Respiratory System
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• Pulmonary Ventilation
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• Measuring of Lung Function
œ Compliance œ the ease at which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded œ if reduced it is more difficult to inflate the lungs œ causes:
• Damaged lung tissue
• Fluid within lung tissue
• Decrease in pulmonary surfactant
• Anything that impedes lung expansion or contraction
œ Respiratory Volumes and Capacities will be covered in Lab œ
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• Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
œ Charles‘ Law œ the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature, assuming the pressure remains constant
As gases enter the lung they warm and expand, increasing lung volume
œ Dalton‘s Law œ each gas of a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present
œ Henry‘s Law œ the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient, when the temperature remains constant
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• External and Internal Respiration
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• Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide by the Blood
œ Oxygen Transport
• 1.5% dissolved in plasma
• 98.5% carried with Hbinside of RBC‘s as oxyhemoglobin
œ Hbœ made up of protein portion called the globinportion and the heme portion which is pigmented and contains 4 atoms of Fe, each Fe can bind with 1 molecule of oxygen
œ Association of Hbwith oxygen is affected by four factors
» pO2 œ the greater the pO2 the more oxygen will combine with Hb, until the Hb becomes saturated
» Acidity pH œ in a lower (more acidic) pH oxygen will dissociate from Hband be released (frequently related to high carbon dioxide)
» Temperature œ as temperature increases, so does the the amount of oxygen released from Hb
» BPG (2,3 biphosphoglycerate) œ a chemical formed inside RBC‘s during glycolysis œ the higher the levels of BPG the more oxygen is released by Hb 18 Respiratory System
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œ Carbon Dioxide Transport
• 9% dissolved in plasma
• 13% carried by Hbas carbaminohemoglobin
• 78% converted to bicarbonate (HCO-) ions
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œ Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
• Control of Respiration
• Medullary Rhythmicity Area œ controls the basic rhythm of breathing
œ Inspiratory Area œ autorhythmicneurons, set normal breathing rhythm
œ Expiratory Area œ usually inactive, only active during high levels of ventilation
• Pontine (Pons) Areas œ coordinate the switching between inspiration and expiration
œ PneumotaxicArea œ limits inspiration, facilitates expiration (prevents over expansion of the lungs, the shorter the time the faster the respiration rate
œ ApneusticArea œ sends info to the inspiratory area, prolonging inspiration and inhibiting expiration
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œ Regulation of Respiratory Center Activity
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