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The Mystery of LEVELED BOOK • Z King Tut A Reading A–Z Level Z Leveled Book Word Count: 2,430 The Mystery of King Tut Written by David Dreier Visit www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. Photo Credits: Front cover, back cover: © Ferdinando Scianna/Magnum Photos; title page: © Museum Of Antiquities Basel, Andreas F. Voegelin/AP Images; page 3: © Rue des Archives/The Granger Collection, New York; page 4: © Amr Nabil/AP Images; The Mystery of page 6: © M. Spencer Green/AP Images; page 7: © iStockphoto.com/Prill Mediendesign & Fotografie; page 9: © Bettmann/Corbis; page 10: © Christopher Klein/National Geographic Stock; pages 10, 14b, 16b, 17b (backgrounds): © iStockphoto.com; pages 11 (all), 22: © Mary Evans Picture Library; pages 12, 14, 18: © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; page 13: © The Bridgeman Art Library; page 15: © Taylor S. Kennedy/National Geographic Stock; page 16: © Ozgur Guvenç/123RF; page 19: © Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Stock; page 20: © REUTERS/Supreme Council for Antiquities; page 21: © Ben Curtis/ King Tut AP Images; page 24: © Farrell Grehan/Corbis Front and back cover: The front and back of King Tutankhamun’s funeral mask, one of the treasures found in his tomb Table of Contents: British archaeologist Howard Carter, who discovered the tomb of King Tut, examines the golden sarcophagus during the excavation. King Tut’s sarcophagus The Mystery of King Tut Level Z Leveled Book © Learning A–Z Correlation ISBN 978-1-61515-150-9 LEVEL Z Written by David Dreier Written by David Dreier Fountas & Pinnell U–W All rights reserved. Reading Recovery N/A www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com DRA 50 Finding Tut In 1922, a British archaeologist (AR-kee-OLL- oh-jist) made a fantastic discovery in the country of Egypt . He found the tomb of Tutankhamun (toot-an-KAH-muhn), better known as King Tut . Tut ruled ancient Egypt more than 3,300 years ago, becoming pharaoh (FARE-oh) at the age of nine . He ruled less than a decade before dying suddenly at about age 19 . Over all the years since the opening of Tut’s coffin, many have wondered how and why the young king died . Just like detectives, archaeologists try to Table of Contents solve mysteries by looking at the evidence Finding Tut . 4 and by asking questions . King Tut’s Homeland . 5 Where did Tut live? King Tut’s Family . 7 What was his health The Boy Pharaoh . 11 like? Who were his family and friends? End of a Dynasty . 14 Did he have enemies? King Tut’s Tomb . 16 Answering questions The Suspects . 18 like these may help solve the ultimate The Body . 19 question: Why did Mystery Solved? . 22 What Tut might have looked King Tut die at such like, with his funeral mask a young age? Glossary . 23 in background The Mystery of King Tut • Level Z 3 4 King Tut’s Homeland At the beginning of the New Kingdom era, two of Egypt’s most important gods were Ra Ancient Egypt was ruled for about 3,000 years (RAH) and Amun (AH-muhn) . Ra was believed by a series of thirty dynasties (ruling families) . to live within the Sun . In images, he was often Historians group the first twenty dynasties into historical periods called the Early Dynastic Period, depicted as a falcon . Amun was usually depicted the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the as a man with a tall crown . New Kingdom . During the New Kingdom period, however, King Tutankhamun was a member of the 18th some Egyptians gradually began worshipping the Dynasty, the first ruling family of the New Sun in a different way . Instead of seeing the Sun as Ra’s home, they saw the Sun as a god itself . Kingdom, which MEDITERRANEAN SEA began around They called this new god Aten (AH-tuhn) and Alexandria depicted him as a golden disk with rays of light 1540 BC, almost Giza Heliopolis (Cairo) reaching toward Earth . two hundred Memphis SINAI years before Tut As Aten’s power as a god was even born . grew, other gods such as Ra Akhetaten and Amun were worshipped In ancient Hermopolis R E D (Amarna) Egypt, religious SEA less and less . Religion was belief was an an established part of life in EGYPT Valley of important part of the Kings Thebes Egypt, but there was some life . Egyptians at flexibility . To most people, that time this newcomer, Aten, was just worshipped another god among many . He many different N i l e R i v e r did not pose a threat to their Map of Ancient Egypt deities—gods religious beliefs until a young and goddesses . To fully understand King Tut’s life man named Amenhotep and perhaps his death, one must learn the history (Ah-muhn-HO-tep) IV—Tut’s behind this religious belief . father—became pharaoh . Amenhotep IV The Mystery of King Tut • Level Z 5 6 ruled over it alone, and continued to give life to Gods on the Job the world through his bright rays of light . Thus, Out of hundreds of deities, people usually chose to Amenhotep IV has been called the world’s first devote themselves to a small group of major and minor monotheist, someone who believes in a single, gods and goddesses. One reason Egyptians worshipped all-powerful god . particular deities was to get help with their careers. Thoth, god of writing and knowledge, was After about five years, the new pharaoh took worshipped by many scribes in ancient Egypt. a drastic step . He began a religious revolution, Seshat, goddess of writing and measurement, a sudden and complete change in the official would have been a better choice than Thoth for ancient religion of Egypt . He declared that Egyptians astronomers, architects, and mathematicians. could only worship Aten . He changed his name Ptah, god of craftspeople, was worshipped by artisans of all kinds, such as those who painted tomb to Akhenaten (ahk-NAH-tuhn), which means walls or those who made statues. “He Who Serves Aten .” Anubis, god of embalmers, was believed to be Akhenaten closed and tried to destroy a powerful friend of those who made their living by preparing the dead for the afterlife. temples where people worshipped the other gods . Akhenaten’s severe actions upset people who were used to worshipping many gods and angered the priests of the old gods . In various King Tut’s Family parts of Egypt, people tried to stop the Amenhotep IV began his rule in 1353 BC . He destruction of their temples, but the pharaoh’s has been shown in Egyptian artwork as an odd- military was able to control them . looking man with a long face, large lips, and a In addition to destroying temples, Akhenaten protruding belly . Amenhotep had been raised in also ordered a new capital city built . He moved the new Aten religion and was a true believer in the the capital away from Thebes and called the new Sun god . He saw Aten as a universal god—a god of city Akhetaten (ahk-TAH-tun), which means all the people in the world, not just Egyptians . “Horizon of Aten .” Today this area is called The pharaoh believed Aten, the universal Sun Amarna, and Akhenaten’s revolution is called the god, created the world at the beginning of time, Amarna Revolution . The Mystery of King Tut • Level Z 7 8 It was in this new capital of Egypt that King Tut Akhenaten died in 1336 BC after seventeen was born in about 1342 BC . He was named years of rule . What happened next is as puzzling Tutankhaten, meaning “the Living Image of Aten ”. as the other mysteries surrounding Tut’s life and Only recently, researchers positively identified death . There were apparently two rulers who had mummies that were Tut’s parents and very brief reigns after grandparents, using genetic tests . Using DNA Akhenaten’s death . samples taken from bones, the tests established One of them the mummy most likely to be Akhenaten as Tut’s may have been father and provided a five-generation family tree a brother of for the boy king . Tut’s mother is known to be one Tutankhaten . The of Akhenaten’s sisters, but which sister is uncertain . other may have been Marriages between close relatives were common in Akhenaten’s favorite Egyptian royal families so the family could keep wife, Nefertiti . No one their lands and the power that came with them . knows for sure . In any case, three or four years after Akhenaten’s death, the throne of Egypt was again empty so nine-year-old Tutankhaten became pharaoh . Queen Nefertiti Except for Cleopatra, no other queen of Egypt is as well known as Nefertiti (neh-fer-TEE-tee). She was the favorite wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti was likely stepmother to young Prince Tutankhaten (later Tutankhamun) after his mother died. Nefertiti died in Akhenaten and Nefertiti, possibly Tut’s stepmother, with their three her early 30s. children in a carving from a temple at Amarna The Mystery of King Tut • Level Z 9 10 The Boy Pharaoh King Tut had several servants in the court . One personal attendant, Tutu, had served Tut’s family Before and during his reign, Tut lived the life for years, since his grandfather had been king . of the wealthy . He wore jewelry, linen clothes, Other servants, some even younger than King Tut, perfumed oils, and makeup . Archaeologists would help him with even the smallest tasks . For found all these items in his tomb . As pharaoh, example, he had a cup bearer, whose job was to he would have been expected to hunt with make sure everyone’s drinking cups stayed full, members of his royal court, usually with a bow especially the young king’s .
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