of half an hour of access at activity wheel and when finalizing were exposed to 2 hrs of free access. In 2 and 4 phases, group 1 was exposed to a solution of 1g of coffee and 7.5g of sugar and group 2 to a solution of 7.5g of sugar during the half hour of access to the water. Results showed that water consumption with sugar was greater consumption in comparison with coffee in the females. Coffee and sugar consumption was greater in comparison with the sugar consumptions in males. The subjects exposed to coffee solution registered a greater activity. Subjects exposed to the sugar solution diminished their activity LEPTIN MODULATES OLFACTORY ACUITY P AIME1,2, M BENDAHMANE2, B PAULIGNAN- PALOUZIER2, S OBICI1, AK JULLIARD2; 1Obesity Research Center, GRI, Cincinnati, USA, 2UMR5020 Neurosciences Sensorielles Comportement Cognition, Lyon, France We have previously shown that olfactory acuity is modulated by nutritional status. This suggests that olfactory function is under the control of neuroendocrine signals that modulate feeding behavior. Although the anorectic hormone leptin is well known to regulate food intake and energy expenditure, its action on olfactory function is postulated by the presence of its receptor in the olfactory bulb (OB). In this study, we have performed histological, electrophysiological and behavioral experiments in order to determine whether leptin is implicated in the modulation of olfactory function. Firstly, we have demonstrated that the long isoform of the leptin receptor is highly expressed in the OB and is mostly localized in mitral cells (main neurons) and granular cells. Furthermore, patch-clamp experiments show that leptin modulates mitral cells spontaneous activity either through an increase or a decrease in their mean firing frequency. In addition, using a behavioral test designed to measure sensitivity to odorants, we found that CNS delivery of leptin decreases olfactory sensitivity in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, obese Zucker fa/fa rats, carrying a non functional leptin receptor, display higher olfactory sensitivity than their lean controls. Taken together these data suggest that leptin is able to modulate olfactory sensitivity by altering the transmission of the sensory stimulus in the OB. These results support the notion that the sense of smell participates in the regulation of ingestive behavior by responding to hormonal cues of nutritional status. HIGH CALCIUM PREFERENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW EXPRESSION OF THE CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR GENE, CASR, IN TONGUE EPITHELIAL TISSUE LK ALARCÓN, MG TORDOFF, DR REED; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, USA Calcium is essential for survival but high concentrations of calcium are unpalatable to humans and most animals avoid them. An exception is the PWK/PhJ (PWK) strain of mice, which in contrast to the C57BL/6J (B6) and other inbred strains, avidly and specifically ingests calcium. A genome scan of B6 x PWK F2 hybrid mice linked a component of this strain difference to a region on chromosome 16 at microsatellite marker D16Mit60 (32.6 Mb, 23.4 cM), with a peak LOD score of 8.0. Nearby (36.4Mb, 26.3 cM) is the calcium-sensing receptor gene, Casr, which has a central role in extracellular calcium homeostasis. To evaluate Casr as a candidate gene responsible for the behavioral phenotype, we compared Casr DNA sequences between B6 and PWK mice. There were six polymorphisms in the coding region but these were synonymous and so were unlikely to influence receptor function. However there were several polymorphisms upstream, which may affect the amount of mRNA expressed. Therefore, we measured expression of Casr mRNA in B6 and PWK mouse taste and non-taste tissues by real-time quantitative PCR. Using three Casr gene expression assays with probes targeting different parts of the gene, we found that Casr expression was 1.5 – 7.0 fold higher in B6 than PWK in both taste and non-taste epithelial tissues. We speculate that Casr expression negatively regulates calcium intake, so the PWK strain’s avidity for calcium is due, at least in part, to relatively low expression of Casr in taste or other tissues. WITHIN-MEAL EATING RATE AND 1-HOUR APPETITE IN SLOW, MEDIUM, AND FAST PACED EATERS AM ANDRADE, KJ MELANSON; University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA Eating slowly is recommended for weight management, but data are lacking on how it may influence energy intake regulation, and if it can be easily adopted. We asked 90 females (22±6yr; BMI=22±3) to rate themselves as slow (n=13), medium (n=47), or fast (n=30) eaters. During the mid-follicular phase, after a standardized breakfast and 4 hour fast, they ate an identical ad libitum pasta lunch on two occasions, once instructed to eat quickly and once slowly. They completed visual analogue scales of hunger (H), satiety (S), and desire-to-eat (DTE) before and 60 minutes after lunch. Eating rate (61±43Kcal/min) correlated positively with 60-minute H (r=0.207, p=0.005) and DTE (r=0.244, p=0.001), and negatively with S (r=- 0.151, p=0.044). Meal duration was not correlated with energy intake, but it was negatively correlated with DTE at 60 minutes (r=-0.171, p=0.022). At 60 minutes, H (9±12 vs. 13±13; p=0.00122) and DTE (10±12 vs. 16±14; p=0.00003) were lower (r=0.00122, p=0.00002) and S higher (84±16 vs. 77±20; p=0.00021) after slow versus quick eating. Slow eaters ate less (626±220kcal) than medium paced eaters (724±169kcal; p=0.036). Whether told to eat quickly or slowly, slow eaters tended to eat slower (54±42Kcal/min) than medium (60±41Kcal/min) or fast eaters (66±47Kcal/min; p>.05). These findings suggest that eating rate may be important in 60 minute H, S, and DTE, slow eating may be uncommon in young women, and one- time instruction on changing habitual eating rate may not be effective enough.