Desk-Based Heritage Assessment Report

Project Ref: 16/2575

Client: Dorothy House Hospice Care

15 August 2016

Bristol & West Archaeology

Planning Authority: Wiltshire County Council

National Grid Reference Centred on: NGR ST 8248 6083

Author: Emma Whitcombe

Report Status: Final Issue Date: 07/09/2016 BWA Ref: 16/2575

No part of this report is to be copied in any way without prior written consent.

Parkfield House, Parkfield, Pucklechurch, Bristol BS16 9NS. Tel. 0117 9372450. Email [email protected]

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[Title]

Desk-Based Heritage Assessment Report

CONTENTS NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2 BASELINE SURVEY ...... 3 3 IMPACT STATEMENT ...... 9 4 CONCLUSIONS ...... 13 5 REFERENCES ...... 14

FIGURES Figure 1: Study area with the approximate boundary outlined in red...... 16 Figure 2: Detail of the study area...... 17 Figure 3: Wiltshire Historic Environment Record data for the site and 1km buffer area...... 18 Figure 4: NHLE designations data including Listed Buildings and Scheduled Monument ...... 19 Figure 5: Detail of a photographic copy of a map of the manor of Winsley and the parsonage of Haugh, the estate of John Thresher, drawn by Philip Assenton, 1727...... 20 Figure 6: An extract from the First Series Ordnance Survey map of 1817...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 7: An extract from the 1841 Tithe map of Bradford town, WSHC 77/12. .. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 8: OS County Series: WILTSHIRE 1:2500 1887...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 9: OS County Series: WILTSHIRE 1:2500 1901...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 10: OS County Series: WILTSHIRE 1:2500 1924.Error! Bookmark not defined.

PLATES Plate a: View of the current car park from the study area, looking northwest ...... 3 Plate b: The solar panels along the northern boundary of the field containing the study area. Looking north-northwest...... 3 Plate c: The current access to the Winsley/Murhill road, looking west ...... 3 Plate d: The current access to the site from the Winsley/Murhill road, looking north- northeast ...... 3 Plate e: The upper terrace, with the car park behind, looking north ...... 4 Plate f: The upper terrace, looking west ...... 4

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Plate g: The lower terrace, with the gradual incline below (left), looking west ...... 4 Plate h: The upper terrace with solar panels (left), lower terrace and view through to Turleigh, looking southeast ...... 4 Plate i: Census year vertical aerial photograph, 3/219147 ...... 27 Plate j: Census year vertical aerial photograph, 4/217087 ...... 27 Plate k: Census year vertical aerial photograph, 4/109 ...... 28 Plate l: Census year vertical aerial photograph, 5/46 ...... 28 Plate m: Census year vertical aerial photograph, 4/251 ...... 29 Plate n: Census year vertical aerial photograph, 5/43 ...... 29 Plate o: Census year vertical aerial photograph, 4/116 ...... 30 Plate p: Vertical aerial photograph from WSHER GIS layer...... 30 Plate q: Dorothy House, showing the retained carriage entranceway. Looking south...... 31

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NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY Bristol and West Archaeology was commissioned by Rackham Planning Ltd to prepare an archaeological desk-based assessment of Dorothy House Hospice, Winsley (centred on NGR ST 8248 6083; 'the site'). Planning consent may include a condition for the implementation of a programme of archaeological work to ensure the mitigation of any impacts to buried archaeological remains, which may survive beneath the proposed development area, with the scope of the archaeological mitigation agreed upon in advance of the development taking place. This report seeks to provide additional information on the nature and likely extent of any buried archaeological remains within the site, with a view to informing the scope of the archaeological mitigation prior to/during any development. Baseline conditions relating to the archaeological resource were established through consideration of all recorded heritage assets within a 1km study area around the site and desk-based review of publicly accessible sources of primary and synthesised information. A review of the available information indicates that the archaeological interest within the site relates to the potential for archaeological remains associated with early prehistoric occupation, agrarian management and rural settlement of later prehistoric, Romano-British, medieval and post-medieval date. There is considered to be moderate potential for the presence and survival of archaeological material within the site. Archaeological monitoring of groundwork might be recommended in order to record any archaeological remains, but this may not be required on the basis of limited indications of archaeological features from cartographic, photographic and remote sensing evidence and the likelihood that the site may have been under pasture for some time.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bristol and West Archaeology Limited wish to acknowledge the assistance given by the following in the production of this report: Rackham Planning Ltd; Mr Barry Newley and the other staff of Dorothy House Hospice; Thomas Sunley, Historic Environment Record Data Manager, Wiltshire Archaeology Service; Dorothy Treasure, Wiltshire Buildings Record; Wiltshire and Swindon Archives; the staff of the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background 1.1.1 Wiltshire Council has requested a Desk-Based Heritage Assessment at Dorothy House Hospice, Winsley, Bradford-on-Avon BA15 2LE (centred NGR ST 59788 60796). This work was requested prior to the submission of a planning application on the study area, in order to assess the heritage potential of the study area and the likely impact of any proposed development on identified and potential heritage assets. The project was commissioned by Rackham Planning Ltd. 1.1.2 The application will be for the extension of the existing car parking area, due to the current allocation regularly reaching capacity. It is proposed that a further area will be stripped and paved, including another road access point, currently a gated track entrance, and stepped pedestrian access will be added to link the new area to the existing access to the Hospice. 1.1.3 In accordance with the Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014), this assessment draws together available information on heritage assets, topographic and land-use information so as to establish the potential for archaeological assets within the site. The assessment includes the results an examination of published and unpublished records, aerial photographs and historic maps.

1.2 Site Location and Topography and Land Use (see Figure 1 and 2) 1.2.1 The study area is situated on the southwest edge of the village of Winsley in West Wiltshire, approximately 2.8km west of central Bradford-on-Avon, the site of an ancient river-crossing. It lies on the north bank of the Avon valley on ground which rises to the north, to a plateau of Oolitic Limestone in the Cotswold Hills. West of the site, the river, as well as the Kennet and Avon Canal and a section of the Great Western Railway, curve northwards towards Bath. While the northern side of the Avon valley rises steeply, the southern side is more undulating. 1.2.2 The study area is an irregular rectangle approximately 75m long and with a varying width between 45m and 25m. Its area is approximately 2350m2 and it rises from approximately 105m to 118m above Ordnance Datum (aOD). Two distinct terraces run east-west across the hillside, creating two level areas at approximately 111m and 115m aOD. These are likely to be retained in the proposed development. 1.2.3 The site is currently reached by a gated track entrance at its northwest corner onto the road connecting Winsley, to the north, with Murhill, to the southwest, beyond which it joins the B3108. This entrance will be reworked to become the proposed access for the new car park extension. 1.2.4 The field is currently under pasture and grazed by sheep. The western margin of the field is lined with mixed age deciduous trees and defined from the road by a drystone wall.

1.3 Geology 1.3.1 The natural bedrock consists of Chalfield Oolite Formation limestone, which dates from the Jurassic Era (165-168 million years BP; BGS 2016a, 2016b).

1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 This document has been prepared in accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF; (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012), National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG; (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2014), and the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and

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Guidance for desk-based assessment (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, December 2014). 1.4.2 Searches were made of all indices of information held on the Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record Database. Indices and collections were also consulted in the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, including the Wiltshire Buildings Record file for Winsley House and the census-year aerial photographs held by the Wiltshire Council Archaeology Service. 1.4.3 An HER data enquiry for a 1km buffer from the centre of the study area was submitted on 13 July and received 14 July 2016. The study area was visited on 25 July 2016, during which digital still photographs were taken and field notes made. 1.4.4 This document was compiled using MS Word for Mac 2011, figures were produced using QGIS 2.8.9, and photographs were taken with an Apple iPhone 5S (author’s) and a Canon IXUS (Bruce Williams’).

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2 BASELINE SURVEY

2.1 Site Inspection (see Figure 1 andFigure 2) 2.1.1 The author and Bruce Williams of Bristol and West Archaeology Ltd undertook a brief walkover and photographic survey on 25 July 2016, in the company of Barry Newley.

Plate a. View of the current car park from the Plate b. The solar panels along the northern study area, looking northwest. boundary of the field containing the study

area. The current car park is to the left, with the hospice complex behind. Looking north- 2.1.2 The terraced field containing the study area is northwest. currently being exploited as pastureland, with a row of solar panels running east-west along its northern margin (Plates a and b). 2.1.3 To the north, the study area is bounded by the existing car park (Plate a) accessed from the Winsley/Murhill road. Access to the study area is currently gained through a gated track entrance onto this road (Plates c and d).

Plate d. The current access to the site from Plate c. The current access to the the Winsley/Murhill road, looking north- Winsley/Murhill road, looking west. northeast.

2.1.4 The field within which the study area falls from north to south, with two distinct terraces creating several levels: the current car park, an upper terrace, a larger lower terraced area, below which a more gradual incline falls to the southern tree-line (Plates e, f, g and h).

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Plate e. The upper terrace, with the car park Plate f. The upper terrace, looking west. behind, looking north.

Plate g. The lower terrace, with the gradual Plate h. The upper terrace with solar panels incline below (left), looking west. (left), lower terrace and view through to Turleigh, looking southeast. 2.1.5 The village of Turleigh is visible to the southeast from the study area, indicating that the area will also be visible from this historic settlement.

2.2 Archaeological background

Introduction 2.2.1 The following section provides a brief summary of the historical development of the site and its environs, compiled from sources listed above. The aim is to establish the known and potential heritage assets within and around the site that could be affected by the development, with particular reference to setting. 2.2.2 This report will only reference those heritage assets within the study area that are directly relevant to the discussion. Please refer to Figure 3 and Table 2 for details of the WSHER records.

Palaeolithic to Roman 2.2.3 The prehistoric period is not securely represented in the Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record (WSHER) within the study area or within the immediate surrounds.

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This may be due to the limited formal archaeological activity that has so far been carried out in this largely rural area. The Wiltshire Council Community History web page on Winsley (2016) suggests that there is evidence of prehistoric activity present in the region, particularly in the northern part of the ancient parish of Bradford-on-Avon. While Winsley falls within this parish, the earliest activity, comprising Mesolithic tools including a scrapers and a macehead, are listed as having been found to the northwest and west, at Conkwell and Murhill. Neolithic finds are also mentioned as having been recovered from a site at Inwood. However, these entries do not have solid location information. 2.2.4 A search of an approximate area between Bradford-on-Avon and Limpley Stoke on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database online (PAS, 2016) returned results including an Early Neolithic leaf arrowhead and a Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age retouched flake. 2.2.5 Referring to the WHER, undated field systems and an undated oval enclosure have been identified from aerial photography in fields to the north, northeast and northwest of the site (WSHER ST76SE605, ST76SE604, ST86SW615 and ST76SE608, plates i-o). The field systems seem to predate the field boundaries on the consulted historic mapping (see Figures 5-10) and it is possible that these features could represent either prehistoric or medieval activity. 2.2.6 Further undated features, an earthwork, no longer evident (WSHER ST86SW602), and a circular cropmark, which may have once been associated with four standing stones (WSHER ST86SW614), could also represent either prehistoric or medieval activity. 2.2.7 A possible long barrow is identified on 1961 Ordnance Survey mapping (WSHER ST86SW620), though this is considered to be a dubious interpretation of the 1.5m high roughly triangular ditchless flat-topped mound described. The area is covered with trees in later aerial photography (plates i-o), so further interpretation is not possible. 2.2.8 While there is no known evidence in the immediate area for activity predating the early Neolithic, it has previously been noted that the valley deposits to the south of the river Avon have revealed buried soil horizons at depths of 2m below the present surface, indicating that palaeoenvironmental or potentially Palaeolithic material might be preserved at these depths (Heaton, M., 1997). 2.2.9 An assessment of LIDAR data over an area west of Bradford-on-Avon (Canham, 2014) revealed a landscape micro-topography indicative of, and overall pattern of, rectangular enclosures, interpreted as prehistoric or ‘Celtic’ field systems (contrasting with the later much narrower medieval strip-field patterns still visible on some of the earlier historic mapping, e.g. Figure 5). This assessment suggests that the some of the undated systems detailed above and rather more vaguely mapped from aerial photography on the WSHER, may indeed be prehistoric rather than medieval, though it is entirely possible that these features represent a mixture of dates. 2.2.10 Later prehistoric activity is also present in the wider area, with the site of no longer extant early Iron Age Budbury Hillfort, a six acre defended promontory overlooking the river and ford, located in western Bradford-on-Avon approximately 2.4km east of the study area (Wiltshire Council Archaeology Service, 2004). 2.2.11 Roman coins have been discovered directly north (WSHER ST76SE303) and some distance southeast of the site (WSHER ST86SW301). The Portable Antiquities Scheme database search (PAS, 2016) returned results including Roman pottery and a further coin, all of which suggest settlement activity in the area. 2.2.12 Falling between the Roman city of Aqua Sulis at Bath and the substantial villa complex at Bradford, the area of the Avon valley that Winsley falls within is likely to have been occupied and cultivated. There may also have been a villa at Murhill and further settlement at Hartleigh, where high-status items including a child’s stone coffin have been found from this period (Wiltshire Council Community History, 2016).

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2.2.13 The site is situated within an area where evidence for human activity is seen from at least the early Neolithic period and possibly earlier. While there is little evidence surviving from the Bronze Age period, the Iron Age and Roman periods are well-represented, with exploitation of much of the landscape evident at this time. While some of the undated field-systems on the WHER may represent medieval activity, it is likely that particularly those identified in the LIDAR survey are prehistoric in date. Though the study area itself appears blank on the consulted historic mapping and aerial photography, the presence of below-ground later prehistoric agricultural or rural settlement evidence cannot be precluded.

Saxon and medieval 2.2.14 While neither are listed in the Domesday Book (Open Domesday, 2016), Winsley and Turleigh are both described as villages with medieval origins (WSHER ST76SE451 and ST86SW461). 2.2.15 There is no clear evidence of Saxon settlement in Winsley, but farming may have continued from Romano-British times. A Saxon estate was granted to Nunnaminster (St. Mary's monastery at Winchester) in AD 955, and later given to Shaftesbury Abbey, in whose ownership it remained until 1540 (Wiltshire Council Community History, 2016). 2.2.16 The settlements of Winsley, Haugh, Ashely, Hartleigh and Turleigh all have names of Saxon origin, suggesting that they may predate the medieval period in which they became established; several of these were larger in the 13th century than they are today (Wiltshire Council Community History, 2016). 2.2.17 Bradford-on-Avon, to the east, was a thriving centre for the woollen industry in the medieval period (Chettle et al. 1953) and Winsley was one of the outlying settlements that fell within its ancient parish. The current historic centres of Winsley and Turleigh became established towards the 16th century, and buildings with origins in this period such as Burghope Manor (NHLE 1021917), The Lyns, a farmhouse (NHLE 1285206), Turleigh Farmhouse (NHLE 1021911) and Turleigh Mill (NHLE 1180975) still survive. 2.2.18 The Winsley parish Church of St Nicholas retains a 15th century tower, though the majority of the building was rebuilt in 1841 (NHLE 1285144). The village still includes standing buildings that date back to the 16th century, particularly in the southwest of the settlement, which forms the historic centre of the village (see the distribution of NHLE Listed Building records pictured in Figure 4). 2.2.19 Undated possible strip lynchet fields to the southeast of the study area, identified from aerial photography (WSHER ST86SW601), could represent medieval activity, but they have also been suggested to have a natural explanation (Heaton, 1997). 2.2.20 While a prehistoric origin seems convincing, based on the supporting LIDAR data (Canham, 2014), parts or all of the undated field systems described in the section above may have a medieval origin. 2.2.21 The Portable Antiquities Scheme database search (PAS, 2016) returned results including medieval coarse pottery, a finger ring and buckle, all of which suggest domestic activity in the area. However, the quantities are not large and it seems likely that Bradford-on- Avon remained the focus for activity in the area in this period, while the outlying villages perhaps played more of an agricultural role. On the Assenton map of 1727 (Figure 5), medieval strip field systems are still evident in the fields to the east and south of the site, clearly showing consistent exploitation from the medieval through to the post-medieval period. Interestingly, the present terraces appear to already be in place at this time, suggesting that they are a landscaping feature that predates this map.

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Post-medieval, 19th century and modern site development 2.2.22 Evidence of later agricultural and settlement activity in the immediate area includes several historic farmsteads identified as part of the Wiltshire Farmsteads Mapping Project (WSHER MWI68393, MWI68394, MWI68395, MWI68396, MWI68397, MWI68398, MWI68399 and MWI68465). These vary from 17th century to 19th century and several are now demolished. Of the eight, five have been identified as Outfarms, or as having been situated in isolated locations, away from other settlement. All are or were situated along the higher ground, north of the river/canal/railway and overlooking the valley. 2.2.23 A post-medieval wharf and tramway, now a Scheduled Monument (WSHER ST76SE526 and NHLE 1004693), operated in the 19th century. This is recorded as having operated in the late 19th century, but as having produced poor quality stone, which was used in the North face of the Dundas Aqueduct. 2.2.24 There is significant evidence of quarrying in the surrounding landscape during the post- medieval period, with sites known from historic mapping to have operated at Murhill, and in Winsley itself, including in the field less than 200m directly to the east of the study area (see Figures 8-10). In 1841, the census recorded 105 labourers working in the stone quarries at Winsley (Crittal, E. ed., 1959). The main aim of the quarries in this area was likely to be the extraction of Bath Stone, which comes from the beds of Oolitic limestone like this one, largely found in north-west Wiltshire (Crittal, E. ed., 1959). This stone extraction is inextricably linked with the industrial landscape which is key to the Avon valley from the mid 19th century, as first the Kennet and Avon canal and then the Great Western Railway both enabled transport and trade of the stone, but also required it in their construction. 2.2.25 The influence of the industry is apparent on the growing settlement and surrounding area, with 18th and 19th century buildings retaining names such as ‘Rock Cottage’ (NHLE 1180895) and ‘Stoneleigh’ (NHLE 1021903). The Methodist chapel in Winsley dates from 1902 (Chettle, H. F. et al., 1953), representing the link between miners and nonconformism (Crittal, E. ed., 1959). 2.2.26 The LIDAR survey carried out by Roy Canham (Canham, 2014) also identified clear detail of quarrying and geology on the steep Avon valley side. 2.2.27 Quarrying activity continued in this landscape into at least the 20th century, with a new area visible for the first time on the 1924 OS County Series map approximately 500m southeast of the study area (Figure 10) and, though clearly out of use by 1971, still visible on aerial photographs (plates i-p). 2.2.28 The study area lies within plots no. 1544 and 1545 on the 1841 tithe map (Error! Reference source not found.7). These are listed in the accompanying tithe survey as owned by William Stone Esq., occupied by ‘Himself’ and under pasture. William Stone also owns and occupies plot 1539, described as ‘House, Garden and Premises’, where Winsley House, the structure predating the current building, was located. 2.2.29 Evidence of 20th century military activity comprises a series of World War II pillboxes of varying designs, distributed along the Kennet and Avon canal and river Avon between Avoncliff and Freshford, to the south of the study area (WSHER MWI31502, MWI31595, MWI31596, MWI31597 and MWI31598). 2.2.30 An excellent history of the present building has been written by R. and B. Harvey in 1993, including details of the history of the site before the present building was constructed from local stone in 1902, which focuses on owners and the history of structures on the site. This can be found in the Wiltshire Building Record file relating to Winsley House. In very brief summary, it was preceded by a 17th century structure and was a high-status building from this time onwards. It is not listed, but the wall to the north bordering Bradford Road is (NHLE 1424264); this may date back to 1657, as this is the date on a stone located under one of three heraldic-seeming stone dogs which

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decorate its top. In 1952, the house became the Sutcliffe School, a remedial school for boys, before being purchased by the Dorothy House Foundation in 1992 prior to conversion to the current hospice building. 2.2.31 The present building retains several features of interest, including a medieval-style oriel window which was originally placed to light the billiard room (Harvey, 1993) and a coach-house entranceway now framing the hospice’s out-of-hours entrance (plate q). 2.2.32 The post-medieval period seems to be when the current settlement of Winsley became established in its current form. This is of no surprise, considering the rural industrial landscape that developed in the area in the 18th and 19th centuries. Despite this busy landscape emerging around the study area, it seems likely from documentary and cartographic evidence that the field itself has remained pastureland throughout this period. However, bearing in mind the changes that have occurred over time to the structures of various dates known as Winsley House immediately to the north of the study area, and the nature of the surrounding landscape, it is possible that evidence of post-medieval landscaping, agriculture, buildings or industrial activity might be preserved.

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3 IMPACT STATEMENT

3.1 Significance Criteria 3.1.1 Local planning authorities require an applicant to provide an assessment of the significance of any heritage assets affected by a proposal, including any contribution made by their setting. 3.1.2 The importance/sensitivity of some heritage assets is formally recognised through designation (Scheduling of a monument, or the Listing of a built structure). The following terminology has been adopted within this assessment for classifying and discussing the historic environment:  A Heritage Asset is a building, monument, site, place; area or landscape identified as meriting consideration in planning decisions because of its heritage interest (NPPF, Annex 2 glossary);

 The Setting of a heritage asset is the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed, can extend beyond the asset’s curtilage and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral (NPPF, Annex 2 Glossary);

 Significance (for heritage policy), as defined in the NPPF (Annex 2 Glossary) is used to describe the heritage interest of an asset to this and future generations. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives from not only a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting (see Table 1).

3.1.3 Value is used in reference to the components of a heritage asset that determines its significance. 3.1.4 Guidance provided by Historic England introduced the concept of values when weighing the significance of heritage assets with reference to the following value criteria (bracketed terms indicate corresponding values identified in NPPF):  Evidential (Archaeological) value. Deriving from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity.

 Historical value. Deriving from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. It tends to be illustrative or associative.

 Aesthetic (Architectural or Artistic) value. Deriving from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place.

 Communal value. Deriving from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory. Communal values are closely bound up with historical (particularly associative) and aesthetic values, but tend to have additional and specific aspects.

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Table 1 - Heritage significance definitions

Heritage significance Criteria World Heritage Sites and the individual attributes that convey their Outstanding Universal Value. Areas associated with International intangible historic activities as evidenced by the register and areas with associations with particular innovations, scientific developments, movements or individuals of global importance. Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings (Grade I, II*), Registered Historic Parks and Gardens (Grade I, II*). Also includes unscheduled sites and monuments of schedulable quality and/or importance discovered through the course of National evaluation or mitigation. Designated and undesignated historic landscapes of outstanding interest, or high quality and importance and of demonstrable national value. Well-preserved historic landscapes, exhibiting considerable coherence, time- depth or other critical factors. Conservation Areas, Grade II Listed Buildings and Registered Historic Parks and Gardens. Historic townscapes and landscapes with reasonable coherence, time-depth and other critical factor(s). Unlisted assets that can be shown to have exceptional qualities or historic association. Designated special historic Regional landscapes. Undesignated historic landscapes that would justify special historic landscape designation, landscapes of regional value. Averagely well-preserved historic landscapes with reasonable coherence, time-depth or other critical factors. Archaeological features and deposits of regional importance. Locally Listed Buildings and Sites of Importance within a district level. Heritage Assets with importance to local interest groups or that contribute to local research objectives. Robust undesignated assets compromised by poor preservation and/or Local poor contextual associations. Robust undesignated historic landscapes. Historic landscapes with importance to local interest groups. Historic landscapes whose value is limited by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations. Assets with no demonstrable research potential. This may include heavily truncated archaeological remains, chance finds of isolated artefacts that have no archaeological context or remains/structures which are identified as archaeological assets Negligible by a Local Authority Historic Environment Record but which have been previously destroyed.

3.2 Known heritage assets 3.2.1 There are no Scheduled Monuments within the site or the immediate area of the site. 3.2.2 The one Listed Building within the immediate area is the wall bordering Bradford Road (NHLE 1424264) to the north. This is separated from the development area by the hospice complex and existing car park. Any impact on its setting is considered to be negligible or in fact beneficial, as the car park extension will reduce the pressure from overcrowding in the current, closer car park.

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3.3 Archaeological interest 3.3.1 The archaeological interest within the site relates to the potential for archaeological remains associated with occupation, agrarian management and rural settlement of prehistoric, Romano-British, medieval and post-medieval date. 3.3.2 The surrounding landscape shows evidence of some occupation in the earlier prehistoric period. While the potential for the recovery of this material is low, anything surviving would be of at least regional/national significance. 3.3.3 More likely is the preservation of later prehistoric agrarian management and rural settlement evidence, though this is not clearly seen directly on this site in LIDAR or aerial photography. While the potential for the recovery of this material is moderate, anything surviving would be likely to be at least of local/regional significance. 3.3.4 The site is placed directly within a landscape with known evidence of high-status settlement during the Roman period. Specific evidence from this area for this period is limited, however, suggesting that any surviving archaeological material would be most likely to comprise agrarian management and possibly low level rural settlement. Anything surviving would be likely to be at least of local significance. 3.3.5 The site lies within a medieval landscape that is focussed on Bradford-on-Avon, to the east. There is moderate potential for the survival of evidence of agrarian management in the area, though this may also be focussed on other neighbouring fields as the study area may have been under pasture since this period. Anything surviving might be of local significance, but is likely to be negligible. 3.3.6 The site lies within a post-medieval landscape showing evidence of extensive agricultural and industrial exploitation, particularly quarrying in the immediate area. There is considered to be minimal potential for surviving remains that are related to this, since cartographic evidence suggests the area to be under pasture from this time. Any surviving material from this period might be of local to regional interest.

3.4 Assessment of impact 3.4.1 Development to the site will involve the extension of a car parking area, improving and updating road access and adding pedestrian access, possibly stepped, to the hospice complex. The specific design detailing further construction methods is not yet known. However, the further works at the site may include some or all of the following ground disturbance: - Excavations for paved surfaces and services, - Groundworks associated with hard and soft landscaping 3.4.2 Construction groundworks undertaken in relation to the proposed development have the potential to cause damage to or loss of buried archaeological features, where present. This could in turn result in a total or partial loss of significance of these heritage assets. 3.4.3 Any adverse impact to buried archaeological features would be permanent and irreversible in nature. This potential adverse effect could be satisfactorily managed and reduced through the implementation of an appropriate scheme of archaeological mitigation. 3.4.4 Where the development is proposed, there is considered to be moderate potential for the survival of prehistoric or Roman remains associated with settlement and/or agricultural land management and minimal potential for the survival of medieval or post-medieval remains associated with settlement and/or agricultural land management.

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3.5 Visual impact 3.5.1 Also to be noted is the intervisibility with Turleigh, another historic village. There is the potential for the development work and the new car park to impact the setting of the northwest margins of this village from which the new developed area may be visible through a gap in the treeline (see Plate h).

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4 CONCLUSION 4.1.1 Management of the effect of the development proposals on the heritage resource will be a condition of any planning permission granted. 4.1.2 Whilst the review of available information indicates that the archaeological potential of the site may not be high, due to the likelihood that it has been under pasture for some time, the conditions for archaeological preservation within the majority of this area are likely to be good. Minimal archaeological monitoring of groundworks, for instance a watching brief, might be recommended.

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5 REFERENCES

5.1 Abbreviations aOD Above Ordnance Datum BGS British Geological Survey DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government DCMS Department for Culture, Media and Sport GIS Geographical Information System HE Historic England CIfA Chartered Institute for Archaeologists NHLE National Heritage List for England NMR National Monuments Record NMRC National Monuments Record Centre, Swindon OS Ordnance Survey QGIS Quantum GIS (mapping software) WSA Wiltshire and Swindon Archives WSHC Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre WSHER Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record

5.2 Bibliography

BGS (2016a). Chalfield Oolite Formation, Available from: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=CFDO [Accessed: 10 August 2016]

BGS (2016b). Winsley, Available from: http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html [Accessed: 10 August 2016]

Canham, R. (2014). A Land Through Time. Ex Libris Press and Bradford-on-Avon Museum.

Chartered Institue for Archaeologists (December 2014). Standards and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment, s.l.: CIfA

Chettle, H.F., Powell, W.R., Spalding, P.A. & Tillott, P.M. (1953) Parishes - Bradford-on-Avon (R.B. Pugh & E. Crittall, Eds.), Available from: [Accessed: 13 August 2013]

'Other industries', in A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 4, ed. Elizabeth Crittall (London, 1959), pp. 220-253. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol4/pp220-253 [accessed 13 August 2016].

Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012. National Planning Policy Framework, s.l.: DCLG.

Department for Communities and Local Government, 2014. Planning Practice Guidance: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment, s.l.: DCLG.

Dates in Our History (2016). Available at www.dorothyhouse.org.uk/about-dorothyhouse/history/dates-in-our-history/ [Accessed 14 August 2016]

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Etheridge, D. (2013) The Riverside Inn, Bradford-On-Avon. Bristol: Bristol and West Archaeology.

Harvey, R. and B. (1993), Winsley House History. Wiltshire Building Record file B5245.

Heaton, M. (1997). Turleigh Flood Prevention Scheme, Winsley, near Bradford on Avon. Warminster: Archaeological Site Investigations.

Heaton, M. (2013). Dorothy House Community Lodges, Winsley, Wiltshire. Michael Heaton Heritage Consultants.

Open Domesday (2016). Available at: www.opendomesday.org/ [Accessed 12 August 2016]

OpenStreetMap (2016). Available at: www.openstreetmap.org [Accessed 3 August 2016]

Portable Antiquities Scheme (2016). finds.org.uk/database/search/results/bbox/51.332757%2C- 2.308105%2C51.357633%2C-2.25386 [Accessed 12 August 2016]

Wiltshire County Archaeology Service (2004). Bradford on Avon: An Extensive Urban Survey, Trowbridge: Wiltshire County Archaeological Service.

Wiltshire Council Community History (2016). Available at: history.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getcom_print.php?id=248 [Accessed 12 August 2016]

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FIGURE 1

Figure 1: Study area with the approximate boundary outlined in red. Scale as indicated.

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FIGURE 2

Area 2

Area 1

Figure 2: Detail of the study area. Boundary of the study area outlined in red and existing car park area shaded in blue.

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FIGURE 3

Area 2

Area 1

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FIGURE 4

Figure 4: NHLE designations data including Listed Buildings (blue points and polygons) and Scheduled Monument (pink hashed polygon) (© Historic England) for the site and 1km buffer area. Boundary of the study area outlined in red.

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FIGURE 5

Figure 5: Detail of a photographic copy of a map of the manor of Winsley and the parsonage of Haugh, the estate of John Thresher, drawn by Philip Assenton, 1727.

Approximate location of the study area indicated in red. Image reproduced by kind permission of Wiltshire and Swindon Archives.

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