DOCSLIB.ORG

Ending Police-Only Responses to Mental Health 911 Calls

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ending Police-Only Responses to Mental Health 911 Calls Dispatch Triage, Alternative Responders and Co-Response: Ending Police-Only Responses To Mental Health 911 Calls Communities United Against Police Brutality Dispatch Triage, Alternative Responders, and Co-Response: Ending Police-Only Responses to Mental Health 911 Calls Communities United Against Police Brutality Cover art, tables and graphics designed by Abigail Grewenow This white paper is dedicated to Archer Amorosi, Benjamin Evans, Kobe Heisler, Travis Jordan, Keaton Larson, Phil Quinn and others who lost their lives at the hands of law enforcement during a mental health crisis. With deep appreciation to the volunteers who spent many hours researching, writing, editing and reviewing this white paper. Our goal is to end the practice of police-only contacts for people in mental health crisis through presenting evidence and practical information to enable the necessary changes. We believe we have achieved this goal. --Volunteers with the Mental Health Working Group of Communities United Against Police Brutality August 2020 As someone who’s been a mental health practitioner for over 35 years, I cannot recommend this position paper strongly enough. Individuals and our society at large are still suffering from the broken promises of the mental health system’s de-institutionalization process that began in the 1980s and has flooded our streets, our prisons, and our homes with people who cannot access the mental health care they desperately need. Then, when these people with chronic mental health challenges are in their most desperate moments of crisis, their need is often met with a visit from the police, which further threatens their life and their well-being. We need a different strategy. This paper is a serious, well researched analysis of this problem that presents a vision of a better way: responding to mental health emergencies with mental health professionals. I encourage you to read it, and endorse these proposals. Rev. Daniel Wolpert, M.A., M.Div. Executive Director, Minnesota Institute of Contemplation and Healing i PREFACE Communities United Against Police Brutality (CUAPB) is a Minnesota all-volunteer grassroots organization that provides advocacy for survivors of police misconduct and the families of people killed by police. We work to address the underlying causes of unjust and harmful policing. Part of that work is research to help communities understand relevant problems and seek better solutions. This paper addresses field contact between police and people experiencing mental health issues. This is a narrow focus on a key crossroad in time. These contacts are the common points of divergent outcomes that lead to consequences for vulnerable persons, the criminal justice system, and the community. It is time to take a fresh look at how these contacts are handled, who handles them, and how to enable alternative responses when appropriate. This paper challenges the common reflex to simply provide more police training and casually accept the problems that arise thereafter. It is time to ask: Why are police officers responding? Why a police-only response? Why aren’t police collaborating on-scene with mental health professionals more often? These questions are at the heart of the crisis created by the ongoing surge in police contacts with persons who suffer from mental illness. In a September 22, 2017, PoliceOne.com article, Booker T. Hodges, a veteran Minnesota law enforcement officer, explored the relevant questions. His words are an apt starting point for this paper. I have been a Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) coach for over a decade and believe the current push for more mental health care training for police officers is a good thing in part. I say in part because after years of experience and research, I do not believe that law enforcement should be responsible for responding to non-violent mental health calls. As a profession, we are problem solvers. The public and elected officials know this, so they keep heaping societal problems on us with the expectation that we solve them. It is time we start saying no. There are two reasons why I believe society should stop having police officers respond to non-violent mental health calls: 1. Cops lack adequate mental health care response training The average psychologist has between 10-12 years of college education in addition to 3,000 hours of supervised training. A licensed mental health care professional has between 7-8 years of college education in addition to hundreds of hours of supervised training. By comparison, a police officer who attends a CIT course receives 40 hours of formalized training. Most police officers receive far less than 40 hours training afforded to those who attend CIT training. ii Yet despite this gap in training, society expects police officers to show up and handle mental health calls with the same precision and expertise of a mental health care professional. This is an unrealistic expectation. We are setting police officers up for failure by continuing to send them on calls that, in spite of our best efforts, we can never train them well enough to handle. 2. Law enforcement brings the tail of the criminal justice system There is a consensus within society that the criminal justice system is not the appropriate place to handle those who suffer from mental illness. In light of this, it makes no sense to send police officers—who bring the tail of the criminal justice system with them—on calls involving non-violent mentally ill individuals. The chance of a non-violent mentally ill person being interjected into the criminal justice system increases when they come into contact with police. Our jails are full of people suffering from mental illness who have no business being there, yet society keeps sending them because there is no other place for them to go.1 1 2 reasons cops should not respond to non-violent mental health calls. Hodges, Booker. Police1. Lexipol. September 22, 2017. https://www.policeone.com/patrol-issues/articles/421707006-2- reasons-cops-should-not-respond-to-non-violent-mental-health-cal iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Executive Summary vii I. Introduction 1 A) Law Enforcement Response to Mental Health Crises 3 B) Law Enforcement Officers as de facto Mobile Mental Health Crisis Workers 3 C) The Scope of the Problem 5 D) The Comparison That Matters: Police Officers vs. Mental Health Professionals 9 E) Our Scope: A Narrow Focus on the Point of Contact with Police 12 II. Key Principles 15 Principle 1: An on-scene mental health response is the proper response to a 15 mental health problem. Principle 2: Avoid police-only contacts with people in mental health crisis. 15 Principle 3: “The right service at the right place at the right time” creates 16 efficiencies and improves outcomes. Principle 4: Collaboration is key—“separate silos” is the problem. 16 III. The Police-Centered Status Quo—A Brief History 17 A) The Trap 17 B) Into The Soup 17 C) Laboratories of Democracy Stir 19 D) Growth Without Sunshine 20 IV. Foundations for Failure 23 A) Lack of Effective Dispatch Triage 23 1) The Police Obligation to Respond – Never Real and Being Withdrawn 2) Dispatch Triage at the Police Dispatcher Level (e.g. CAHOOTS) B) Stand-Alone CIT—Exaggerated Competencies and Separate Silos 26 1) CIT’s Core Elements Are Not Patient Centered 2) The Excuse To Avoid Co-Response or Alternative Response iv 3) Territorial Tendencies Result in More Investment in CIT 4) The CIT Paradox C) Refusal to Involve Alternative Responders 34 D) The Odd Effort to Misrepresent Follow-Up Services As Co-Response 34 E) Follow-Up Schemes Intended to Support Entrenched Police-Only Response 34 1) Rule Out Cost-Saving Deflections 2) Myth of a Clinician Labor Shortage 3) Betray Early Episode SMI Sufferers 4) Delay Care and Degrade Effectiveness 5) Are Risky 6) Business Model Told Them to Do It 7) Maintain a Failed Status Quo F) Dedicating Officers to Do Social Work Follow-Up Visits 39 G) LEAD Programs and Mental Illness 39 H) Telepsychology, Where Chosen for Convenience Only 44 I) Ambulances and EMTs Instead of Licensed Mobile Mental Health Crisis Workers 44 J) Using Under-Qualified Workers for Mobile Mental Health Crisis Response 44 1) CAHOOTS K) Promises to Collaborate Without Formal Policy and Mechanisms 45 V. Foundations for Success 47 A) General Concepts 47 1) Multi-Layered Response Schemes That Prioritize Collaboration at First Contact 2) Dispatch Triage 3) Alternative Responders—911 Mental Health First Responders 4) MN’s County Crisis Response Teams: Ideal Alternative and Co-Response Option 5) Co-Response and Mental Health Co-Responder Teams 6) Statutes, Medical Assistance, and Insurance Requirements B) Considerations for Rural Areas 62 1) Dispatch Triage and Alternative Response 2) Rural Co-Response 3) Co-Location v 4) Telepsychology for Rural Collaboration C) Start-Up Resources for Evidence Based Approaches 64 1) Advocates Inc. of Massachusetts - Technical Assistance Center 2) Law Enforcement Learning Sites VI. Specific Approaches for Success 67 A) Deflection and Prevention Before the Call to 911 67 B) Dispatch Triage—Examples 67 1) Ramsey County Deflection to County Crisis Response Team 2) Abilene (TX) Deflection to Crisis Response Team 3) Harris County 911 Crisis Call Diversion Program 4) Mental Health Nurses in U.K. Emergency Call Centers 5) Dallas Deflects at 911 to RIGHT Teams to Avoid Police Response 6) Other Examples of Dispatch Triage at 911 Emergency Call Centers C) Alternative Responders—911 Mental Health First Responders 69 1) Ramsey County Mental Crisis Response Teams 2) Psychiatric Emergency Response Team (PAM) – Stockholm 3) CAHOOTS Teams – Eugene, Oregon D) Post-Booking Diversion 81 E) Co-Location 81 F) Co-Response Options 81 1) New to the U.S.: Three-Person Officer/Clinician/EMT Co-Response Teams 2) LAPD and Houston: Very Large City Programs 3) St.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Governor Andrew M. Cuomo Wednesday, April 1, 2020
    Governor Andrew M. Cuomo Wednesday, April 1, 2020 9:30 AM Meeting Location: Governor’s Office State Capitol Albany, NY Staff: Melissa DeRosa, Secretary to the Governor Elizabeth Garvey, Special Counsel & Senior Advisor to the Governor 10:30 AM Meeting Location: Governor’s Office State Capitol Albany, NY Staff: Jim Malatras, President, SUNY Empire State College 11:00 AM Scheduled Call Staff: Melissa DeRosa, Secretary to the Governor Rob Mujica, Director of Budget Participants: Senator James Skoufis Senator Jen Metzger 11:30 AM Meeting Location: Governor’s Office State Capitol Albany, NY Staff: Melissa DeRosa, Secretary to the Governor Gareth Rhodes, Deputy Superintendent & Special Counsel, NYS Department of Financial Services Jim Malatras, President, SUNY Empire State College Howard Zucker, Commissioner, NYS Department of Health 12:00 PM Briefing on COVID-19 Response Location: Red Room State Capitol Albany, NY 3:00 PM Scheduled Call Staff: Michael Kopy, Director of Emergency Management Gareth Rhodes, Deputy Superintendent & Special Counsel, NYS Department of Financial Services Larry Schwartz, Special Advisor 4:00 PM Meeting 1 Location: Governor’s Office State Capitol Albany, NY Staff: Melissa DeRosa, Secretary to the Governor Rob Mujica, Director of Budget 5:00 PM Meeting Location: Governor’s Office State Capitol Albany, NY Staff: Gareth Rhodes, Deputy Superintendent & Special Counsel, NYS Department of Financial Services Jim Malatras, President, SUNY Empire State College Howard Zucker, Commissioner, NYS Department of Health Larry Schwartz,
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT for the DISTRICT of COLUMBIA ) SPEECHNOW.ORG, Et Al., ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) Civ. No. 08-248 (JR) V
    Case 1:08-cv-00248-JR Document 55 Filed 11/21/2008 Page 1 of 71 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ) SPEECHNOW.ORG, et al., ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) Civ. No. 08-248 (JR) v. ) ) FEC Response to Plaintiffs’ FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION, ) Proposed Findings of Fact ) Defendant. ) ____________________________________) DEFENDANT FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION’S RESPONSE TO PLAINTIFFS’ PROPOSED FINDINGS OF FACT The Federal Election Commission (“Commission”) hereby submits the following response to the Proposed Findings of Fact filed by plaintiffs SpeechNow.org (“SpeechNow”), David Keating, Edward Crane, Fred Young, Brad Russo and Scott Burkhardt (collectively “plaintiffs”). The Commission incorporates by reference its Memorandum In Support of Response to Plaintiffs’ Proposed Findings of Fact (“FEC Resp. Mem.”). Set forth below are additional specific objections and responses, as well as references to the Memorandum in order to note the portions of the Memorandum that are particularly responsive to specific facts. “I. SpeechNow.org” 1. Plaintiff SpeechNow.org is an independent group of citizens whose mission is to engage in express advocacy in favor of candidates who support the First Amendment and against those who do not. Declaration of David Keating in Support of Proposed Findings of Fact (hereinafter, “Keating Decl.”) at ¶¶ 2, 3; Keating Decl. Ex. H, Bylaws of SpeechNow.org (hereinafter, “Bylaws”), Art. II. Toward that end, SpeechNow.org planned to run television advertisements during the 2008 election cycle in the states and districts of political candidates whose records demonstrate that they do not support full protections for First Amendment rights. Keating Decl. at ¶ 15. While it 1 Case 1:08-cv-00248-JR Document 55 Filed 11/21/2008 Page 2 of 71 appears that SpeechNow.org will not be able to run advertisements in this election, it would like to run advertisements in future elections, including the 2010 election, similar to those it intended to run during the 2008 election season.
    [Show full text]
  • GAO: Reporting the Facts, 1981-1996, the Charles A. Bowsher Years
    GAO: REPORTING THE FACTS, 1981-1996 The Charles A. Bowsher Years Maarja Krusten, GAO Historian A GAO: REPORTING THE FACTS, 1981-1996 The Charles A. Bowsher Years Maarja Krusten, Historian U.S. Government Accountability Office Washington, DC January 2018 Contents 1. PREFACE: GAO Sounds the Alarm on a Major Financial Crisis ................................................... 1 2. Setting the Scene ........................................................... 8 GAO’s evolution from 1921 to 1981 .............................. 9 Charles A. Bowsher’s background, 1931-1981 ..............14 3. Bowsher’s Early Assessments of GAO’s Organization and Operations ...................................... 25 4. Managing the Cost of Government and Facing the Facts on the Deficit .................................... 48 5. Early Examinations of Reporting and Timeliness ....................................................................57 6. Managing and Housing a Diverse and Multi-Disciplinary Workforce .................................... 66 7. Pay for Performance .................................................... 89 8. Re-Establishment of GAO’s Investigative Function ....................................................................... 94 9. Looking at the Big Picture .........................................101 10. The Broad Scope of GAO’s Reports ..........................106 11. GAO’s Position Within the Government ....................119 12. Client Outreach and Quality Management .................125 GAO’s quality management initiative ........................128
    [Show full text]
  • Arts and Laughs ALL SOFT CLOTH CAR WASH $ 00 OFF 3ANY CAR WASH! EXPIRES 8/31/18
    FINAL-1 Sat, Jul 21, 2018 6:13:44 PM Your Weekly Guide to TV Entertainment for the week of July 28 - August 3, 2018 HARTNETT’S Arts and laughs ALL SOFT CLOTH CAR WASH $ 00 OFF 3ANY CAR WASH! EXPIRES 8/31/18 BUMPER Nick Offerman and Amy Hartnett's Car Poehler host “Making It” SPECIALISTS Wash H1artnett x 5` Auto Body, Inc. COLLISION REPAIR SPECIALISTS & APPRAISERS MA R.S. #2313 R. ALAN HARTNETT LIC. #2037 DANA F. HARTNETT LIC. #9482 15 WATER STREET DANVERS (Exit 23, Rte. 128) TEL. (978) 774-2474 FAX (978) 750-4663 Open 7 Days Mon.-Fri. 8-7, Sat. 8-6, Sun. 8-4 ** Gift Certificates Available ** Choosing the right OLD FASHIONED SERVICE Attorney is no accident FREE REGISTRY SERVICE Free Consultation PERSONAL INJURYCLAIMS • Automobile Accident Victims • Work Accidents • Slip &Fall • Motorcycle &Pedestrian Accidents John Doyle Forlizzi• Wrongfu Lawl Death Office INSURANCEDoyle Insurance AGENCY • Dog Attacks • Injuries2 x to 3 Children Voted #1 1 x 3 With 35 years experience on the North Insurance Shore we have aproven record of recovery Agency No Fee Unless Successful “Parks and Recreation” alumni Amy Poehler and Nick Offerman reunite in the artisanal The LawOffice of event of the summer to celebrate the creativity and craftiness in all of us. “Making It” STEPHEN M. FORLIZZI features artisans competing in themed challenges that are inspired by crafting and Auto • Homeowners DIY trends that test their creativity, skills and outside-the-box thinking — but there Business • Life Insurance 978.739.4898 can only be one Master Maker. Get inspired and laugh with the fun summer series pre- Harthorne Office Park •Suite 106 www.ForlizziLaw.com 978-777-6344 491 Maple Street, Danvers, MA 01923 [email protected] miering Tuesday, July 31, on NBC.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017-2018 Annual Report 2017-2018 View
    Founded in 1940, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) is the nation’s first civil and human rights law organization and has been completely separate from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) since 1957. From that era to the present, LDF’s mission has always been transformative: to achieve racial justice, equality, and an inclusive society. Photo: LDF Founder Thurgood Marshall contents 02 Message from the Chairs of the Board, Gerald S. Adolph and David W. Mills 04 Message from Sherrilyn Ifill, President and Director-Counsel 07 Litigation 10 A. Education 14 B. Political Participation 18 C. Criminal Justice 22 D. Economic Justice 26 E. Equal Justice 28 F. Supreme Court Advocacy 30 Policy and Advocacy 34 Thurgood Marshall Institute (TMI) 40 LDF in the Media 44 Fellowship and Scholarship Programs 48 Special Events 51 Supporters 61 Financial Report 64 Board of Directors We are proud to say that despite these Gerald S. Adolph mounting threats, LDF remains equal to the task. This annual report is a testament to LDF’s remarkable success in and out of the courtroom. David W. Mills 1 message from the chairs of the board In 1978, LDF’s founder Thurgood Marshall said, “Where you see wrong or inequality or injustice, speak out, because this is your country. This is your democracy. Make it. Protect it. Pass it on.” The NAACP Legal Defense Fund has been pursuing that mission since its founding. Through litigation and advocacy, LDF works to protect and preserve our democracy, so that its promises of liberty and justice can at last be made real for all Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Auto Body, Inc
    FINAL-1 Sat, Oct 14, 2017 7:52:52 PM Your Weekly Guide to TV Entertainment for the week of October 21 - 27, 2017 HARTNETT’S ALL SOFT CLOTH CAR WASH $ 00 OFF 3 ANY CAR WASH! EXPIRES 10/31/17 BUMPER SPECIALISTSHartnetts H1artnett x 5” On the Auto Body, Inc. COLLISION REPAIR SPECIALISTS & APPRAISERS MA R.S. #2313 R. ALAN HARTNETT LIC. #2037 run DANA F. HARTNETT LIC. #9482 Emma Dumont stars 15 WATER STREET in “The Gifted” DANVERS (Exit 23, Rte. 128) TEL. (978) 774-2474 FAX (978) 750-4663 Open 7 Days Now that their mutant abilities have been revealed, teenage siblings must go on the lam in a new episode of “The Gifted,” airing Mon.-Fri. 8-7, Sat. 8-6, Sun. 8-4 Monday. ** Gift Certificates Available ** Choosing the right OLD FASHIONED SERVICE Attorney is no accident FREE REGISTRY SERVICE Free Consultation PERSONAL INJURYCLAIMS • Automobile Accident Victims • Work Accidents Massachusetts’ First Credit Union • Slip &Fall • Motorcycle &Pedestrian Accidents Located at 370 Highland Avenue, Salem John Doyle Forlizzi• Wrongfu Lawl Death Office INSURANCEDoyle Insurance AGENCY • Dog Attacks St. Jean's Credit Union • Injuries2 x to 3 Children Voted #1 1 x 3” With 35 years experience on the North Serving over 15,000 Members •3 A Partx 3 of your Community since 1910 Insurance Shore we have aproven record of recovery Agency No Fee Unless Successful Supporting over 60 Non-Profit Organizations & Programs The LawOffice of Serving the Employees of over 40 Businesses STEPHEN M. FORLIZZI Auto • Homeowners 978.739.4898 978.219.1000 • www.stjeanscu.com Business
    [Show full text]
  • Political Journalists Tweet About the Final 2016 Presidential Debate Hannah Hopper East Tennessee State University
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2018 Political Journalists Tweet About the Final 2016 Presidential Debate Hannah Hopper East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the American Politics Commons, Communication Technology and New Media Commons, Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in Communication Commons, Journalism Studies Commons, Political Theory Commons, Social Influence and Political Communication Commons, and the Social Media Commons Recommended Citation Hopper, Hannah, "Political Journalists Tweet About the Final 2016 Presidential Debate" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3402. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3402 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Political Journalists Tweet About the Final 2016 Presidential Debate _____________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Media and Communication East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Brand and Media Strategy _____________________ by Hannah Hopper May 2018 _____________________ Dr. Susan E. Waters, Chair Dr. Melanie Richards Dr. Phyllis Thompson Keywords: Political Journalist, Twitter, Agenda Setting, Framing, Gatekeeping, Feminist Political Theory, Political Polarization, Presidential Debate, Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump ABSTRACT Political Journalists Tweet About the Final 2016 Presidential Debate by Hannah Hopper Past research shows that journalists are gatekeepers to information the public seeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Sinner to Saint
    FINAL-1 Sat, Nov 4, 2017 7:23:54 PM Your Weekly Guide to TV Entertainment for the week of November 11 - 17, 2017 OLD FASHIONED SERVICE Sinner to saint FREE REGISTRY SERVICE Kimberly Hébert Gregoy and Jason Ritter star in “Kevin (Probably) Saves the World” Massachusetts’ First Credit Union In spite of his selfish past — or perhaps be- Located at 370 Highland Avenue, Salem John Doyle cause of it — Kevin Finn (Jason Ritter, “Joan of St. Jean's Credit Union INSURANCEDoyle Insurance AGENCY Arcadia”) sets out to make the world a better 3 x 3 Voted #1 1 x 3 place in “Kevin (Probably) Saves the World,” Serving over 15,000 Members • A Part of your Community since 1910 Insurance Agency airing Tuesday, Nov. 14, on ABC. All the while, a Supporting over 60 Non-Profit Organizations & Programs celestial being known as Yvette (Kimberly Hé- bert Gregory, “Vice Principals”) guides him on Serving the Employees of over 40 Businesses Auto • Homeowners his mission. JoAnna Garcia Swisher (“Once 978.219.1000 • www.stjeanscu.com Business • Life Insurance Upon a Time”) and India de Beaufort (“Veep”) Offices also located in Lynn, Newburyport & Revere 978-777-6344 also star. Federally Insured by NCUA www.doyleinsurance.com FINAL-1 Sat, Nov 4, 2017 7:23:55 PM 2 • Salem News • November 11 - 17, 2017 TV with soul: New ABC drama follows a man on a mission By Kyla Brewer find and anoint a new generation the Hollywood ranks with roles in With You,” and has a recurring role ma, but they hope “Kevin (Proba- TV Media of righteous souls.
    [Show full text]
  • Citizens Commission Submission Time: February 28, 2019 9:19 Am
    Form Name: Citizens Commission Submission Time: February 28, 2019 9:19 am Name Jennifer Taub Address Phone Email Citizenship Affirmation I am a U.S. Citizen Residency Affirmation I am a resident of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Statement of Intent I intend to comply with and advance the policy established by this Act. Statement of Interest As a Massachusetts resident, a law professor, and board member of the non-profit Free Speech for People, I am greatly interested in serving on the Citizens Commission. My research, writing, and policy work centers on "follow the money matters." I have written two academic articles related to the impact of the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United on corporate political spending. Further, I have testified before the Massachusetts legislature previously concerning tax disclosure by presidential candidates. Finally, I like to collaborate with others to come up with sensible policy proposals and help craft the language to clearly communicate to policy makers and the public. It would be a great honor to serve the Commonwealth in this capacity. I would look forward to this opportunity to contribute to this important research and discussion. Thank you, Jennifer Taub Résumé or Summary of Qualifications https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.formstack.com/uploads/3282862/71887710 Upload /481849938/71887710_taub_cv_september_2018.pdf Political Party Affiliation, if any, over the Democratic previous five years CIty or Town where you reside NORTHAMPTON Employment Status Employed Occupation Law Professor Employer Vermont Law School JENNIFER TAUB EDUCATION Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA J.D. 1993, cum laude Recent Developments Editor of the Harvard Women’s Law Journal Yale University, New Haven, CT B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • KM Thesis-Master 20160925-Final
    The Construction of the Gang in British Columbia: Mafioso, Gangster, or Thug? An Examination of the Uniqueness of the BC Gangster Phenomenon By Keiron McConnell M.Sc. Public Order Policing, Leicester University, 2004 B.G.S., Open University of BC, 2002 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Policing, Security and Community Safety John Grieve Centre Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities © Keiron McConnell 2015 London Metropolitan University September 2015 Abstract This thesis explores the structure, demographics, and history of gangs in British Columbia (BC), Canada, through a social constructionist lens. The purpose of this research is for the reader to consider the current state of gangs in BC as inherently different from other places in the world, to assist in understanding why there may be misconceptions, and to promote the research and implementation of more appropriate context-specific interventions. Building on previous work conducted as a Vancouver Police officer of over 27 years, I participated in field observations with gang units in Toronto and Hobbema, Canada; Chicago and Los Angeles, USA; and London, England. I also examined gang typologies and definitions in academic literature as a segment of the historical context of gang research and highlight how these bodies of literature contribute to the social construction of gangs. A historical review of media-reported gang violence in BC from 1903 to 2012 demonstrates that gang violence is not a new phenomenon, and its history is an essential element in the constructed concept of the gang. As well, I conducted semi-structured interviews with participants who either police gangs, work with gangs, or were former gang members to get their perspectives on the issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Conflict Are U.S
    Published by CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. www.cqresearcher.com Racial Conflict Are U.S. policies discriminatory? ac e-centered conflicts in several U.S. cities have led to the strongest calls for policy reforms since the turbulent civil rights era of the 1960s. Propelled R largely by videos of violent police confrontations with African-Americans, protesters have taken to the streets in Chicago, New York and other cities demanding changes in police tactics. meanwhile, students — black and white — at several major universities have pressured school presidents to deal aggressively Demonstrators on Christmas Eve protest an alleged with racist incidents on campus. And activists in the emerging cover-up of a video showing a white Chicago police officer shooting 17-year-old African-American Laquan Black Lives matter movement are charging that “institutional racism” McDonald 16 times. The shooting — and others in which white police officers killed black suspects, often unarmed — has added fuel to a persists in public institutions and laws a half century after legally nationwide debate about systemic racism. sanctioned discrimination was banned. Critics of that view argue that moral failings in the black community — and not institutional racism — e xplain why many African-Americans lack parity with whites in such areas as wealth, employment, housing and educa - I tional attainment. B ut those who cite institutional racism say enor - THIS REPORT N THE ISSUES ......................27 mous socioeconomic gaps and entrenched housing and school S BACKGROUND ..................33 segregation patterns stem from societal decisions that far outweigh I CHRONOLOGY ..................35 individuals’ life choices. D CURRENT SITUATION ..........40 E CQ Researcher • Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • How Campaign Finance Reform Restructured Campaigns and the Political World
    Catholic University Law Review Volume 58 Issue 4 Summer 2009 Article 5 2009 Goodbye Soft Money, Hello Grassroots: How Campaign Finance Reform Restructured Campaigns and the Political World Laura MacCleery Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview Recommended Citation Laura MacCleery, Goodbye Soft Money, Hello Grassroots: How Campaign Finance Reform Restructured Campaigns and the Political World, 58 Cath. U. L. Rev. 965 (2009). Available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol58/iss4/5 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Catholic University Law Review by an authorized editor of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GOODBYE SOFT MONEY, HELLO GRASSROOTS: HOW CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM RESTRUCTURED CAMPAIGNS AND THE POLITICAL WORLD Laura MacCleery+ I. IN TRO D UCTION ........................................................................................... 966 II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTY FUND-RAISING ........................... 971 A. Direct Mail Fund-raisingand the Seeds of a Republican R evolu tion .................................................................................................. 9 7 1 B. The Democrats'Response:Mixing Business with Politics................... 973 C. A Culture of Corruptionand Scandalon the Hill ................................ 975 D. The Rise of Soft Money ........................................................................
    [Show full text]