Illustrations Key: Five of the most interesting articles this publica- tion year, (see the five illustrations at right) were on: • The Concept of “World” from flat to round to the realm of human activity “wherever” • “Assuring Mental Health among Future Lunar Pioneers” • “Railroading on Mars” • “Bursting Apollo’s Envelope” and • The Moon’s Remarkable “Alpine Valley.” Other articles of note include: • “Thinking Outside the Mass Fraction Box” (we have handicapped our options for space transpor- tation because of slavery to an unexamined assum- ption dating from Penemunde! • MMM’s “Platform for Mars 2.0” and other articles on Mars in our annual “March is for Mars” theme issue • Aspects of an Early Lunar Community • Taking the Green Movement to the Moon (several articles); • Hewn Basalt Products • Saddlebag Shielding for Vertical Habitats • Shadow Pioneers (Earthbound teleoperators) • Distance limits to tele-conversation • Does it rally take more fuel to land on the Moon than on Mars as Robert Zubrin claims? • A major article series by Dave Dietzler focuses on “LUNAR ENTERPRISE & OPPORTUNITY Parts 1-4 • The “Mother Earth & Father Sky” article touched again on the green themes. • Gordon Haverland contributed a critique on the options for “Engineering on the Moon and Beyond with local materials. • The tragedy of discarding of External Tanks, was touched on again: something MMM has opposed from the very beginning. In Addition There were a number of Book Reviews We do not preplan the article spread in any publication year. Some topics are revisited more often than others. It all depends on the inspirations of the contributing authors. Thanks, and Enjoy! 1 inhabited, and migration into Australia and the Pacific Islands and even into the Americas had begun. The World is Flat [MMM 21st Anniversary Essay] But until we began to reach the “East” by going “West” the common perception was that the world was round. True, ancient Greeks had realized that the world was round from two lines of evidence: AS THE WO RLD EXPANDS • The curvature of the Earth’s shadow on the Moon The Epic of Human Expansion Continues during lunar eclipses by Peter Kokh • The change in apparent latitude of key stars as one I have often heard the complaining question, traveled from Greece to Egypt “why can’t we just stick to our homeworld,” to which I am • But to the average person the world remained flat. quick to reply, “It’s too late for that. Our homeworld was The World becomes Round Africa and we expanded beyond that nearly a hundred In the 16th century as cross-Atlantic and thousand years ago. Expanding our “world” defines that around-the-world exploration became common, the Epic. Who are we to be the generation that says “halt?” reality of a round world sank in. Ever since, the spherical This sort of impatience with endless progress” is nature of the world has become ever more assertive as hardly new. In the aftermath of World War I, leading up to we have developed one new method of swift communica- World War II, the great pioneering British science fiction tion after another. When the first telegraph and telephone film “Things to Come” (Raymond Massey lead star), a film lines were laid across the bottom of the Atlantic connec- rendering of H.G. Wells’ “The Shape of Things to Come” ting North America with Europe in 1866, the effect on (1933) dealt with this impatience with endless change. public world consciousness was considerable. The irritating fact is that the pace of change, of Not quite a century later, Telstar 1, launched July progress, of expansion is ever accelerating, and adjusting 10, 1962, brought live television pictures originating in to that is hard for many individuals. the US to France that same day. Ever since we have It is more than four centuries since the “world” as enjoyed live newscasts and sportcasts from around the known to Europeans grew by the “discoveries” of the world. We not only shared one round world, we were now Americas. In actuality the epic of expansion has always actively interconnected over very short time intervals. proceeded quite a bit in advance of popular awareness of And now we have the World Wide Web, the it. Humans advanced “out of Africa” into Eurasia yet few Internet. The World has grown a brain of sorts. The people either in Africa or Eurasia may have been aware of “noosphere” predicted by French Jesuit philosopher the new larger combined “world.” Theilhard de Chardin (died 1955) has become reality. What is a/the “World?” From Africans to Terrestrials to Solarians Perhaps most people will understand “world” to During the past century or more, we have mean “the planet Earth.” We speak of other planets as equated “World” with “Earth” but that perception, that other worlds. That is the contemporary understanding. But to get at the real meaning of “world” we must look at identification, as logical as it now seems, is going to change. Think of it. The “world” can also be described, the concept phenomenologically. I would define world as without prejudice to the definition I offered above, as “a continuum of horizons, “a continuum of horizons, • from no point within which, the whole is visible.” • from no point of which, the whole is visible, That fits the “world” of our most ancient ancestors, as • but between all points of which, well as of our own era. Interestingly enough, it does not • travel and communication may become routine.” fit O’Neillian space settlements as I have pointed out in my 1996 paper, “Reinventing Space Oases.” Communications with the Moon involve a delay of under 3 seconds, between Earth-Moon and Mars, www.lunar-reclamation.org/papers/reinv_so.htm between 6 and 40 minutes. Compare that with the delay Originally, the “World” of humanity was Africa in communications in the 16th Century -- as much as While the exact figures may change as we learn months -- when everyone accepted that all parts of Earth more, the DNA evidence from mitochondria which are made up one world. only passed on through mothers (as mitochondria are That “World” defines a set of routinely inter- only found in the egg) is that all extant (living survivors) communicating living spaces, is more apt a definition humans are descended from one female in Africa about than any which restricts “World” to any one celestial 140,000 years ago. This does not say that there were no body. Now I put “routinely” into the definition to exclude other proto-humans at that time, but only that, if there possible extra-solar civilizations many light years apart, were, none of their descendants have survived. Nor does where sporadic one-way communications taking genera- it say that this female mated with only one male. tions is possible. The evidence goes on to conclude that all extant “Our” world will in time include settlements on branches of humanity excluding modern day Africans, are the Moon, expeditions in transit within the solar system, descended from one female who made the crossing into and outposts on Mars, and even beyond. You can get an Asia, not via Egypt, as previously thought, but across the answer to a question sent to an outpost on Pluto within a straights of Aden at the bottom of the Red Sea, straights day, a lot faster than Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand which these days are 20 miles across. At that time, heard back from Columbus. The world, to future gener- 80,000 years ago, the “world” of humans began to ations, will not mean “Earth”. It will mean the inhabited expand considerably until all parts of Eurasia were part of the Solar System. Get used to it! 2 From just one Earth continent, to all planet Earth, THINKING OUTSIDE THE MASS to everything in Earth’s orbit around the Sun, to every- thing reachable within Earth’s Solar System, the Epic of FRACTION BOX: 3 Human Expansion continues and is inevitable. If it were to stop because of deliberately cherished ignorance or through a failure of will, mankind will have betrayed its mission. “Go and expand into all the world.” “All the world” is on the verge of becoming “all the Solar System.” “World” is as inclusive as technology allows Our world to the extend that it means “every- thing within our reach” keeps expanding as our techno- logy keeps expanding. Our Epic has involved one great leap after another. The time has come for the next. Not to take this leap means to turn our back on the potential within us, to say “No” to God or to whatever forces you prefer to believe have resulted in our existence. Copernicus opened up our eyes to a universe populated by other worlds (this time, used in the sense of planets, or better, as bodies which could conceivably be or become theaters of human or intelligent activity. But it The Block & Tackle Pulley as an is only the age of the rocket which has allowed human Analogy of the Power of Leveraging travel to “continents” across the ocean of space, that has Concurrent Space Developments brought us to this point. Tomorrow, “world” in the sense of the evening news, will routinely include venues beyond to deliver much more to the Moon the “original” seven continents. With modern communica- By Peter Kokh tions it makes no difference if we are reporting human “ in Earth orbit you are halfway to anywhere” news stories from the Moon, from Antarctica, from any - Robert A. Heinlein other terrestrial “Timbuktu” or from elsewhere in our own The “effective” cost of goods local community.