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Design and Production of a Wooden Thames a Rater Class Sailing Yacht

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Design and Production of a Wooden Thames a Rater Class Sailing Yacht Design and Production of a Wooden Thames A Rater Class Sailing Yacht SOUPPEZ Jean-Baptiste Roger Guillaume [email protected] [email protected] Master of Engineering Studies in Yacht Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Auckland June 2015 For examination purposes only. Not to be copied or conveyed. Copyright © 2015 Jean-Baptiste R. G. SOUPPEZ, all rights reserved. Design and Production of a Wooden Thames A Rater Class Sailing Yacht III Abstract The niche market for modern classics, combining planning theory have been adapted and traditional wooden boats with the latest design and incorporated to maximise the accuracy. manufacturing technology, has been expanding in In terms of design, the main priorities were to the past decade, particularly in the United- create an aesthetically pleasing yacht, taking Kingdom. Yachts such as the Thames A Raters advantage of the natural beauty of vanished remain among the most competitive racing classes, woods, as well as a more practical layout, better featuring extreme high aspect ratio carbon rigs and suited to modern racing. As a result, the cockpit wooden hulls over a century old. This example of a was a particular area of interest: a simpler and modern classic motivated the conception of the more ergonomic layout has been developed, with a next generation of A Raters. higher level of comfort for the crew. The design was developed under the strict class To achieve a light boat that can be built faster and rule and in close relation with the class association at a lesser cost than the traditional carvel and sailors to ensure that the original spirit of the technique, cold moulding has been preferred. The yachts would be conserved. Furthermore, the structural design was developed in accordance design brief incorporated the client’s with the relevant regulatory bodies and considering requirements, as well as the shipyard’s restrictions the manufacturing constraints. Eventually, a and environmental constraints. Finally, the realistic cost estimate and detailed planning were RCD/ISO standard regulation has been adopted. elaborated. Hydrodynamic optimisation has been a major A complete set of drawings have been provided to interest to improve the performance, despite the detail the multiple aspects of the design, as well as imposed hull shape. Indeed, only an exact replica specify the materials and production methods of an existing A Rater is allowed. However, a loop- involved. hole in the class regulation allowed for some modifications to the hull shape. Based on the Delft The final design fully answers the pre-established systematic yacht hull series, parametric specifications, with significant improvement in optimisation has been utilised to reduce the hull performance while retaining the traditional spirit resistance. Furthermore, multiple centreplate and of the class. The complete design and production rudder planforms have been compared using allows for the building to be started, and the computational fluid dynamics to adopt the most careful consideration of the various regulations efficient ones. ensures that the boat will be classified, with the inherent reliability in terms of safety. Coupled with the decrease in hydrodynamic resistance, the more powerful sails led to a higher The qualities of the yacht are demonstrated in this level of performance, quantified thanks to a six report, and further supported by the excellent degrees of freedom velocity prediction program. In feedback obtained from the client, extremely order to reflect the planning capabilities of the satisfied by the design proposed. boat, the fundamental principles of Savitzky’s Jean-Baptiste R. G. SOUPPEZ IV Design and Production of a Wooden Thames A Rater Class Sailing Yacht Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 4: SAILS AND BALANCE 15 1.1 Thames A Rater 1 4.1 Preliminary Considerations 15 1.1.1 Historical Background 1 4.1.1 Definitions 15 1.1.2 Thames A Rater Class 1 4.1.2 Class Rule 15 1.1.3 Cheating the Rule 1 4.1.3 Operation 15 1.1.4 Mast Evolution 2 1.1.5 Modern Days 2 4.2 Vortex Lattice Method 15 4.2.1 Introduction 15 1.2 Design Brief 3 4.2.2 Theory 15 1.2.1 Aims 3 4.2.3 Sail7 15 1.2.2 Client’s Expectations 3 1.2.3 Shipyard’s Restrictions 3 4.3 Sail Plan 16 1.2.4 Environmental Constraints 3 4.3.1 Rig Configuration 16 1.2.5 Sailors’ Feedback 4 4.3.2 Jib 16 1.2.6 Thames A Rater Class Rule 4 4.3.3 Mainsail 16 1.2.7 Regulations 4 4.3.4 Sail Shape 17 1.2.8 Conclusions 5 4.3.5 Sails Development 17 4.3.6 Conclusions 17 1.3 An Outline of the Project 5 1.3.1 Aims 5 4.4 Balance 17 1.3.2 Design Process 5 4.4.1 Balance 17 1.3.3 Areas of Investigation 5 4.4.2 Centre of Lateral Resistance 18 4.4.3 Centre of Effort 18 4.4.4 Lead 18 CHAPTER 2: HULL DESIGN 6 4.4.5 Conclusions 18 2.1 Research 6 4.5 Conclusions 18 2.2 Modelling Scamp 6 2.2.1 Introduction 6 CHAPTER 5: RIG 19 2.2.2 Taking the Lines 6 2.2.3 2D Drawing 7 5.1 Introduction 19 2.2.4 3D Modelling 7 5.2 Nordic Boat Standard 19 2.3 Hydrostatics 7 5.2.1 Scope 19 5.2.2 Load Cases 19 2.4 Design Tolerance 8 5.2.3 Shrouds Sizing 20 2.4.1 Introduction 8 5.2.4 Stays Sizing 20 2.4.2 Modelling Accuracy 8 5.2.5 Transverse Mast Stiffness 20 2.4.3 Building Tolerance 8 5.2.6 Longitudinal Mast Stiffness 20 2.4.4 Design Tolerance 8 5.2.7 Fractional Mast Top 21 5.2.8 Spreaders 21 2.5 Resistance (DSYHS) 8 5.2.9 Boom 21 5.2.10 Conclusions 21 2.6 Modified Scamp 9 5.3 Mast Design 21 2.7 Conclusions 9 5.3.1 Introduction 21 5.3.2 Spreaders Location 21 5.3.3 Mast Section 21 CHAPTER 3: APPENDAGES DESIGN 10 5.3.4 Shrouds and Stays 22 5.3.5 Spreaders 22 3.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics 10 5.3.6 Boom 22 3.1.1 Modelling and Simplifications 10 5.3.7 Conclusions 22 3.1.2 Governing Equations 10 3.1.3 Domain Size 10 5.4 Conclusions 22 3.1.4 Meshing 10 3.1.5 Boundary Conditions 11 3.1.6 Solving Time 12 CHAPTER 6: COCKPIT DESIGN 23 3.1.7 Results 12 3.1.8 Conclusions 12 6.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Centreboard 12 6.2 Cockpit Layout 23 3.2.1 Area 12 6.2.1 Side Deck Width 23 3.2.2 Profile 12 6.2.2 Deck Length 24 3.2.3 Section 13 6.2.3 Compartments 24 3.2.4 Conclusions 13 6.2.4 Detailed Layout 24 3.3 Rudder 13 6.3 Conclusions 24 3.3.1 Area 13 3.3.2 Profile 13 3.3.3 Section 14 CHAPTER 7: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SCANTLINGS 25 3.3.4 Conclusions 14 7.1 Hull 25 3.4 Conclusions 14 7.1.1 Structural Hierarchy 25 Jean-Baptiste R. G. SOUPPEZ Design and Production of a Wooden Thames A Rater Class Sailing Yacht V 7.1.2 The Nature of Wood 25 10.2.2 Methods 37 7.1.3 Hull Plating 25 10.2.3 DSYHS 38 7.1.4 Longitudinal Stiffeners 26 10.2.4 Conclusions 41 7.1.5 HullScant 27 7.1.6 Limitations 27 10.3 Aerodynamic Model 41 10.3.1 Velocity Triangle 41 7.2 Detailed Design 27 10.3.2 Velocity Profile 42 7.2.1 Longitudinal Strength 27 10.3.3 Sail Forces 42 7.2.2 Small Structural Components 28 10.3.4 Depowering 43 10.3.5 Windage 44 7.3 Centreplate 28 10.3.6 Conclusions 45 7.3.1 Introduction 28 7.3.2 Load Cases 28 10.4 Stability 45 7.3.3 Analysis 28 10.4.1 Introduction 45 7.3.4 Conclusions 28 10.4.2 Weight and Centres 45 10.4.3 Righting Moment 45 7.4 Rudder Stock 29 10.4.4 Heeling Moment 46 7.4.1 Introduction 29 10.4.5 Conclusions 46 7.4.2 Load Case 29 7.4.3 Analysis 29 10.5 Appendages 46 7.4.4 Conclusions 29 10.5.1 Introduction 46 10.5.2 Rudder Lift 46 7.5 Conclusions 29 10.5.3 Equilibrium 47 10.5.4 Conclusions 47 CHAPTER 8: WEIGHT AND CENTRES 30 10.6 Planning 47 10.6.1 Introduction 47 8.1 Design Spiral 30 10.6.2 Calculation Process 47 10.6.3 Equilibrium of Planning Crafts 48 8.2 Weight Estimate 30 10.6.4 Conclusions 48 8.2.1 Introduction 30 8.2.2 Lightship 30 10.7 Equilibrium 48 8.2.3 Fully Loaded 30 10.7.1 Introduction 48 8.2.4 Crew Weight 30 10.7.2 Surge (Boat Speed) 48 8.2.5 Conclusions 31 10.7.3 Sway (Leeway) 49 10.7.4 Heave (Displacement) 49 8.3 Centres Estimate 31 10.7.5 Roll (Heel Angle) 49 10.7.6 Pitch (Trim Angle) 49 8.4 Results 31 10.7.7 Yaw (Rudder Angle) 49 8.5 Conclusions 31 10.7.8 Conclusions 49 10.8 Velocity Prediction 49 CHAPTER 9: TRANSVERSE STABILITY 32 10.8.1 Results 49 10.8.2 Comparison 50 9.1 Introduction 32 10.9 Conclusions 50 9.2 Small Angle Stability 32 9.3 Inclining Experiment 33 CHAPTER 11: PRODUCTION 51 9.3.1 Introduction 33 9.3.2 Calculation Process 33 11.1 Introduction 51 9.3.3 Accuracy 33 11.2 Shipyard Organisation 51 9.3.4 Conclusions 33 11.2.1 Yard Layout 51 9.4 Large Angle Stability 33 11.2.2 Health and Safety 51 9.5 Stability Assessment 34 11.3 Lofting 51 9.5.1 Introduction 34 11.3.1 Introduction 51 9.5.2 Downflooding Openings 34 11.3.2 Lines Drawing 51 9.5.3 Downflooding Height 34 11.3.3 Station Moulds 52 9.5.4 Downflooding Angle 34 11.3.4 Further Lofting Capabilities 52 9.5.5 Angle of Vanishing Stability 34 11.4 Backbone 52 9.5.6 Stability Index 34 11.4.1 Introduction 52 9.5.7 Knockdown Recovery Test 34 11.4.2 Laminating 52 9.5.8 Wind Stiffness Test 35 10.4.3 Scarfing 52 9.5.9 Flotation Requirements 35 10.4.4 Steaming 53 9.5.10 Capsize Recovery Test 35 10.4.5 Cross Section 53 9.5.11 Conclusions 35 10.4.6 Backbone Assembly 54 9.6 Conclusions 35 10.4.7 Conclusions 54 11.5 Hull Shell 54 CHAPTER 10: VELOCITY PREDICTION PROGRAM 36 11.5.1 Cold Moulding 54 11.5.2 Benefits 54 10.1 Background Theory 36 11.5.3 Construction 55 10.1.1 Degrees of Freedom 36 11.6 Hull Structure 55 10.1.2 Velocity Prediction Program 36 11.6.1 Internal Structure 55 10.2 Hydrodynamic Model 37 11.6.2 Deck 56 10.2.1 Resistance Models 37 11.7 Fit Out 56 Jean-Baptiste R.
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