Defence Forces Review Defence Forces Defence Forces 2017 Review 2017 Pantone 1545c Pantone 125c Pantone 120c Pantone 468c DF_Special_Brown Pantone 1545c Pantone 2965c Pantone Pantone 5743c Cool Grey 11c Vol 14 Vol Defence Forces Review 2017 ISSN 1649-7066 Published for the Military Authorities by the Public Relations Section at the Chief of Staff’s Branch, and printed at the Defence Forces Printing Press, Infirmary Road, Dublin 7. © Copyright in accordance with Section 56 of the Copyright Act, 1963, Section 7 of the University of Limerick Act, 1989 and Section 6 of the Dublin University Act, 1989. DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2017 DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2017 Preface “Research is an expression of faith in the possibility of progress. The drive that leads scholars to study a topic has to include the belief that new things can be discovered, that newer can be better, and that greater depth of understanding is achievable. Research, especially academic research, is a form of optimism about the human condition”. Henry Rosovsky As Officer in Charge of Defence Forces Public Relations Branch, it gives me great pleasure to be involved in the publication of the ‘Defence Forces Review’ for 2017. As in in previous years, this edition seeks to build upon past publications tradition of providing thought provoking material that will be both an academic resource and source for debate amongst the ‘Reviews’ readership. The chosen theme for this edition will provide a foundation for thought and reflection on what are the particularly complex, multi-layered and intertwined issues that confront modern day societies and their leaderships. The ambition of the ‘Review’ is to provide a furthering in understanding of the issues addressed. I wish to commend the editor of Defence Forces Review 2017, Comdt Rory Finegan, for his first-rate efforts in producing this year's iteration. Additionally, the not inconsiderable input of the ‘Reviews’ co-editors is acknowledged. Óglaigh na hÉireann are indebted to Prof John Doyle, Director of the Institute for International Conflict Resolution and Reconstruction and Executive Dean of DCU Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences and Dr David Fitzgerald, Senior Lecturer in the Department of History at UCC for their invaluable collaborative contribution and insights. I would also like to thanks the staff of the Defence Forces Printing Press, and in particular, Pte Shane Curran for the detailed and laborious work he undertook in editing and formatting the articles incorporated within the Review. Finally, many thanks to all our contributors who generously provided their papers for consideration and publication. Further copies of the Review are available from the Defence Forces Public Relations Branch at [email protected] or online at http://www.military.ie/info-centre/publications/ defence-forces-review. Oliver Dwyer Lt Col OiC Defence Forces Public Relations Branch DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2017 Terrorism and the Evolving Terrorist Threat Launch of the Defence Forces Review In conjunction with an Academic Seminar University College Cork 17th November 2017 Editor's Notes In November 1985 Dubliner Ann-Marie Murphy was arrested at Heathrow airport on route to Tel Aviv, genuinely believing she was going to marry her Jordanian boy-friend Nesar Hindawi, with whom she was pregnant. Unknown to her a ticking bomb hidden by Hindawi had been placed in her luggage, intended to kill all on-board the El Al flight. At the very last moment an extraordinarily vigilant El Al staff member became suspicious because of the weight of her bag and a bomb was discovered, planted by the father of her yet unborn child. A catastrophe was averted. Sixteen years later the Twin Towers in New York were attacked and destroyed by aircraft hijacked by members of a then obscure terrorist group that was to enter the lexicon of the language, Al Qaeda. This event caused aftershocks on the world Geopolitical landscape that reverberate with us to this day. Both acts were callous and in the latter had catastrophic consequences, but the shared thread between them was that they were a specific terrorist act, because terrorism is not just directed at its intended victims but always seeks to speak too and influence a wider audience outside of the immediate carnage and horror. While hard for us to understand and conceptualize terrorism is usually calibrated; it is intended to elicit certain reactions, to include shock, horror, submissiveness, a change of opinion, or reaction on a particular issue, from release of prisoners, to the creation of a new national homeland, or in the case of so-called Islamic State (ISIS) a Caliphate. If this is the case, then so too must counter-terrorism policy and strategy, be calibrated and integrated. This special edition of the DF Review with its defining theme of Terrorism and the Evolving Terrorist Threat brings together a diverse range of contributors from a tri-service contribution of DF members in addition to academics who have focused on this field. Terrorism Studies has evolved and developed to the extent that it is now recognized that having traditionally been viewed as an area once seen on the margins between Political Science and Military Studies; is now clearly seen as a stand-alone sphere of academic research. Therefore this special edition of the DF Review seeks to bring a new perspective in this evolving field of Terrorism Studies that may perhaps help inform on some of the issues that continue to bedevil policymakers in the face of this ever mutating threat. Together the papers encompassed within this Review will showcase the wealth of experience both internal to the Defence Forces and in wider academia that in turn will encourage further debate in this often contentious arena and perhaps in some way point a way for possible solutions to the scourge or at least a better understanding and mitigation of the terrorist threat. DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2017 Abstracts of the research dissertations of the 73rd Senior Command & Staff Course as part of the MA in Leadership Management and Defence Studies (LMDS) program are included in the Review. To view any of these listed please contact the Defence Forces Library at: [email protected] The Review concludes with a short biographical details of the authors. The Editorial Team would like to thanks all the contributors for the not inconsiderable effort in preparing their papers for submission that we genuinely feel will contribute in the sum of all their parts to a focus on this critical and ever resonant theme which will contribute in no small way to the field of Terrorism Studies. We are also indebted to the professionalism of the dedicated and good humored staff of the Defence Forces Printing Press (DFPP) for the high quality of the finalised product; they valiantly mounted rescue missions on several occasions when the Editors were lost in orbit. DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2017 Editor's Biographical Statement Comdt Rory Finegan PhD is a serving officer in the Irish Defence Forces with 34 years’ of experience in a diversity of portfolios, that has included there separate tours of UN duty in the Middle East and a fourth in Kosovo. He is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Command & Staff School of the Military College. He has lectured extensively in International Relations and Terrorism Studies and was Head of Department at the United Nations Training School Ireland (UNTSI) for a number of years, where as Course Director he delivered the bespoke International Human Rights Course. His PhD examined the impact of Targeted Killings (TKs) against members of the Provisional IRA (PIRA) in Northern Ireland during the course of the Troubles. His most recent work is Shadowboxing in the Dark in 100 Years of Irish Republican Violence: 1916-2016 (Routledge, 2017); exploring the British counter-intelligence effort against PIRA. Dr. David Fitzgerald is a Lecturer in the School of History, University College Cork, Ireland. His research focuses on modern American military history and foreign policy. More specifically, he works on the history of American counterinsurgency, questions of military intervention, and on the intersections between the US military and broader American society and culture. David holds a PhD and MA from University College Cork and was previously a Glucksman Fellow at New York University as well as Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Clinton Institute for American Studies, University College Dublin. David is the author of Learning to Forget: US Army Counterinsurgency Doctrine from Vietnam to Iraq (Stanford, 2013), which was a finalist for the Society of Military History’s Edward M. Coffman Prize. He is also the co-author of Obama, US Foreign Policy and the Dilemmas of Intervention (Palgrave, 2014) and co-editor of How the United States Ends Wars (Berghahn, forthcoming). His current research focuses on consequences of the All-Volunteer Force for American society and the rise of a ‘warrior ethos’ within the post-Cold War US Army. Prof. John Doyle is Director of the Institute for International Conflict Resolution and Reconstruction and Executive Dean of DCU Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. The Faculty hosts approximately 25% of DCU students, and a range of internationally linked research projects within its seven academic schools and five research centres. John was previously, Head of the School of Law and Government and before that founding co-Director of the Centre for International Studies in Dublin City University. His research interests include comparative nationalist and ethnic conflict; Northern Ireland, conflict in South Asia and Irish foreign policy. He is Editor of Irish Studies in International Affairs. DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2017 DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2017 Table of Contents Article Title Page Coping with Complexity 1 Performing in the Contemporary Operational Environment Vice Admiral Mark Mellett, DSM Capt Deirdre Carbery ‘Missing the Boat’ - Legal and Practical Problems Inherent 13 in the Prevention of Maritime Terrorism Cmdr (NS) Pat Burke ‘Nobody Expects the Spanish Inquisition’ Religious Terrorism 23 and the Threat to International Peace and Security Comdt Ronan Corcoran “The Dog That’s Not Barked?” Understanding The 33 Maritime Logistics Of Insurgencies And Terrorist Campaigns.