Index

Page numbers in bold denote tables and in italic denote figures.

Acritarchs, 264, 318 Holocene palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, 83–84 Ade´lie Land, East Antarctica, 87 Hypsithermal–Neoglacial transition, 87 Adriatic Sea, 93 Late Oligocene–Middle Miocene, 173–174 Aegean Sea, 171 Oligocene and Neogene climate variability, 76 Agulhas leakage, 181 Apectodinium Alabama, USA, 323 cyst-wall chemistry, 239, 255, 256 Albian, Late Apicomplexans, 263–264, 264, 265–266, 272, 273 black shales, Umbria–Marche basin, Italy, 324 Aptian palaeogeography, 98–99, 99 palaeogeography, 98–99, 99 see also Aptian and Late Albian dinocysts Aptian and Late Albian dinocysts Alexandrium climatic belts and biomes, 106–112, 111, 112 cyst–theca relationships, 335–336 palaeotemperature requirements, 114 Gulf of Mexico, 156, 158 significance of distribution, 112–114 resolution of toxic and non-toxic groups, 316–317 stratigraphic ranges, 117–118 Alexandrium affine study sites and authors, 115–117 homothallism, 200 synonymy, 117 Alexandrium andersoni worldwide distribution, 100–106, 102–110 biodiesel, 93 Aquatic invasive species, 90–92 Alexandrium fundyense Canada, 167–168 forecasting blooms, 141–146, 142, 143, 144, 145 China, 246–247 Alexandrium minutum catenatum, NE Atlantic, 166 biodiesel, 93 Arabian Sea, 179–180 genes, 297, 297 Aral Sea sinerae infection, 200 Holocene environmental change, 127–130, 128 population dynamics, 191, 192 Archaeperidinium minutum Alexandrium ostenfeldii germination experiments, 92 genetic diversity, 201 phylogenetic position, 336–338, 342, 343–345 genome, 296, 297 Archaeperidinium saanichi Alexandrium pseudogoniaulax incubation experiments, 92 cyst–theca relationships, 335 Arctic Alexandrium tamarense,79–80 Batiacasphaera micropapillata complex, 302, 303, biomarkers for tracking blooms, 179 305–308, 306 genes, 297, 297 cyst assemblages, 65–66 responses to rising carbon dioxide, 77 modern dinocysts and water mass dynamics, 184 toxic and non-toxic groups, Orkney Islands, 215, 217, reconstruction of sea-ice cover, 65–68 218–219, 218 Arpylorus antiquus, 321 Alexandrium tamarense/fundyense/catenella complex, Artificial neural network (ANN) 190, 293–294, 294, 295–296, 296 SW Pacific Ocean and Southern Hemisphere, 75 Alexandrium taylori, 250 workshop, 359, 360, 361, 362 Alkenones, 33 Asexual cysts, 198, 199, 200 Alkenone unsaturation index, 31, 33 see also Pellicle cysts Amazon River Plume, 72 Asexual reproduction see Vegetative reproduction Amber, 242 Athecate condition, evolution of, 268 Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), 185 Gulf of Mexico, 157, 157, 234, 236–237 Atlantic Ocean phylogenetic position, 268 opening, 98–99, 99 Amphidoma South and Equatorial, 71–72 new species, 162 subtropical, 74 Amphisolenia tropical SE, 78–79 new records for Mexican Pacific, 174 see also North Atlantic Ocean Anglo-Paris Basin, 164–165 Atlas of modern dinocysts, 187–188 Angola, 78–79 Azadinium cf. poporum, 165 Anoxic conditions Azadinium spinosum, 243 and dinocyst taphonomy, 138 Azadinum, 162 Swedish fjords, 43 Azaspiracid toxins (AZAs), 243 Antarctica Eocene stratigraphy, 315–316 Bahamian Platform, 322–323 genetic diversity, 201 Baker, Henry, 89

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Ballast tanks Canada aquatic invasive species, 90–92 aquatic invasive species, 167–168 sediment and dinocyst accumulation, 167–168 Beaufort Sea, 93, 172–173 Ballast Water Management guidelines, 92 Great Lakes, Ontario, 80, 133–138, 134, 135, 136, 137 Baltic Sea Labrador, 75–76 Biecheleria baltica life cycle, 202 Carbon dioxide comparison of ecological signals, 163 13C fractionation of dinoflagellates as proxy for, cyst assemblages, 77–78 79–80 encystment mechanisms, 200–201 eco-physiological responses of dinoflagellates, 77 genetic diversity, 201 Carbon isotope excursion (CIE) Gotland Deep palynofacies studies, 186–187 Late Silurian, 86 Barrufeta bravensis gen. nov. sp. nov, 245–246 Caspian Sea, 82, 192 Batiacasphaera Holocene environmental change, 127–130, 128 , 302–303, 302, 304 Caspidinium rugosum, 128, 129, 129, 130 Batiacasphaera micropapillata complex, 301–302, Cassis-La Be´doule, France, 86–87 303–309, 306, 307, 309–310 Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (CTB), 164–165 Batiacasphaera minuta see Batiacasphaera Cenozoic stable isotope curve, 35 micropapillata complex Centre of Excellence for Dinophyte Taxonomy (CEDiT), Batiacasphaera sphaerica, 302–303, 302, 304 244 Beaufort Sea, Canada, 93, 172–173 , 192 Benguela Upwelling System (BUS), 177 Ceratium furca, 171 Benthic mortality, Swedish fjords, 43, 45 Cerodinium superdominance assemblage, 170, 288, Benthic-pelagic coupling, 252 289–291, 291, 292 Benthic seeding, 252 Chattonella, 156 Bering Sea Charlotte Harbor, Florida, 83, 178 Middle Pleistocene Revolution, 182 Chatangiella/Isabelidinium superdominance assemblage, Pliocene–Early Quaternary, 78 170, 288, 289, 289, 291, 292 Biecheleria baltica Chimonodinium, 240 encystment, 200–201 China life cycle, 202 aquatic invasive species, 246–247 Bimodal distributions, 189 Tarim Basin, 175–176 Biodiesel, 92–93 Chromalveolate Biogeographical studies, 194 origins, 264, 265 endemism v. cosmopolitanism, 192 Chromophytes, 263, 264 Biological species concept, 190 Chromosome segregation, 251–252 Biomarker analysis, 83 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), 161–162 Biostratigraphy , 263–264, 264, 265–266, 268, 272 importance of cyst assemblages, 93 Cladistics, 90 multiproxy studies, 35 Cladopyxoids Black Sea, 192 phylogenetic position, 272 Holocene environmental change, 127–130, 128 Climate variability, natural, 31 Messinian Salinity Crisis, 80–81 cyst assemblages as proxies for, 93 Black shales interglacial North Atlantic, 73 Umbria–Marche basin, Italy, 324 multiproxy studies, 33–34, 34 Blastodiniales Oligocene and Neogene, 76 evolution, 267, 268, 271 postglacial Labrador Sea, 73–74 Blooms CO2 forcing, 33 categorization, 144–145, 144 Coastal lagoons, Mediterranean, 183 dynamics, 191–192, 194, 197, 252 Coastal vegetation and marine productivity, 71 new bloom-forming species, 245–246 Collections, 244 transport prediction, 141 Concatenated ribosomal DNA approach, 316–317 see also Harmful algal blooms (HABs) Conferences see Dino 9 Conference; International Boreal dinocysts Conferences on Modern and Fossil Dinoflagellates Aptian and Late Albian, 101, 104–105, 105, 108, 109, Coral reef, 161–162 113, 115 Corals Brigantedinium, 128, 182, 192, 193 dinoflagellate , 268, 293, 294, 295 inheritance of endosymbionts, 295 Calcareous dinoflagellates Cosmopolitan dinocysts morphological changes in hypoxic zones, 183–184 Aptian, 101, 102, 103 phylogenetic position, 269–272 Late Albian, 105–106 preservation, 253–254 Cosmopolitanism, 192 responses to rising carbon dioxide, 77 Crawford Lake, Ontario Calciodinelloideae and eutrophication, 80, 134–138, 134, 135, phylogenetic position, 269–272 136, 137

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Crenarcheota, 33 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), 161 Cretaceous, 33 Diatoms Aptian–Albian palaeogeography, 98–99, 99 algal blooms, 89 Cenomanian–Turonian boundary, 164–165 incubation from sediment archive, Late Albian black shales, 324 149–152, 151 Ocean Anoxic Events, 35 in sea-ice environments, 65 ocean salinity changes, 98 Dinawan Island, Malaysia, 161 sea-surface temperature gradients, 98 Dino 9 Conference, 18, 19, 19 tabulation, 242 Lifetime Achievement Award 2011, 25–28 see also Aptian and Late Albian dinocysts student perspective, 23 Cretaceous, Middle see also Oral presentations; Poster presentations; palaeoenvironmental change, 86–87 Workshops Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary, 84–85 Dinogymnium superdominance assemblage, Cretaceous, Upper 288, 291 superdominance assemblages, Santos Basin, Brazil, Dinokaryotes 170, 285–292, 286–289, 290, 291 origin and relationships with other , Crustaceans 263–264, 264 dinoflagellate parasites of, 241 Dinophysiales Crypthecodinium cohnii evolution, 267, 271 genome, 252 Dinophysioid tabulation, 266, 267 Cryptic species, 55, 61, 165, 193, 293–294 ,89 Culturing techniques, 190 Gulf of Mexico, 157, 157 see also Germination experiments new records for Mexican Pacific, 174 Cyanobacteria Dinophysis acuta algal blooms, 89 Orkney Islands, 218, 218, 219, 219 origin of toxin genes, 298 Dinophysoids Cyanobacterial symbionts acquisition of , 213 in dinophysoids, 213 early evolutionary history, 207–213, 212 Cyperaceae, 71 Dinophyta Cyst mapping, 142–143, 142, 143 Orkney Islands, 217, 217, 218 Cysts see Pellicle cysts; Resting cysts Dinosporin, 239, 255 Cyst–theca relationships, 92, 190, 193, 325–345 Distributions historical review of germination experiments, bimodal, 189 326–330, 327–329 inshore–offshore, 97–98 limitations of germination experiments, 330–333, latitudinal, 97–98 330, 331 modern dinocyst atlas, 187–188 linking using single-cell isolation and molecular modern dinocysts, 192–193, 193 typing, 351–358, 353, 357, 357 modern theca, 193 molecular phylogenetic analysis, 329, 333–336, see also Aptian and Late Albian dinocysts 343–345 Diversity, 256 reconstruction of phylogenies, 336–345, 337, Dodge, John, 8 339–342, 344 Dormancy periods see Survival, resting cysts Cyst-wall chemistry Apectodinium, 239, 255, 256 Ebro river delta, 169–170 fossil cysts, 255 Ecdysal cysts see Pellicle cysts Lingulodinium polyedrum, 246 Echinidinium and preservation, 254 taxonomy, 181–182 recent cysts, 254–255 Echinidinium granulatum, 56, 57 variability in fossils, 239 Ecological studies future research foci, 189–194 Dalella chathamensis, 56, 57 Ecology Palaeoecology Session Dansgaard-Oeschger events, 72 oral presentations, 161–169 Databases poster presentations, 169–188 GenBank, 90, 91 Ecophenotypic adaptation, to salinities, 98 modern dinocysts, 36 Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 89 Northern Hemisphere dinocysts, 55–56, 56, 360 Eisenack, Alfred, 3 North Pacific dinocysts, 55, 56 Eisenack catalogues, 26 palaeo-datasets, 36 Ekman pumping, 50, 52 Deep-sea distributions, 192–193 ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), 179 Deep-water formation, 65, 73–74 Encystment, 190, 194, 250–251, 250 Denmark, 149–152, 151, 151 and bloom termination, 191–192 Density gradient centrifugation, 352 diversity of, 198, 200 Depositional environments implications of diversity, 201–202 cyst assemblages as proxies for, 93 Endemism, 55, 172, 192

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Endoparasites, 239–240 Gametes, 198, 249–250 Endosymbiosis fossil evidence, 242 in corals, 268, 293, 294, 295 Fragilidium cf. duplocampanaeforme, photosynthetic, 213, 265–266 227–228, 228 in planktonic foraminifera, 294, 295 Fragilidium subglobosum, 229–230 , 293, 294, 295 Gauss–Matuyama boundary, 316 Environmental Change Session GenBank database, 90, 91 oral presentations, 71–77 Genetic diversity poster presentations, 77–87 below species level, 295–296, 296 Environmental Sample Processor (ESP), and cyst formation, 201–202 145–146, 145 Genomes, 296–297 Eocene single-cell, 357–358 Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 33, Geochemical proxies 35, 175 combining with dinocyst studies, 31–37 Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, 315–316 limitations of, 33 Eocene, Middle value of multiproxy studies, 32–33 Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, 180 Geological Society of America (GSA), 2 Thalassiphora pelagica, 163–164 Germination see Excystment Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT) Germination experiments, 92, 325 Alabama, USA, 323 from Chinese sediments, 246–247 Netherlands, 81 historical review of, 326–330, 327–329 Epiphytic dinoflagellates limitations of, 330–333, 330, 331 Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, 161–162 living protists from sediment archive, 149–152, Essaouira Basin, Morocco, 320 151, 151 EST (Expressed sequence tags) libraries, 297, 297 Germlings see Planomeiocytes Estuarine–neritic fronts, 98 Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Euglenozoa, 272 Blooms (GEOHAB) Program, 90 Eutrophication Great Lakes, Ontario, 80, 133–138, 134, 135, evolution, 267, 268, 271 136, 137 Gonyaulacoid-peridinioid tabulation, 266, 267 indicator species, 50 Gonyaulacoids separating effects of natural and cultural, 169 preservation, 254 Swedish fjords, 45, 50, 52 split from peridinioids, 268–269 Evitt, Bill, 1, 2, 9, 13 spinifera Evolution see Macroevolution; Microevolution cyst–theca relationships, 335 Excystment, 191, 197–198 Gonyaulax spinifera ‘complex’, 92 Fragilidium cf. duplocampanaeforme, 228, 229 Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea, 186–187 rates and factors regulating, 194 Great Lakes, Ontario survival of newly germinated cells, 194 Peridinium and eutrophication, 80, 133–138, 134, 135, see also Germination experiments 136, 137 Expressed sequence tags (EST) libraries, 297, 297 Gulf of Cadiz, 74 Gulf of California, 174 Falcon Basin, Venezuela, 319 Gulf of Maine Feeding mechanisms forecasting harmful algal blooms, 141–146, 142, 143, direct engulfment, 229 144, 145 Fensome, Robert Allan Gulf of Mexico Eisenack catalogues, 26 abundance of unarmoured dinoflagellates, 233–238, indexes of fossil dinoflagellates, 26 234, 235, 236–237 The Last Billion Years,27 biomarkers for tracking blooms, 179 life and work, 25–27 distribution of toxic dinoflagellates, 155–158, 156, response to award, 28 157 suprageneric classification, 26 forecasting harmful algal blooms, 141 Florida, 83, 178 Holocene hydrological changes, 178 Forecasting systems see Harmful algal blooms (HABs) Gulf of St Lawrence, 179 Fragilidium life cycle, morphology and phylogeny, 223–231, 224, evolution, 267, 268, 271 225, 226 Gymnodinioid tabulation, 266, 267 Fragilidium cf. duplocampanaeforme, 223–224, 225, Gymnodinium, 156, 158, 234, 236–237 227–229, 227, 228, 229, 231 phylogenetic position, 268, 341, 343 Fragilidium subglobosum, 223–224, 225, 227, 227, Gymnodinium corollarium 229–230, 230 encystment, 201 Freshwater dinoflagellates Gymnodinium litoralis sp. nov, 245–246 Great Lakes, Ontario, 133–138, 134, 135, 136, 137 Gyrodinium, 234, 236–237 Portugal, 244–245 Gyrodinium fusiforme, 234, 235, 236–237

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HABs see Harmful algal blooms (HABs) International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, 90 Harmful algal blooms (HABs), 89–90, 189 International Conferences on Modern and Fossil biomarkers for tracking blooms, 179 Dinoflagellates, 1–19 Charlotte Harbor, Florida, 83 first (Penrose), 1–3, 4 Eastern Aegean Sea, 171 second (Hexrose), 3, 5 forecasting systems, 141–146, 142, 143, 144, third (Dino 3), 3–8, 6 145, 193 fourth (Dino 4), 7, 8–11, 9 Gulf of Mexico, 141, 155–158, 156, 157 fifth (Dino 5), 10, 11–13, 11 Malaysian monitoring program, 161 sixth (Dino 6), 12, 13–15, 13 UK and Europe monitoring programs, 215 seventh (Dino 7), 14, 15–17, 15 see also Toxic dinoflagellates eigth (Dino 8), 16, 17–19, 17 Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), 71 ninth (Dino 9), 18, 19, 19 , 241 venues, 1, 2 Heterocapsa, 269 see also Dino 9 Conference Heterocapsa circularisquama International Council for the Exploration of the Sea genome, 297 (ICES), 90 Heterokontaphyta International Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Orkney Islands, 217, 217, 218 Vectors (WGBOSV), 90 Heterothallism, 192, 200, 250 International Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms Holocene (IGHAB), 90 Antarctic palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, International Working Group on the Transfer of Marine 83–84 Organisms (WGTMO), 90 Black, Marmara, Caspian and Aral Seas, Islandinium 127–130, 128 Swedish fjords, 50, 52 Caspian Sea level fluctuations, 82 taxonomy, 181–182 environmental change, Swedish fjords, 43–53, 44, Islandinium minutum 46–49, 51–53 distribution, 189 hydrological changes, Florida, 178 incubation experiments, 92 Hypsithermal–Neoglacial transition, 87 Italy Marmara Sea assemblages, 166–167 Monte dei Corvi, 321–322 North Atlantic and Nordic seas, 168 Sardinia, 183 Homothallism, 192, 200, 250 Umbria–Marche basin, 324 Honey Harbour, Ontario, 134–136, 135, 136, 138 Izmir Bay, Turkey, 171 Hydrographic models forecasting harmful algal blooms, 141 Jinhae Bay, Korea, 171 Hypnozygotes see Resting cysts Jurassic Hypoxic zones palynostratigraphy, Essaouira Basin, Morocco, 320 and calcareous dinoflagellates, 183–184 tabulation patterns, 266, 267 Hypsithermal–Neoglacial transition, 87 , 156, 157 Iberia Karenia brevis Fragilidium, 223–231, 224, 225, 226 biomarkers for tracking blooms, 179 freshwater dinoflagellates, Portugal, 244–245 genes, 297 Gymnodinium catenatum, 166 Gulf of Mexico, 141, 156, 157, 234, 235, Zufia and Ollogoyen formations, Spain, 323–324 236–237 Iceland Sea, 302, 303, 305–308, 306 Karenia mikimotoi, 315 Identification veneficum morphology v. molecular analysis, 190 biodiesel, 93 Impagidinium, 193 Kerogen, 186–187, 254 Impagidinium caspienense, 128, 129, 130 Korea Impagidinium japonicum, 56, 57 Azadinium cf. poporum, 165 Impagidinium pallidum, 35, 35, 189 Ceratium furca, Jinhae Bay, 171 Impagidinium velorum, 56, 57 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum Incubation experiments see Germination experiments resting cysts, 200 Indexes of fossil dinoflagellates, 26 Indian–Atlantic Exchange in present and past climate Labrador, Canada, 75–76 (INATEX) project, 181 Labrador Sea Indian Ocean Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), 180 new genera and species, 162 postglacial sea-surface conditions, 73–74 Thalassiphora pelagica, 163–164 Lake Pannon, 318 Indonesia, 176 Latitudinal distributions Inshore–offshore distributions modern dinocysts, 97–98 modern dinocysts, 97–98 see also Aptian and Late Albian dinocysts Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologı´a, 155 Lau Event, 86

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Life cycles Ebro river delta, 169–170 benthic-pelagic coupling, 252 new bloom-forming species, 245–246 Biecheleria baltica, 202 sapropel S1 formation, 185 diversity of, 197–203, 198, 199 Meiosis, 251–252 elucidating, 190 Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System Fragilidium cf. duplocampanaeforme, 227–229, 227, Epiphytic dinoflagellates, 161–162 228, 229 Messinian Salinity Crisis, 80–81 Fragilidium subglobosum, 227, 229–230, 230 Mexican Pacific ploidy shifts, 249–252, 250 Azadinium spinosum, 243 Polykrikos kofoidii, 190, 242–243 Dinophysiales, 174 Polykrikos schwartzii, 251 Mexico as a survival strategy, 190–192 Epiphytic dinoflagellates along Caribbean coast, transitions, 191–192 161–162 Life Cycles & Diversity Session see also Gulf of Mexico oral presentations, 239–243 Mg/Ca ratios poster presentations, 243–247 of planktonic foraminifera, 31, 33, 35 Lifetime Achievement Award 2011 Thoracosphaera heimii,71–72 Robert Allan Fensome, 25–28 Microarrays, 215–216 Lingulodinium, 156, 157 see also MIDTAL (microarrays for the detection of Lingulodinium machaerophorum toxic ) project Black, Marmara, Caspian and Aral Seas, 127, 128, 129, Microevolution, 293–298 129, 130 below species level, 295–296, 296 and dust from Sahel, 178 genes, 296–298, 297 as proxy for salinity, 36 species level, 293–294, 294, 295 Lingulodinium polyedrum, 189 Microfossil assemblage studies cyst-wall chemistry, 246 value of, 32 Gulf of Mexico, 156, 157 Micro-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, Swedish fjords, 44, 45, 46–47, 48, 49, 49, 50, 52 239, 246 Lipids, 256–257 Micromanipulators, 353 Living protists from sediment archive, 149–152, 151, 151 Microsatellites, 295–296, 296 Longevity see Survival, resting cysts Microscopic equipment, for single-cell isolations, 352 Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), 180 Mackenzie River, Canada, 173 Middle Pleistocene Revolution Macroevolution, 263–273 Bering Sea, 182 mitochondrial evolution, 272 Middle Pliocene Warm Period (MPWP), 185 molecular analysis, 268–272, 270, 271 Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period, 33 morphological evidence, 266–267, 267, 268–272, 271 MIDTAL (microarrays for the detection of toxic algae) origin and relationships with other protists, 263–264, project, 215–220, 217, 218, 219 264 Miocene evolution, 265–266 Batiacasphaera micropapillata complex distribution, possible convergent evolution, 272 301–302, 303–309, 306, 307, 309–310 Malaysia, 161 Batiacasphaera taxonomy, 302–303, 302, 304 Manual micropipettes, 352–353, 353 Falcon Basin, Venezuela, 319 tips for use, 353–354 glaciation Mi-1, 35 Marine–freshwater transition, 242 Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, 173–174 Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS 2), 34 Miocene, Late Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3), 72 Bahamian Platform, 322–323 Marine Isotope Stage 5e (MIS 5e), 168 Eastern Equatorial Pacific hydrography, 84 Marine productivity and coastal vegetation, 71 endemic organic-walled phytoplankton, Lake Marmara Sea Pannon, 318 Holocene environmental change, 127–130, 128 Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1), 356 Late Pleistocene and Holocene assemblages, 166–167 Mitochondrial evolution, 272 Mass extinctions Mitochondrial genomes Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary, 84–85 Hematodinium, 241 dinoflagellate survival, 252 Modern Analogue Technique (MAT), 55, 75 end-Permian, 265 Arctic sea-ice reconstructions, 67–68, 67 Lau Event, 86 constraints on, 186 Mating systems, 191–192 North Pacific sea-surface conditions, 56–60, 59 see also Sexual reproduction workshop, 359, 360–362, 360 Mediterranean Sea Molecular analysis Alexandrium minutum, 191, 192 cyst–theca relationships, 329, 333–336, Alexandrium tamarense/fundyense/catenella 343–345 complex, 296 for identification, 190, 193 coastal lagoon cyst assemblages, 183 macroevolution, 268–272, 270, 271

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Molecular phylogenies, 90 North Pacific Ocean Archaeperidinium minutum, 337–338, 342, comparisons with North Atlantic, 60–61 344–345 cyst assemblages, 57, 58, 60 Fragilidium, 226–227, 226, 230 dinocyst database, 55, 56 Gymnodinium, 341, 343 reconstruction of sea-surface conditions, 56–60, 59 Oxyphysis, 209, 211, 213 Selenopemphix undulata,85 Protoperidinium, 275–282, 278, 280, 281, 282, North Sea Basin, 164–165 338–340, 339 Norway, 163 Scrippsiella trochoidea, 344, 345 Nuclear cyclosis, 251 Sinophysis, 207–213, 208, 209, 211, 212 Nunatsiavut fjords, Canada, 75–76 Molecular targets for single cells and cysts, 356 Oblea acanthocysta Monitoring programs see Harmful algal cyst–theca relationships, 334–335 blooms (HABs) Ocean acidification Monte dei Corvi, Italy, 321–322 and calcareous dinoflagellates, 183–184 Morphological characteristics Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a), 86–87 for identification, 190 Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2), 164–165 Mozambique Channel, 181 Odontochitina superdominance assemblage, 288, 291 Mu¨ller, Otto Friedrich, 89 Oi1a cooling event, 317 Multiple displacement amplification (MDA), Oligocene 357–358, 357 Oi1a cooling event, 317 Multiproxy studies, 33–35, 34, 35 Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, 76, 173–174 value of, 32–33 see also Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT) Ollogoyen formation, Spain, 323–324 Namibia, 177 Operculodinium centrocarpum, 127 Nannoceratopsioid tabulation, 266, 267 as proxy for salinity, 36 Nannoceratopsis Oral presentations phylogenetic position, 272 Ecology Palaeoecology Session, 161–169 Navarra, Spain, 323–324 Environmental Change Session, 71–77 Nelsoniella superdominance assemblage, 170, 288, Life Cycles & Diversity Session, 239–243 289, 292 Stratigraphy & Evolution Session, 315–319 Nematosphaeropsis labyrinthus, 60, 189 Orkney Islands, UK Neogene, 33 Alexandrium tamarense/fundyense/catenella Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, 76 complex, 296 see also Miocene; Pliocene MIDTAL project, 215–220, 217, 218, 219 Neritic–oceanic fronts, 98 Oxidative polymerization, 255 Netherlands, 81 Oxyphysis Nigeria, 175 molecular phylogeny, 209, 211, 213 Noah’s Flood hypothesis, Black Sea, 127 , 264 evolution, 267, 268, 271 Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 93 Nordic seas, 168 Pacific Ocean North Atlantic Current, 33–34, 34 Eastern Equatorial, 84 North Atlantic Ocean Mexican, 174, 243 comparisons with North Pacific, 60–61 South West, 75 Gymnodinium catenatum, 166 see also North Pacific Ocean Holocene v. Last Interglacial sea-surface Pakistan, 179–180 conditions, 168 Palaeoceanography interglacial sea-surface conditions, 73 multiproxy studies, 33–34, 34 Late Pliocene, 33–34, 34, 316 Palaeocystodinium, 269 Lower Pleistocene, 316 Palaeoecology Marine Isotope Stage 3 sea-surface conditions, 72 future research foci, 189–194 Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), 180 multiproxy studies, 34–35, 35 opening, 98–99, 99 Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions overturning circulation, 65 cyst assemblages as proxies for, 55, 65–68, 93 see also Proto-North Atlantic Palaeogene, 33 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary, 84–85 effects in Swedish fjords, 44, 45, 50, 52 Southern Ocean dinoflagellate biogeography, 172 Northern Hemisphere see also Eocene; Oligocene Aptian dinocysts, 101, 103–104, 104, 105, 107, Palaeogeography 112–113 Aptian–Albian, 98–99, 99 dinocyst database, 55–56, 56, 360 Palaeozoic taxonomy of round brown spiny cysts (RBSC), Arpylorus antiquus, 321 181–182 Palatinus, 240

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Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 33, Pleistocene 35, 175 Caspian Sea level fluctuations, 82 Palynofacies studies, 186–187 Middle Pleistocene Revolution, 182 Palynomorphs, 254 Pleistocene, Late Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), 144, 144, 297, 317 Marmara Sea assemblages, 166–167 Parasitic dinoflagellates, 239–240 Pleistocene, Lower Hematodinium, 241 Bahamian Platform, 322–323 Parvilucifera sinerae, 200 Bering Sea palynology, 78 Paratethys North Atlantic, 316 Messinian Salinity Crisis, 80–81 Pliocene Spiniferites cruciformis, 192 Batiacasphaera micropapillata complex, 303–309, Tarim Basin, China, 175–176 306, 307, 309–310 Parvilucifera sinerae, 200 Batiacasphaera taxonomy, 302–303, 302, 304 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) methods Bering Sea palynology, 78 for single cells and cysts, 354–356 Middle Pliocene Warm Period (MPWP), 185 Pediastrum superdominance assemblage, 288, 291–292 see also Middle Pliocene Warm Period (MPWP) Pellicle cysts, 192, 194, 198, 200, 250, 251 Pliocene, Early Pentadinium alabamensis, 323 Eastern Equatorial Pacific hydrography, 84 Pentapharsodinium dalei Pliocene, Late Caspian Sea and Aral Sea, 128 North Atlantic, 33–34, 34, 316 incubation from sediment archive, 150–152, 151 Pliocene–Quaternary Swedish fjords, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51–52, 53 climate changes, 73 Ploidy shifts, 249–252, 250 evolution, 267, 268, 269, 271 Polykrikos hartmannii Peridinioids phylogenetic position, 340–343, 340 origins, 264 Polykrikos kofoidii split from gonyaulacoids, 268–269 cyst–theca relationships, 336 tabulation, 269 life cycle, 190, 242–243 Peridinium,89 Polykrikos schwartzii as proxies of eutrophication in Great Lakes, 133–138, cyst–theca relationships, 336 134, 135, 136, 137 life cycle, 251 Peridinium bipes, 269 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, Peridinium inconspicuum, 133, 134–137, 134, 136, 137 224–226 Peridinium ponticum, 127, 129, 129 Polyploidy, 251–252 Peridinium (s.s.), 240–241 Polysphaeridium zoharyi, 178 Peridinium volzii, 134–137, 136, 137 Population dynamics and life cycles, 191–192 Peridinium willei, 133, 134–137, 135, 136, 137 Po River discharge plume, 93 Peridinium wisconsinense, 133, 134–137, 135, 136, 137 Portugal, 244–245 Permanent dinokaryons, 264, 264 Poster presentations Permanent El Nin˜o, 84 Ecology Palaeoecology Session, 169–188 Permian mass extinction, 265 Environmental Change Session, 77–87 Phalacroma Life Cycles & Diversity Session, 243–247 new records for Mexican Pacific, 174 Stratigraphy & Evolution Session, 319–324 and Oxyphysis, 213 Primary productivity Photosynthesis Arctic reconstructions, 66, 67 acquisition in dinophysoids, 213 cyst assemblages as proxies for, 55, 93 evolutionary acquisition, 265–266 North Pacific reconstructions, 59,60 Phylochips, 216 Process length, and salinity, 36 Phylogenetic systematics, 90 Phylogenies evolution, 267, 268, 271 and cyst–theca relationships, 336–345, 337, Prorocentroid tabulation, 266, 267 339–342, 344 Prorocentrum, 89, 156, 158 dinoflagellates and allies, 263–264, 264 Protein genes, evolution, 294 see also Molecular phylogenies Protoceratium reticulatum Planktonic foraminifera Swedish fjords, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 dinoflagellate endosymbionts, 294, 295 Proto-North Atlantic extraction procedure, 32–33 Aptian dinocysts, 113–114, 115 Mg/Ca ratios of, 31, 33, 35 opening, 98–99, 99 Planomeiocytes, 228, 229, 250, 251 Protoperidinioids Planozygotes, 197, 198–200, 198, 250–251, 250 phylogenetic position, 269 fossil evidence, 242 preservation, 254 Fragilidium cf. duplocampanaeforme, 228–229, 228 Protoperidinium Fragilidium subglobosum, 229, 230 classification systems, 277 Plastid evolution, 265–266 Gulf of Mexico, 157, 157

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molecular phylogeny, 338–340, 339 Sahel, 71, 177–178 phylogenetic subdivision, 275–282, 278, 280, 281, Santos Basin, Brazil 282 Upper Cretaceous superdominance assemblages, 170, Swedish fjords, 45 285–292, 286–289, 290, 291 Protoperidinium claudicans Sapropel S1 formation, Mediterranean, 185 cyst germination experiments, 332, 333, 334 Sardinia, Italy, 183 morphology, 331–332, 331 Saxitoxins, 298, 318–319 Protoperidinium conicum Scandinavia, 163 cyst germination experiments, 330, 331 see also Denmark; Sweden Protoperidinium minutum Scanning electron microscopy resting cysts, 200 preparation procedure, 244 Protoperidinium oblongum Scrippsiella hangoei v. Protoperidinium steidingerae, 338 encystment, 200–201 Protoperidinium oblongum complex, 332–333 viability of temporary cysts, 200 Protoperidinium steidingerae Scrippsiella lachrymosa, 250 sexual character of cysts, 198 Scrippsiella trochoidea, 79–80, 294 v. Protoperidinium oblongum, 338 molecular phylogeny, 344, 345 Protoperidinium thulesense morphological changes in hypoxic zones, 183–184 phylogenetic position, 336, 337 responses to rising carbon dioxide, 77 Prymnesiophytes Sea-ice cover algal blooms, 89 Arctic reconstructions, 66–68, 67 Orkney Islands, 217, 218 cyst assemblages as proxies for, 55, 65–68 Pseudocolonies, 243 geochemical proxies, 31 Pseudogenes, 294 North Pacific reconstructions, 59 Publications on dinoflagellates, 89, 90 Sea-ice environments Pyrodinium, 156, 158 cyst assemblages, 65–66 Pyxidinopsis psilata, 127, 128, 129, 129, 130 Sea-surface conditions Pyxidinopsis reticulata, 58,60–61 Arctic reconstructions, 66, 67 Okhotsk morphotype, 58,60–61 cyst assemblages as proxies for, 55, 93 and dinocyst palaeoecology, 162 Quaternary interglacial North Atlantic, 73 Bering Sea, 78 Marine Isotope Stage 3, 72 Mozambique Channel, 181 North Pacific reconstructions, 56–60, 59 Pliocene–Quaternary climate changes, 73 postglacial Labrador Sea, 73–74 see also Holocene; Pleistocene tropical SE Atlantic Ocean, 78–79 Sea-surface salinities (SSSs) Raphidophytes Arctic reconstructions, 66, 67 algal blooms, 89 Baltic Sea, 77–78 Real-time monitoring Black Sea and Marmara Sea, 127 harmful algal blooms, 145–146, 145 Caspian Sea and Aral Sea, 128 Regional hydrographical studies cyst assemblages as proxies for, 55 Eastern Equatorial Pacific, 84 dinocyst assemblage proxies, 36 Gulf of Cadiz, 74 effects on diversity, 256 tropical SE Atlantic Ocean, 78–79 geochemical proxies, 31, 36 Regionalism, 55 North Pacific reconstructions, 59,60 Regions of freshwater influence (ROFIs), 193 Sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) Regulation mechanisms, 200–201 Arctic reconstructions, 66, 67 Resting cysts, 197, 198, 199 cyst assemblages as proxies for, 55 asexual, 198, 199, 200 dinocyst assemblage proxies, 34–35, 35 and bloom initiation, 252 Eocene–Oligocene Transition, Netherlands, 81 extraction procedure, 32–33 geochemical proxies, 31, 33, 35 Fragilidium cf. duplocampanaeforme, 228, 229 Gulf of Cadiz multiproxy studies, 74 Fragilidium subglobosum, 229, 230 microfossil assemblage proxies, 32 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, 200 North Pacific reconstructions, 59,60 preservation, 253–254 transfer functions, 75 Protoperidinium minutum, 200 Selenopemphix antarctica,87 survival, 149–152, 151, 252, 253 Selenopemphix nephroides, 60,61 see also Encystment; Excystment; Germination Selenopemphix undulata, 60, 61, 85 experiments Senckenberg Museum, 244 Ribosomal genes, evolution, 294 Serravallian–Tortonian boundary, 321–322 Ribosomal RNA gene targets, 356, 357 Sexual reproduction, 190, 191–192, 197, 198, 250–251 Ross Sea, Antarctica, 83–84 diverse features, 198–200 Round brown spiny cysts (RBSC) Fragilidium cf. duplocampanaeforme, 227–229, 228 taxonomy, 181–182, 282 Fragilidium subglobosum, 229–230, 230

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Sexual reproduction (Continued) parasitic dinoflagellates, 239–240 genes, 297 Polykrikos kofoidii, 243 inheritance by corals, 295 Shipping phylogenetic position, 268 aquatic invasive species, 90–92, 167–168 Symbiosis see Endosymbiosis Silurian, Late Symposium on Neogene Dinoflagellates, Arpylorus antiquus, 321 Second, 9–11 carbon cycling, 86 Syndinians Single-cell isolation and molecular typing workshop, origin and relationships with other protists, 351–358, 353, 357, 357 263–264, 264 Sinophysis molecular phylogeny, 207–213, 208, 209, Tabulation, 266–267 211, 212 calciodinelloids, 272 Sinophysis ebriola, 208, 208, 209, 210, 211 Cretaceous, 242 Sinophysis grandis, 208, 208, 209, 210, 211 evolutionary models, 266–267 Sinophysis microcephala, 208–209, 208, 209, 210, 211 Fragilidium, 227, 227, 228, 229, 230–231 Sinophysis stenosoma, 208, 208, 209, 210, 211 pattern types, 266, 267 Sinophysis verruculosa, 208, 208, 209–210, 209, 211 peridinioids, 269 Skeletonema marinoi Peridinium, 133, 134 incubation from sediment archive, 151, 152 Tampa Bay, Florida, 178 Sodium polytungstate (SPT), 352 Taphonomy, 36–37, 138 South Atlantic Ocean, 71–72 Tarim Basin, China, 175–176 opening, 98–99, 99 Temporary cysts see Pellicle cysts tropical SE, 78–79 Temporary dinokaryons, 264, 264 Southern Hemisphere Tethys Ocean dinocysts, 113–114 Aptian and Late Albian dinocysts, 98, 101–104, 105, sea-surface temperature transfer functions, 75 106, 107, 110, 112–113 Southern Ocean Aptian and Late Albian temperatures, 114–115 Palaeogene dinoflagellate biogeography, 172 Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a), 86–87 Species concept TEX86 proxy, 31, 33, 114 defining, 190 Thalassiphora pelagica, 163–164 Species identification, 190 Thecae Spiniferites, 178 fossil evidence, 242 Spiniferites bentorii see also Cyst–theca relationships Swedish fjords, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50–51, 52 Thoracosphaera heimii,71–72 Spiniferites cruciformis, 127, 128, 129, 129, Toxic dinoflagellates, 89–90, 91 130, 192 biomarkers for tracking blooms, 179 Spore types discovery of nuclear-encoded saxitoxin genes, parasitic dinoflagellates, 240 318–319 Sr/Ca ratios Eastern Aegean Sea, 171 Thoracosphaera heimii,71–72 eco-physiological responses to rising carbon dioxide, Steidinger, Karen A., 2, 17 77 Stover, Lew, 1, 13 Gulf of Mexico, 155–158, 156, 157 Stratigraphy & Evolution Session Gymnodinium catenatum, NE Atlantic, 166 oral presentations, 315–319 identification of toxin genes, 297–298, 297 poster presentations, 319–324 Karenia mikimotoi, 315 Subtropical Gyre, 72 Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, 161–162 Suessia MIDTAL project, Orkney Islands, 215–220, 217, phylogenetic position, 268 218, 219 Suessiales see also Harmful algal blooms (HABs) evolution, 267, 268, 271, 293 Toxins, 256 Suessioid tabulation, 266, 267 azaspiracid toxins (AZAs), 243 Superdominance assemblages detecting in sediments, 256 Upper Cretaceous, Brazil, 170, 285–292, 286–289, discovery of nuclear-encoded genes, 318–319 290, 291 identification of genes for, 297–298, 297 Suprageneric classification, 26 Transfer functions, 55 Survival, resting cysts, 149–152, 151, 252, 253 constraints on, 186 Survival strategies, 198–200 North Pacific, 56–60, 59 Svalbardella cooksoniae, 317 SW Pacific Ocean and Southern Hemisphere, 75 Sweden workshop, 359–362, 360 Latest Holocene environmental change, 43–53, 44, Transport modelling, 141 46–49, 51–53 Triassic living protists from sediment archive, 149–152, tabulation patterns, 266, 267 151, 151 Type collection, 244

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Umbria–Marche basin, Italy Votadinium spinosum Late Albian black shales, 324 germination experiments, 332, 333, 334 Unarmoured dinoflagellates abundance, Gulf of Mexico, 233–238, 234, 235, Weighted averaging, 75 236–237 West Africa, 185 United White Nothe, Dorset, UK, 164–165 harmful algal bloom monitoring programs, 215 Wilkes Land, East Antarctica White Nothe, Dorset, 164–165 Eocene stratigraphy, 315–316 see also Orkney Islands, UK Holocene palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, Upwelling 83–84 Benguela Upwelling System (BUS), 177 Late Oligocene–Middle Miocene, 173–174 and benthic seeding, 252 Oligocene and Neogene climate variability, 76 Eastern Equatorial Pacific, 84 Williams, Graham, 1 Gulf of Cadiz, 74 Woloszynskia bosteniensis reconstruction of intensities, 177 genome, 252 tropical SE Atlantic Ocean, 78–79 Workshops single-cell isolation and molecular typing, 351–358, Vegetative reproduction, 197, 198, 200, 250 353, 357, 357 Fragilidium cf. duplocampanaeforme, 227, 228 transfer functions, 359–362, 360 Fragilidium subglobosum, 229, 230 transition to sexual, 191 Zufia formation, Spain, 323–324

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The Micropalaeontological Society Special Publications E B d i o i t e

Biological and Geological l o d

g b y i c Perspectives of J a . l M

Edited by a . n L e J. M. Lewis, F. Marret and L. R. Bradley d w

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o This volume provides an overview of current research on fossil and modern M g dinoflagellates, as well as highlighting research areas for future collaboration, following a i r c r e the DINO9 International Conference in Liverpool. The volume a t l

a is organized into four themes, with a review paper for each P Biological and Geological n e

theme written by the key-note speaker. Each theme also d r

s L p includes a future research foci note following discussion during . R e Perspectives of Dinoflagellates .

the conference. c B t r i a v

The contributions are organized into the following sections: d e l s environmental change, ecology/palaeoecology, life cycles and e Edited by

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diversity, and stratigraphy and evolution. Also included are notes from two workshops: f

J. M. Lewis, F. Marret and L. R. Bradley culture experiments and dinocysts as palaeoceanographic tracers. D i n

This volume will be of interest to both the biological and micropalaeontological o f l communities. a g e l l a

Visit our online bookshop: http ://www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop t e Geological Society web site: http ://www.geolsoc.org.uk s

TMS: http://www.tmsoc.org

Cover illustration: Biodiversity in the mud: a representation of cysts diversity in recent sediments from the NW Mediterranean Sea. Winner of the DINO9 award for the best photo competition. Image: Silvia Anglès. Published by the Geological Society The for The Micropalaeontological Society Geological Society

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