DOCSLIB.ORG

The Impact of Communication Technologies on Individual Workers' Productivity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Impact of Communication Technologies on Individual Workers' Productivity The impact of communication technologies on individual workers' productivity Information Systems Science Master's thesis Kimmo Pekkanen 2012 Department of Information and Service Economy Aalto University School of Economics HELSINKI SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS (HSE) Department of Information and Service Economy The impact of communication technologies on individual workers’ productivity Case TeliaSonera Information Service Management Master’s thesis Kimmo Pekkanen k77303 Spring 2012 Approved by the Head of the Department of Information and Service Economy _____/_____ 2012, and awarded the grade ____________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Nowadays technology is being widely used in almost every aspect of our lives and thus it is essential to understand the role of communication technologies and the ways in which it modifies how we communicate with each other. The research is mainly conducted in the form of case study. The aims of this research are to identify the capabilities that the communication technologies offer in a target company and how these capabilities are used in practice. Additionally we need to understand how social and situational factors modify the way people use a specific technology. The goal is to understand how the use of communication technologies can affect individual workers’ productivity. Productivity is mainly measured on how communication technologies can enhance individuals in performing communicational activities. The conclusion of the research indicates that communication technologies do not themselves provide productivity gains. Even though individuals have the knowledge and possibility to use the technologies, they also need to use them in a coherent companywide manner. By introducing a communication technology no gains are achieved. In the worst case, an environment with dispersed communication possibilities can hamper the productivity of a worker. Furthermore, the research concludes that new communication tools cannot change communication practices inside a company without up-to-date communication culture and guidelines. A company’s communication culture often has a significant impact in guiding how employees communicate. However, the existence of such culture can vary a lot between different companies and teams within companies. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND FOR THE RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH ................................................................................. 7 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................... 8 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF FIT ............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 INFORMATION SYSTEM THEORIES ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Task-Technology Fit .................................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.2 Adaptive Structuration Theory ................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 Fit-Appropriation Model............................................................................................................................ 22 2.2.4 Media Repertoires ...................................................................................................................................... 23 2.3 MEDIA TRAIT THEORIES .................................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Media Richness Theory .............................................................................................................................. 25 2.3.2 Channel Expansion Theory ........................................................................................................................ 26 2.3.3 Media Synchronicity Theory ...................................................................................................................... 29 2.4 COMMUNICATION IN ORGANIZATIONS ............................................................................................................... 33 2.4.1 Communication Process ............................................................................................................................ 34 2.4.2 Defining Task and Task-Media Fit ............................................................................................................ 36 2.4.3 Time, Interaction and Performance ........................................................................................................... 39 3. FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1 TECHNOLOGY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................... 43 3.2 PROCESS FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................................................... 45 4. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 46 4.1 RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................................................................................................... 47 4.2 DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................................................ 50 4.2.1 Information gathering ................................................................................................................................ 50 4.2.2 Questionnaire ............................................................................................................................................. 55 4.2.3 Interviews ................................................................................................................................................... 51 4.3 VALIDITY AND RELIABIY ................................................................................................................................... 52 5. EMPIRICAL STUDY ........................................................................................................................................... 53 5.1 CASE : TELIA SONERA ......................................................................................................................................... 54 5.2 COMMUNICATION MEDIA ................................................................................................................................... 55 5.2.1 Information Communication Technologies Available ................................................................................ 55 5.2.2 Analysis of Technology Capabilities .......................................................................................................... 59 5.2.3 Individual Factors ...................................................................................................................................... 72 5.2.4 Communicating Tasks ................................................................................................................................ 74 5.2.5 Tasks, Technology and Individual Factors ................................................................................................ 75 5.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES ........................................................................................................................ 80 5.3.1 Cultural impact .......................................................................................................................................... 81 5.3.2 Training ..................................................................................................................................................... 83 6. FINDINGS .............................................................................................................................................................. 84 7. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX 1: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 89 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................... 92 List of Abbreviations AST = Adaptive Structuration Theory BUS = Business Unit Service CET= Channel Expansion Theory CMC = Computer Mediated Communication DSS = Decision Support System FAM = Fit-Appropriation Model GDP = Gross Domestic Product ICT = Information Communication Technology IM = Instant
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effectiveness of Communication Technologies for Distributed Business Meetings
    Effectiveness of Communication Technologies for Distributed Business Meetings Willem Standaert 2015 Advisors: Prof. dr. Steve Muylle Prof. dr. Amit Basu Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Applied Economic Sciences Be true to the game, because the game will be true to you. If you try to shortcut the game, then the game will shortcut you. If you put forth the effort, good things will be bestowed upon you. That's truly about the game, and in some ways that's about life too. Michael Jordan DOCTORAL COMMITTEE Prof. dr. Marc De Clercq Ghent University, Dean Prof. dr. Patrick Van Kenhove Ghent University, Academic Secretary Prof. dr. Steve Muylle Ghent University & Vlerick Business School, Advisor Prof. dr. Amit Basu Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University, Advisor Prof. dr. Derrick Gosselin Ghent University; University of Oxford & Royal Military Academy of Belgium Prof. dr. Deva Rangarajan Ghent University & Vlerick Business School Prof. dr. Öykü Isik Vlerick Business School Prof. dr. Sirkka Jarvenpaa The University of Texas at Austin Prof. dr. Dov Te’eni Tel Aviv University Business School ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my appreciation to the people who have contributed to making this dissertation possible. I wish to express my deepest gratitude towards my advisors, Prof. dr. Steve Muylle and Prof. dr. Amit Basu. Without their extensive advice, support, and high-quality input, I could not have brought this dissertation to a successful end. They incited me to reach my full potential and guided me in becoming an independent researcher.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Panel Data Study About the Progress of Media Richness
    ISSN 1816-6075 (Print), 1818-0523 (Online) Journal of System and Management Sciences Vol. 3 (2013) No. 4, pp. 16-21 A preliminary panel data study about the progress of media richness Vicenc Fernandez1, Pep Simo1, Jose M Sallan1, Irene Trullas1 1 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, TR6-3.17, Terrassa, Spain [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: The selection and use of communication media has been the center of attention for a great number of scholars in the area of organizational communication for its importance in the attainment of organizational objectives. This paper presents the results of a preliminary research in order to establish a framework where to analyse the progress of communication media richness. With this aim, the paper presents an experimental study on several online discussion forums with data panels. The results suggest time factor is essential to understand the evolution of media richness. Keywords: Channel Expansion Theory, Panel Data, Media Richness 1. Introduction The selection and use of communication media has, for decades, been the center of attention for a great number of scholars in the area of organizational communication. Nevertheless, an agreed theory does not exist on the selection and the use of such media, but rather the opposite. The channel expansion theory combines elements of media richness theory with certain characteristics of influence and social presence theories. However, investigations about this theory have a static cross-sectional design, a snapshot of channel expansion theory rather than a longitudinal analysis, which allows for the evolution of media richness to be observed over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory of Robot Communication: I
    Hoorn, J. F. (2018). Theory of robot communication: I. The medium is the communication partner. arXiv:cs, 2502565(v1), 1-21. 1 Theory of Robot Communication: I. The Medium is the Communication Partner Johan F. Hoorn1,2 1 Department of Computing and School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong. 2 Department of Communication Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands. Correspondence should be addressed to Johan F. Hoorn; [email protected] Abstract When people use electronic media for their communication, Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) theories describe the social and communicative aspects of people’s interpersonal transactions. When people interact via a remote-controlled robot, many of the CMC theses hold. Yet, what if people communicate with a conversation robot that is (partly) autonomous? Do the same theories apply? This paper discusses CMC theories in confrontation with observations and research data gained from human-robot communication. As a result, I argue for an addition to CMC theorizing when the robot as a medium itself becomes the communication partner. In view of the rise of social robots in coming years, I define the theoretical precepts of a possible next step in CMC, which I elaborate in a second paper. Introduction Currently, the development and application of social robots in real-life settings rapidly increases. Whereas robots initially were the domain of science-fiction, today, social robots are tried out in service-oriented professions in healthcare, education, and commerce (Broadbent, 2017). Habitually, general-purpose robots are readied for a particular task in a particular environment such as guidance through an exhibition or reception in a hotel (Broadbent, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Producing Effective Messages in the Multicommunicating Environment Managing Multitasking in Organizational Meetings
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2008 Producing effective messages in the multicommunicating environment managing multitasking in organizational meetings Alla Kushniryk University of Tennessee Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Kushniryk, Alla, "Producing effective messages in the multicommunicating environment managing multitasking in organizational meetings. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2008. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5981 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Alla Kushniryk entitled "Producing effective messages in the multicommunicating environment managing multitasking in organizational meetings." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Communication and Information. Kenneth J. Levine, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost
    [Show full text]
  • Views with Each Participant Over a Four Week Period
    COMMUNICATION CHANNELS UTILIZED BY EMIRATI FEMALES TO ENACT LEADERSHIP K. KATHLEEN O‘NEILL A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership and Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October, 2011 This is to certify that the dissertation entitled: COMMUNICATION CHANNELS UTILIZED BY EMIRATI FEMALES TO ENACT LEADERSHIP prepared by K. Kathleen O‘Neill is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Leadership & Change. Approved by: ______________________________________________________________________ Elizabeth Holloway, Ph.D., Chair date ______________________________________________________________________ Philomena Essed, Ph.D., Committee Member date ______________________________________________________________________ Ingrid Piller, Ph.D., Committee Member date ______________________________________________________________________ Mark Neal, Ph.D., External Reader date Copyright 2011 K. Kathleen O‘Neill All rights reserved Acknowledgements Thank you to Scott Wynkoop, my partner in this and all else, for teaching me to trust. Harrison, Barent, and Peyton, my inspiration. Chris O‘Neill, for helping me to stay resilient—and, for being an amazing big brother. My Mother and Father for understanding my absence and silence—you have loved, supported, and tolerated me in a way only parents can. Gretchen Bersch, my alma mater, and Jack Pauli, my almo pater, for seeing strengths and talents in me long before I saw them myself. I will always strive to make you proud. Elizabeth Holloway, for her grace, encouragement, and insight. I endeavor to become the woman and scholar you are. Philomena Essed, for her selflessness in breaking the silence and giving me voice. Laurien Alexandre, for allowing me to forge a new path at Antioch.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Computer Mediated Communications on Stalking Severity: an Exploratory Analysis of Cyberstalking Field Data
    THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS ON STALKING SEVERITY: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF CYBERSTALKING FIELD DATA By STEPHEN DEAN BARNES Bachelor of Arts University of Washington Seattle, WA 1983 Master of Science in Telecommunications University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 1991 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2007 THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS ON STALKING SEVERITY: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF CYBERSTALKING FIELD DATA Dissertation Approved: Rick L. Wilson Dissertation Adviser David Biros John Cross Mark Weiser A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to recognize a number of people who have supported this dissertation. Although I am listed as the only author, several people here have given unselfishly to enable this dissertation to be written. To all of them I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude. First, to my chairman, Rick Wilson, thank you. Your efforts kept me on track and without your support, I would not have been able to complete all of the tasks assigned on this journey of discovery. Second, to David Biros, an even bigger thank you. Without your constant guidance and ideas, and most particularly your contacts at WHOA, I would not have had any data, or even such a topic to work with for this dissertation. I also owe thanks to Mark Weiser and John Cross for their support and contributions to this effort. This truly was a team effort. Finally, my deepest thanks must go to my family.
    [Show full text]
  • Paradox of Richness: a Cognitive Model of Media Choice
    10 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION, VOL. 48, NO. 1, MARCH 2005 Paradox of Richness: A Cognitive Model of Media Choice —LIONEL P. R OBERT AND ALAN R. DENNIS Abstract—Researchers have long studied the effects of social presence and media richness on media choice and the effects of media use. This focus on social presence and social psychological theories has led to valuable research on communication. However, little research (either empirical or theoretical) has been done to understand the ways in which media choices influence the cognitive processes that underlie communication. In this paper, we present a cognitive-based view of media choice and media use, based on dual process theories of cognition, which argue that in order for individuals to systematically process messages, they must be motivated to process the message and have the ability to process it. We argue that the use of rich media high in social presence induces increased motivation but decreases the ability to process information, while the use of lean media low in social presence induces decreased motivation but increases the ability to process information. The paradox of richness lies in its duality of impact: from a cognitive perspective, rich media high in social presence simultaneously acts to both improve and impair performance. Index Terms—Communication, decision making, elaboration likelihood model (ELM), heuristic systematic processing, information overload, media choice, message complexity, social presence, teams. media [3, p. 560]. The use of richer media would In order to better understand media effectiveness, lead to better performance for tasks with greater we as researchers have to shift our attention from equivocality or ambiguity.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating and Maintaining Social Presence Via Computer-Mediated Communication: Measuring the Self-Rated Behaviors That Lead to Social Presence
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2013 Creating and Maintaining Social Presence via Computer-Mediated Communication: Measuring the Self-Rated Behaviors that Lead to Social Presence Scott A. Christen University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Interpersonal and Small Group Communication Commons Recommended Citation Christen, Scott A., "Creating and Maintaining Social Presence via Computer-Mediated Communication: Measuring the Self-Rated Behaviors that Lead to Social Presence. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2564 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Scott A. Christen entitled "Creating and Maintaining Social Presence via Computer-Mediated Communication: Measuring the Self-Rated Behaviors that Lead to Social Presence." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Neurodiverse Relationships: Comparing Relational Quality and Maintenance Channels in Individuals with and Without ADHD
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2021 Improving Neurodiverse Relationships: Comparing Relational Quality and Maintenance Channels in Individuals with and Without ADHD Jessica A. Kahlow University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Kahlow, Jessica A., "Improving Neurodiverse Relationships: Comparing Relational Quality and Maintenance Channels in Individuals with and Without ADHD" (2021). Theses and Dissertations. 2677. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2677 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IMPROVING NEURODIVERSE RELATIONSHIPS: COMPARING RELATIONAL QUALITY AND MAINTENANCE CHANNELS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT ADHD by Jessica A. Kahlow A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communication at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2021 ABSTRACT IMPROVING NEURODIVERSE RELATIONSHIPS: COMPARING RELATIONAL QUALITY AND MAINTENANCE CHANNELS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT ADHD by Jessica Kahlow The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2021 Under the Supervision of Professor Erin Ruppel Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) process information differently than neurotypical individuals and, consequently, experience behavioral, cognitive, and mood-related problems that are associated with low relational quality and insecure attachment orientations. This dissertation draws on minority stress theory (MST) and channel expansion theory (CET) to understand whether adults with ADHD use specific maintenance strategies and communication technologies to improve their relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Generational Perceptions of Productive/Unproductive Information Received from Management Through Different Communication Channels
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2010 Generational Perceptions of Productive/ Unproductive Information Received from Management through Different Communication Channels Eva Lynn Cowell University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Recommended Citation Cowell, Eva Lynn, "Generational Perceptions of Productive/Unproductive Information Received from Management through Different Communication Channels. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2010. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/684 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Eva Lynn Cowell entitled "Generational Perceptions of Productive/Unproductive Information Received from Management through Different Communication Channels." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Business Administration. Virginia W. Kuprtiz, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Sharon J. Bartley, John W. Haas, Martha W. Keel Accepted for the
    [Show full text]
  • Hurd Colostate 0053A 10472.Pdf (860.2Kb)
    DISSERTATION VIRTUALLY ENGAGED: THE EFFECT OF A VIRTUAL WORK ENVIRONMENT ON TASK ENGAGEMENT, ITS ANTECEDENTS, AND CONSEQUENCES Submitted by Brian M. Hurd Department of Psychology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2011 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Zinta S. Byrne Kurt K. Kraiger Michael F. Steger Jennifer E. Cross ABSTRACT VIRTUALLY ENGAGED: THE EFFECT OF A VIRTUAL WORK ENVIRONMENT ON TASK ENGAGEMENT, ITS ANTECEDENTS, AND CONSEQUENCES As organizations continue to adopt virtual work environments in an effort to reduce costs and offer employees greater flexibility, the effect of this work setting on employee engagement is not fully understood. This laboratory study investigates the effect of a virtual work environment on participant perceptions (N = 242) of engagement, its antecedents, and consequences in an effort to extend the Job Demands-Resources model of employee engagement (JD-R; Bakker & Demerouti, 2007). Specifically, it was proposed that the JD-R be expanded to include contextual variables (e.g., work environment) and that these variables potentially influence individuals’ appraisals of whether a work variable is a resource or a demand. To test this modified model, participants were assigned to work on a marketing task in either a virtual (N = 126) or co- located environment (N = 116). Results revealed that task engagement, quality of coworker relations, social presence, task performance, and task satisfaction were all higher and team uncertainty was lower for those working in a co-located environment compared to those working virtually. Team uncertainty and social presence partially mediated the relationship between work environment and quality of coworker relations.
    [Show full text]
  • Communication: a Case Study
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
    [Show full text]