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Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS ATTILA DE OLIVEIRA PIOVESAN ET IN ARCADIA EGO: MARQUÊS DE SADE E A CONSTRUÇÃO DA UTOPIA EM OS INVISÍVEIS DE GRANT MORRISON VITÓRIA 2020 ATTILA DE OLIVEIRA PIOVESAN ET IN ARCADIA EGO: MARQUÊS DE SADE E A CONSTRUÇÃO DA UTOPIA EM OS INVISÍVEIS DE GRANT MORRISON Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras. Orientador: Dr. Luís Eustáquio Soares VITÓRIA 2020 Ficha catalográfica disponibilizada pelo Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas - SIBI/UFES e elaborada pelo autor Piovesan, Attila de Oliveira, 1979- P662e Et in Arcadia ego: Marquês de Sade e a construção da utopia em Os Invisíveis de Grant Morrison / Attila de Oliveira Piovesan. - 2020. 331 f. : il. Orientador: Luís Eustáquio Soares. Tese (Doutorado em Letras) - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. 1. História em quadrinhos. 2. Literatura. 3. Utopias. 4. Linguagem e história. 5. Ficção. 6. Realidade. I. Soares, Luís Eustáquio. II. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. III. Título. CDU: 82 DEFESA DE TESE PIOVESAN, Attila de Oliveira. Et in Arcadia ego: Marquês de Sade e a construção da utopia em Os Invisíveis de Grant Morrison. Tese aprovada em _____ de __________________ de 2020. BANCA EXAMINADORA: ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luís Eustáquio Soares Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Orientador) ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dra. Fabíola Simão Padilha Trefzger Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Examinadora interna) ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dra. Rafaela Scardino Lima Pizzol Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Examinadora interna) ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Sérgio da Fonseca Amaral Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Examinador interno suplente) ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Amaro Xavier Braga Júnior Universidade Federal de Alagoas (Examinador externo) ___________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Rubens César Baquião Universidade Estadual Paulista (Examinador externo) ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Patrício Axel Montenegro Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Examinador externo suplente) Para Franca, A melhor companheira de jornada. Sempre. AGRADECIMENTOS Raras são as oportunidades de se tratar um tema como o desta tese com o grau de liberdade que me foi concedido. Desta forma, só tenho que agradecer ao meu orientador, Luís Eustáquio Soares, pela oportunidade; aos colegas e professores do PPGL, pelos momentos de interlocução; aos meus amigos, mesmo encontrando-os pouco nestes últimos tempos de vida de doutorando; à CAPES, pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado; por fim, às minhas famílias, cuja confiança em meu trabalho foi essencial, ainda que não entendessem do que eu estou tratando: pois bem, é sobre criarmos vidas que valem a pena ser vividas, para todo mundo. Será, aliás, razoável atribuir aos nossos desejos a dimensão da verdade? Marquês de Sade Toda lei política que não se fundamenta na natureza é má. Louis Antoine de Saint-Just “Que ignorância”, disse o Conde, rindo e dando de ombros, “não saber que para tornar-se invisível basta colocar diante de si o contrário da luz”. Henri de Montfaucon de Villars Função da utopia política: iluminar o setor do que é digno de destruição Walter Benjamin Os limites da minha linguagem significam os limites do meu mundo. Ludwig Wittgenstein A verdadeira prática revolucionária se refere ao nível de produção. A verdade não nos tornará livres, mas ficar no controle da produção da verdade, sim. Michael Hardt e Antonio Negri O fim do mundo talvez seja uma breve interrupção de um estado de prazer extasiante que a gente não quer perder. Ailton Krenak Está implícito no projeto de toda prisão como fugir da mesma. Grant Morrison RESUMO A partir do momento em que o autor de quadrinhos Grant Morrison faz do Marquês de Sade um dos personagens da graphic novel Os Invisíveis, transformando-o em construtor de utopia em um mundo à beira do evento escatológico que ascenderá a humanidade a um nível superior de existência, pessoas familiarizadas com os escritos do infame libertino podem questionar as razões de tal escolha. Assim, este trabalho investiga em que condições o "divino marquês" é eleito como o candidato adequado para esse papel, enquanto tenta entender como o processo de apropriação na forma de personagem ficcional articula-se aos outros temas presentes na narrativa: o preço das revoluções, o movimento romântico, a relação problemática entre ficção e realidade e a realidade como linguagem. Tal empreendimento contará, entre outros, com os subsídios teóricos do filósofo pós-estruturalista Michel Foucault e do lógico Charles Sanders Peirce, um dos pais da semiótica moderna, para tratar a questão como espécie de "arqueologia semiósica", que permita também compreender como as paixões e sua relação com os conceitos de interesse e egoísmo, surgidos nas esferas da economia e da filosofia moral, resultaram na postura filosófica perversa de Sade. Entretanto, as implicações não-emancipatórias do uso de Sade, cuja negatividade radical propagada nos discursos do notório deboche do final do século XVIII, ainda sem paralelo no século XXI, não devem ser desconsideradas e serão analisadas para entender as potencialidades e limitações do discurso utópico de Morrison, inclusive em suas aplicações no mundo real. Palavras-chave: Os Invisíveis. Marquês de Sade. Utopia. Linguagem. Ficção e realidade. ABSTRACT As comic book writer Grant Morrison makes the Marquis de Sade one of the characters in his graphic novel The Invisibles, turning him into a utopia-builder in a world on the verge of an eschatological event that will ascend humanity to a new level of existence, people familiar with the writings of the infamous libertine may question the reasons for such a choice. Thus, this work investigates under which conditions the "divine marquis" is chosen as a fitting candidate for the role while trying to understand how the process of appropriation as a fictional character articulates him with other themes present in the narrative: the price of revolutions, the romantic movement, the problematic relationship between fiction and reality and reality as language. Such a venture will rely on, among others, the theoretical subsidies of the poststructuralist philosopher Michel Foucault and the logician Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the fathers of modern semiotics, to treat the issue as "semiosic archaeology" inquiry and to also understand how the passions and their relationship to the concepts of interest and selfishness that emerged both in the economic sphere and moral philosophy resulted on Sade's perverse philosophical stance. However, the non-emancipatory implications of using Sade, whose radical negativity propagated in the discourses of the notorious debaucher at the end of the 18th century that is yet to found a parallel in the 21st century, must not be overlooked and will be analyzed to understand the potentialities and limitations of Morrison's utopian discourse, including its real- world applications. Keywords: The Invisibles. Marquis de Sade. Utopia. Language. Fiction and reality. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 70 Figura 31 150 Figura 61 214 Figura 2 76 Figura 32 151 Figura 62 215 Figura 3 77 Figura 33 153 Figura 63 218 Figura 4 78 Figura 34 154 Figura 64 222 Figura 5 80 Figura 35 155 Figura 65 223 Figura 6 81 Figura 36 183 Figura 66 227 Figura 7 82 Figura 37 184 Figura 67 229 Figura 8 89 Figura 38 184 Figura 68 230 Figura 9 90 Figura 39 185 Figura 69 230 Figura 10 94 Figura 40 186 Figura 70 230 Figura 11 98 Figura 41 189 Figura 71 231 Figura 12 99 Figura 42 189 Figura 72 231 Figura 13 101 Figura 43 190 Figura 73 232 Figura 14 106 Figura 44 191 Figura 74 236 Figura 15 107 Figura 45 192 Figura 75 238 Figura 16 108 Figura 46 193 Figura 76 239 Figura 17 117 Figura 47 194 Figura 77 240 Figura 18 118 Figura 48 196 Figura 78 244 Figura 19 119 Figura 49 201 Figura 79 247 Figura 20 119 Figura 50 204 Figura 80 248 Figura 21 120 Figura 51 204 Figura 81 249 Figura 22 137 Figura 52 205 Figura 82 251 Figura 23 138 Figura 53 206 Figura 83 255 Figura 24 142 Figura 54 207 Figura 84 257 Figura 25 143 Figura 55 208 Figura 85 258 Figura 26 144 Figura 56 209 Figura 86 259 Figura 27 144 Figura 57 209 Figura 87 259 Figura 28 145 Figura 58 210 Figura 88 263 Figura 29 148 Figura 59 212 Figura 89 264 Figura 30 149 Figura 60 212 Figura 90 283 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO 11 CAPÍTULO 1: SOB O SIGNO DE SADE 21 1.1 – Primórdios da libertinagem 24 1.2 – Soberania, desejo e prazer 26 1.3 – Soberania, vida e sexualidade 34 1.4 – Paixões, utilidade e interesse 37 1.5 – A paixão segundo Sade 46 1.6 – Sade: revelador da razão iluminista? 54 1.7 – Razões iluministas 56 CAPÍTULO 2: O REINO INVISÍVEL 70 2.1 – Os Invisíveis 72 2.2 – Et in Arcadia ego 76 2.2.1 – Utopia e sofrimento 83 2.2.2 – Algemas forjadas pela mente 89 2.2.3 – Mistérios da guilhotina 100 2.2.4 – Sade utopista: entre Arcádia e o castelo de Silling 117 2.2.5 – Porta feita de palavras 136 2.2.6 – Os limites do possível
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