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Bastet E Sekhmet: Aspectos De Natureza Dual UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA BASTET E SEKHMET: ASPECTOS DE NATUREZA DUAL EUGÉNIO JOSÉ CASTRO GIESTA Dissertação Mestrado em História Antiga 2019 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA BASTET E SEKHMET: ASPECTOS DE NATUREZA DUAL EUGÉNIO JOSÉ CASTRO GIESTA Tese orientada pelos Profs. Doutores Luís Manuel de Araújo e José Varandas, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em História Antiga – Egiptologia. 2019 Para J. C., que sempre encontres a maet no meio da isefet. «Our understanding of ancient Egyptian religion may be made difficult by the number of deities and their individual characteristics, but even more so by the complexity of their relationships, the multi-layered composition of the whole structure, and the reticence of our sources about some of its aspects». Jaromír Málek, The Cat in Ancient Egypt, pp. 73-74. Índice Resumo ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Palavras-chave/Keywords ....................................................................................................... 6 Agradecimentos ........................................................................................................................ 7 Siglas e abreviaturas .............................................................................................................. 11 Cronologia ................................................................................................................................ 13 Introdução ............................................................................................................................... 14 Estado da arte ........................................................................................................................ 16 1. O gato e o leão – uma introdução .................................................................................. 21 1.1. Dados biológicos ....................................................................................................... 21 1.2. Inserção socio-geográfica ........................................................................................ 23 1.3. De gato selvagem a gato doméstico ........................................................................ 26 1.4. Os gatos sagrados ..................................................................................................... 28 2. Bastet e Sekhmet: os testemunhos ................................................................................. 39 2.1. Bastet ......................................................................................................................... 41 2.1.1. Bastet nas fontes «históricas» ............................................................................ 41 2.1.2. Bastet nas fontes literárias .................................................................................. 49 2.1.3. Bastet nas fontes de carácter religioso ............................................................... 50 2.1.3.1. Os «Textos dos Sarcófagos» ....................................................................... 50 2.1.3.2. O «Livro dos Mortos» ................................................................................. 50 2.1.4. Bastet nas fontes de carácter mágico .................................................................. 52 2.2. Sekhmet .................................................................................................................... 55 2.2.1. Sekhmet nas fontes «históricas» ........................................................................ 55 2.2.2. Sekhmet nas fontes de carácter literário ............................................................. 78 2.2.3. Sekhmet nas fontes de carácter mitológico ........................................................ 80 2.2.4. Sekhmet nas fontes de carácter religioso ........................................................... 82 1 2.2.4.1. Os «Textos dos Sarcófagos» ....................................................................... 82 2.2.4.2. O «Livro dos Mortos» ................................................................................. 89 2.2.4.2.1. Papiro de Ani ........................................................................................... 89 2.2.4.2.2. Recensão tebana ....................................................................................... 91 2.2.4.3. O «Livro de Amduat» ................................................................................. 94 2.2.4.4. O «Livro das Portas» .................................................................................. 95 2.2.4.5. Textos de Edfu ............................................................................................ 95 2.2.4.5.1. Introdução – Discurso de Sekhmet .......................................................... 95 2.2.4.5.2. Invocações a Sekhmet .............................................................................. 96 2.2.4.5.3. Invocações às sete flechas do ano: ......................................................... 107 2.2.5. Sekhmet nas fontes de carácter mágico ............................................................ 110 3. A gata doméstica e a leoa – dualidade divina ............................................................. 113 3.1. Ligações à monarquia .............................................................................................. 116 3.1.1. Bastet ................................................................................................................ 116 3.1.2. Sekhmet ............................................................................................................ 116 3.2. Culto ........................................................................................................................ 118 3.2.1. Bastet ................................................................................................................ 122 3.2.2. Sekhmet ............................................................................................................ 124 3.3. Aspecto .................................................................................................................... 135 3.3.1. Bastet ................................................................................................................ 135 3.3.2. Sekhmet ............................................................................................................ 136 3.4. Onomástica .............................................................................................................. 142 3.4.1. Bastet ................................................................................................................ 142 3.4.2. Sekhmet ............................................................................................................ 143 3.5. Os agentes ................................................................................................................ 144 3.6. Temor e protecção ................................................................................................... 148 3.6.1. Bastet ................................................................................................................ 149 2 3.6.2. Sekhmet ............................................................................................................ 150 3.7. Bastet e Sekhmet no panteão egípcio ...................................................................... 160 Conclusão .............................................................................................................................. 165 Fontes e bibliografia ............................................................................................................. 171 Bibliografia de imagens ....................................................................................................... 180 3 Resumo Bastet e Sekhmet são entendidas, por vários autores, como um sistema religioso dual, sendo difícil não se falar numa sem se referir a outra. Porém, as circunstâncias desta associação, apesar de referidas, são pouco sustentadas por fontes (escritas e não só), sendo difícil entender qual a sua origem. O que se pretende estudar aqui são essas relações e interacções, percebendo cada um dos componentes desse sistema religioso de forma individual e, posteriormente, de forma conjunta. Esse estudo tem como base principal a análise de textos egípcios onde Bastet e Sekhmet figurem, de forma a que seja possível obter-se uma imagem mais nítida e precisa dessa dinâmica religiosa dual. Assim, partindo das fontes e recorrendo à bibliografia e produção historiográfica, serão analisados vários aspectos das duas divindades, destacando-se aqueles mais exaltados nas fontes. Desta forma, será permitido analisar as características da relação Bastet-Sekhmet e verificar a preponderância de uma e de outra, passando, tanto quanto possível, por toda a cronologia da história do antigo Egipto. Será também objecto de estudo a relação entre Bastet e Sekhmet com os seus equivalentes biológicos, o gato doméstico e o leão, respectivamente, de forma a tentar perceber como se coaduna o papel, atributos e personalidade de cada uma. Para isso recorrer-se-á a ciências auxiliares como a biologia e a geografia. A compreensão de Bastet e Sekhmet
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