Situation Des Derviches De L'ordre Soufi Nematollahi Gonabadi IRAN

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Situation Des Derviches De L'ordre Soufi Nematollahi Gonabadi IRAN IRAN 05/02/2019 Situation des derviches de l’ordre soufi Nematollahi Gonabadi Avertissement Ce document a été élaboré par la Division de l’Information, de la Documentation et des Recherches de l’Ofpra en vue de fournir des informations utiles à l’examen des demandes de protection internationale. Il ne prétend pas faire le traitement exhaustif de la problématique, ni apporter de preuves concluantes quant au fondement d’une demande de protection internationale particulière. Il ne doit pas être considéré comme une position officielle de l’Ofpra ou des autorités françaises. Ce document, rédigé conformément aux lignes directrices communes à l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information sur le pays d’origine (avril 2008) [cf. https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lignes_directrices_europeennes.pdf ], se veut impartial et se fonde principalement sur des renseignements puisés dans des sources qui sont à la disposition du public. Toutes les sources utilisées sont référencées. Elles ont été sélectionnées avec un souci constant de recouper les informations. Le fait qu’un événement, une personne ou une organisation déterminée ne soit pas mentionné(e) dans la présente production ne préjuge pas de son inexistence. La reproduction ou diffusion du document n’est pas autorisée, à l’exception d’un usage personnel, sauf accord de l’Ofpra en vertu de l’article L. 335-3 du code de la propriété intellectuelle. Iran : Situation des derviches de l’ordre soufi Nematollahi Gonabadi Table des matières 1. Caractéristiques générales ................................................................................ 3 1.1. Cérémonies et rites religieux ...................................................................... 3 1.2. Une confrérie hiérarchisée .......................................................................... 4 1.3. Statut et perception des derviches en Iran ................................................... 4 2. Une communauté religieuse persécutée par les autorités ...................................... 5 2.1. Actes de persécutions avant février 2018 ..................................................... 5 2.2. La répression des manifestations de février 2018 .......................................... 6 2.2.1. Le déroulement des faits ................................................................................................. 6 2.2.2. Arrestations et suites judiciaires ..................................................................................... 7 2.3. Autres incidents après les événements de février 2018 .................................. 8 3. Discriminations et entraves quotidiennes à l’encontre des derviches ...................... 9 3.1. Expulsions des universités et licenciements abusifs ........................................ 9 3.2. Entraves aux droits fondamentaux .............................................................. 9 3.2.1. Destruction de lieux de culte ........................................................................................... 9 3.2.2. Entraves à la liberté d’expression: répression des collaborateurs du site web d’information derviche Mazjooban-e Noor..................................................................................... 9 3.2.3. Entraves au droit à une défense équitable : arrestation des avocats ........................... 10 3.2.4. Les droits des prisonniers non respectés ...................................................................... 10 4. Annexe: listes des derviches condamnés et des derviches en attente de jugement à la suite des manifestations du 19/02/2018 ..................................................................11 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................16 Résumé : Les derviches de l’ordre soufi Nematollahi Gonabadi sont les plus nombreux en Iran. Ils font l’objet de discriminations dans leurs parcours académiques et professionnels et toute velléité de protestation est violemment réprimée. Lors des manifestations du 19 février 2018, 382 derviches ont été arrêtés et 202 avaient été condamnés à la date du 5 novembre 2018. Abstract: Dervishes from the sufi order Nematollahi Gonabadi are the most numerous in Iran. They are subject to discrimination in the academic and professional fields. Any attempt of contestation is violently repressed. During the 19 february 2018 demontrations, 382 dervishes were arrested and 202 of them have been condemned so far on 5 November 2018. Nota : La traduction des sources en anglais est assurée par la DIDR 2 DIDR – OFPRA 05/02/2019 Iran : Situation des derviches de l’ordre soufi Nematollahi Gonabadi Introduction Il existe plusieurs confréries soufies en Iran1. L’ordre soufi Nematollahi Gonabadi, présent dans tout le pays2, est la confrérie qui aurait le plus grand nombre de derviches (terme générique désignant les membres des confréries soufies)3. Si aucune statistique officielle ne recense le nombre de derviches appartenant à cette confrérie4, les estimations varient entre 25 et 56 millions de personnes. Cette confrérie suit le dogme d’un maître soufi du XIVème siècle nommé Shah Nematollah Vali et le fondateur de cette confrérie au XXème siècle est Soltan Alishah, originaire de Gonabad (province iranienne de Khorasan)7. 1. Caractéristiques générales 1.1. Cérémonies et rites religieux Les derviches gonabadis se considèrent comme des musulmans chiites8 de rite duodécimain9 et observent donc les mêmes usages et coutumes religieux tels que le ramadan, les 5 prières journalières10 ou encore l’aumône11. Par ailleurs, ils n’ont aucun rite particulier pour la célébration des mariages et des enterrements12. Le terme hosseinieh désigne leur lieu de culte13. Selon les sources consultées par l’homologue canadien de la DIDR, la direction des recherches du Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié du Canada (CISR), les fidèles s’y réunissent chaque semaine durant une à trois heures, généralement les jeudis et les dimanches soirs. Les hommes et les femmes ne s’y mélangent pas14. Ils peuvent diffuser de la musique au cours de leurs cérémonies et utiliser les écrits du poète mystique Rumi15. Ils ne portent pas de tenues vestimentaires spécifiques16. Par ailleurs, certains d’entre eux vivent en communauté et se réunissent pour des prières dans un khanagah, terme quelques fois traduit en français par les termes de couvent ou d’abbaye17. Cependant, aucun ascétisme n’est pratiqué dans cette communauté religieuse18. 1 FIDH, 10/2010, p.23 2 RFE/RL, 20/02/2018 3 RFE/RL, 08/03/2014; RFE/RL, 20/02/2018 4 HRW, 24/07/2013; Direction des recherches, CISR, 23/09/2014 5 RFE/RL, 08/03/2014 6 HRW, 24/07/2013 7 BBC monitoring, 20/02/2018 8 FIDH, 10/2010, p. 24 9 BBC monitoring, 20/02/2018 10 RFE/RL, 20/02/2018 ; Direction des recherches, CISRC 23/09/2014 11 Direction des recherches, CISRC 23/09/2014 12 IJBPAS, 10/2015, p. 14 13 FIDH, 10/2010, p. 24 ; IJBPAS, 10/2015, p. 14 14 Direction des recherches, CISR, 23/09/2014 15 Direction des recherches, CISR, 23/09/2014 16 IJBPAS, 10/2015, p. 4 ; Direction des recherches, CISRC 23/09/2014 17 IJBPAS, 10/2015, p. 6; Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 20/04/2012 18 Direction des recherches, CISR, 23/09/2014 3 DIDR – OFPRA 05/02/2019 Iran : Situation des derviches de l’ordre soufi Nematollahi Gonabadi 1.2. Une confrérie hiérarchisée A la tête de l’ordre gonabadi, se trouve un grand maître (qutb) 19 qui est actuellement Nour Ali Tabandeh alias Majdhub/ Majzoub Ali Shah20. Il a succédé à son neveu, Ali Tabandeh, en 199721. Le qutb joue le rôle de guide spirituel22 et célèbre les événements religieux importants23. Selon un maître de conférences de l’institut des études arabes et islamiques de l’Université d’Exeter interrogé par le CISR, homologue canadien de la DIDR, la structure de l’ordre gonabadi est la suivante : - « Le chef de l’ordre gonabadi est le grand maître (qutb ou pir); - le grand maître en Iran nomme environ 5 ou 6 sheikhs (guides spirituels), qui relèvent de lui et qui ont le pouvoir d’initier des personnes à l’ordre; - sous les guides spirituels se trouve un certain nombre de chefs de la prière, qui dirigent les prières dans différents lieux de culte soufis : chacun des quelques 30 lieux de culte d’Iran a son propre chef de la prière, et quelques privilégiés ont leur propre sheikh; - sous les chefs de la prière, on retrouve les derviches ou membres de l’ordre. Chacun des membres finance l’ordre gonabadi par des dons en argent ou d’autres contributions telles que des terres, que l’ordre utilisera »24. L’ascension dans la hiérarchie se fait sur décision du chef de l’ordre sauf exception25. Une personne aspirant à devenir derviche porte le nom de taleb; il doit être introduit par un membre de la confrérie auprès du sheikh qui accepte sa demande en fixant une date pour son initiation26. Au cours de cette dernière, qui se déroule dans la khanagah27 l’aspirant derviche doit effectuer 5 ablutions28. Les rites initiatiques sont différents au sein de chaque branche Nematollahi29. 1.3. Statut et perception des derviches en Iran Selon l’article 13 de la Constitution de la République islamique d’Iran: « Les Zoroastriens, les Juifs et les Chrétiens sont les seules minorités religieuses reconnues, qui, sous réserve des restrictions prévues par la loi, sont libres de pratiquer leurs rites et cérémonies religieuses et d’agir selon leurs propres règles dans la gestion de leurs affaires personnelles et de leur éducation religieuse. »30 19 BBC monitoring, 20/02/2018 20 BBC monitoring, 20/02/2018 ; Direction
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