2 Die Religiöse Lektüre Messiaens

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2 Die Religiöse Lektüre Messiaens 2 DIE RELIGIÖSE LEKTÜRE MESSIAENS Sein religiöses Wissen festigte Messiaen durch intensive Lektüre: „Von den 7000 Bänden meiner Bibliothek handeln 1000 von Theologie. Ich habe sie alle von Grund auf gelesen und kann das Gespräch mit einem Theologen in Gang halten.“1 Aufschluss darüber, welche Autoren und Schriften Messiaen beson- ders beschäftigt und in seinem theologischen Denken und musikalischen Schaffen beeinflusst haben, konnte bislang indirekt aus Zitaten in Messiaens Kompositionen und Schriften sowie aus Interviewaussagen erschlossen wer- den. So hat Brigitte Massin eine wertvolle Auflistung sämtlicher theologischer Quellen der Kompositionen Messiaens bis einschließlich zum Livre du Saint Sacrement vorgelegt, die sie gemeinsam mit dem Komponisten auswertet.2 Ausgenommen davon sind die Werke des Tristan-Zyklus aus den Jahren 1945–1950, die nicht auf religiöse Referenztexte rekurrieren.3 Am häufigsten zitiert Messiaen in seinen Kompositionen aus der Heiligen Schrift.4 Aus dem Alten Testament wählt Messiaen vorwiegend prophetische und weisheitliche Bücher.5 Aus dem Neuen Testament interessieren ihn besonders johanneische und paulinische Texte: die Offenbarung des Johannes,6 das Johannes- Evangelium sowie die Briefe des Apostels Paulus, die eine „immense Bedeu- tung“7 für ihn hatten. Messiaen selbst versteht sich dabei in einer Traditionsli- 1 Olivier Messiaen, En 12 questions, in: Diapason 234 (1978) 39; zitiert nach: Aloyse Micha- ely, Die Musik Olivier Messiaens. Untersuchungen zu seinem Gesamtschaffen (HBMW Son- derband), Hamburg 1987, 31. 2 Vgl. Brigitte Massin, Olivier Messiaen. Une poétique du merveilleux, Aix-en-Provence 1989, 145–152, bes. 146–149. 3 Die „Tristan-Trilogie“ Messiaens, bei der der Gedanke der menschlichen Liebe im Zentrum steht, besteht aus der Turangalîla-Symphonie (1948), dem Liederzyklus Harawi (1945) und den Cinq Rechants (1948). Gemeinsam mit den Quatre Etudes de rythme (1949–1950) bilden sie die „große Parenthese“ (Massin, Poétique, 169) innerhalb Messiaens musikalischen Schaf- fens. 4 Ausnahmen sind die beiden frühen Werke Diptyque (1930) und Apparition de l’Église éter- nelle (1932), ferner die Trois petits liturgies de la présence divine (1944), denen Messiaen ei- nen selbst verfassten Text zugrunde legte, Verset pour la fête de la dédicace (1960) und Saint François d’Assise (1975–1983). 5 Aus den Propheten zitierte Messiaen Jesaja, Baruch, Daniel und Habakuk, neben den Psalmen finden sich Zitate aus dem Buch der Weisheit, Kohelet, das Hohelied und Ijob. Es gibt weni- ge Zitate aus dem Pentateuch, keine aus historischen Büchern. 6 Messiaen rezipierte die Johannes-Offenbarung insbesondere in der Zeit des Zweiten Welt- kriegs, so in seinem Quatuor pour la fin du Temps, auch später begleitete ihn die Lektüre der Apokalypse, vgl. Massin, Poétique, 153: „[J]’ai été assez long à rejoindre l’Apocalypse. C’est un livre que je lis beaucoup plus maintenant que lorsque j’étais jeune.“ 7 Vgl. Messiaen, in: Massin, Poétique, 150: „C’est tout à fait exact que les Epîtres de saint Paul ont une immense importance pour moi.“ 38 ZWEITES KAPITEL nie mit Autoren wie Dom Marmion, Romano Guardini, Thomas Merton und Hans Urs von Balthasar.8 Verwendete Messiaen bis 1960 häufig liturgische Texte aus dem Missale, so tritt mit Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum (1964) Thomas von Aquin als wichtiger Referenzautor der Werke Messiaens in Erscheinung, den Brigitte Massin als eine der „Säulen“9 Messiaens bezeich- net. Abgesehen von den eucharistischen Hymnen, die Messiaen im Livre du Saint Sacrement zitiert, stammen alle Thomas-Zitate in den Werken Messia- ens aus der Summa theologiae. Ebenfalls einflussreich ist die Imitatio Christi in einem seiner ersten Werke, dem Diptyque (1930) sowie seinem Hauptwerk Saint François d’Assise und im Livre du Saint Sacrement. Weiterhin zitiert Messiaen Ernest Hello10, Jan van Ruusbroec11 und Romano Guardini12. Den für ihn so wichtigen Dom Columba Marmion gibt Messiaen nur im Livre du Saint Sacrement als Referenzautor an. In der Technik meiner musikalischen Sprache verweist Messiaen lediglich im Vorwort auf prägende Autoren und Einflussfaktoren.13 Die zahlreichen Re- ferenzautoren in Messiaens siebenbändigem Traité de rythme, de couleur et d’ornithologie hat Yves Balmer erstmals aufgelistet und ausgewertet. Nach Balmer bildet die „heterogene Zusammenstellung von Zitaten ein eigenartig neues Ganzes, das an die eklektische Konstruktion von Messiaens musikali- scher Sprache erinnert.“14 Es sei jedoch eine deutliche Präferenz von solchen Autoren erkennbar, die im katholischen Milieu, vor allem in der Renaissance littéraire catholique beheimatet waren: Messiaen zitiert Vorläufer der Bewe- gung wie Ernest Hello, Maurice de Guérin, Vertreter wie Paul Claudel15 und 8 Vgl. Messiaen, in: Massin, Poétique, 151. 9 Massin, Poétique, 151. 10 Ernest Hello, insbesondere dessen Paroles de Dieu, zitiert Messiaen in den Visions de l’Amen (1943) und in Des canyons aux étoiles (1974). 11 Messiaen führt Ruusbroec im X. Satz von Des canyons aux étoiles mit dem Titel „Die Wald- drossel“ mit einer Passage aus dessen Schrift Der funkelnde Stein an. Ferner zitierte er ihn in seiner Conférence de Notre Dame, vgl. Almut Rößler (Hg.), Beiträge zur geistigen Welt Oli- vier Messiaens. Mit Original-Texten des Komponisten, Duisburg 21993, 68. Der flämische Mystiker Ruusbroec wurde vornehmlich durch Ernest Hello ins Französische übersetzt, vgl. zum Einfluss Ruusbroecs auf das Denken Hellos Edmond Bruggeman, Les mystiques fla- mands et le renouveau catholique français. Préface de S. G. Waffelaert, Lille 1928, 101–102. Zum Einfluss Ruusbroecs auf Messiaen vgl. Michaela C. Hastetter, Klingende Relecture nie- derländischer Mystik. Jan van Ruusbroecs Einfluss auf den X. Satz der „Vingt Regards sur l’Enfant-Jésus“ von Olivier Messiaen, in: ThPh 83 (2008) 93–106. 12 Messiaen zitiert Guardini in Des canyons aux étoiles (1974). 13 Im Vorwort zur Technik nennt Messiaen wenige Personen und religiöse Schriften, die seine Arbeit beeinflusst haben, vgl. Olivier Messiaen, Technik meiner musikalischen Sprache. Übers. von Sieglinde Ahrens. Bd. 1, Paris 1966, 6: Messiaen dankt „meiner Mutter (der Dich- terin Cécile Sauvage), meiner Frau (Claire Delbos), Shakespeare, Claudel, Reverdy und Eluard, Hello und Dom Columba Marmion (werde ich wagen, von den heiligen Büchern zu sprechen, welche die alleinige Wahrheit enthalten?)“. 14 Vgl. Yves Balmer, Religious literature in Messiaen’s personal library, in: Andrew Shenton (Hg.), Messiaen the theologian, Farnham u. a. 2010, 15–27, hier 16. 15 Messiaen zitiert in mehreren Bänden Claudels L’Annonce fait à Marie und Le Repos du sep- tième jour. .
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