■ 研究論文 Effects of Urbanization on the Performance of the Home in West ,

イ ン ドネ シアのホーム ガーデ ンの構造 に及ぼす都市化 の影響

Hadi Susilo ARIFIN Keiji SAKAMOTO Kyozo CHIBA ア リ フ ィ ン ・ハ デ ィ ・ス シ ロ*坂 本 圭 児**千 葉 喬 三**

ABSTRACT: The home "peharangan" in Indonesia is the traditional garden with agroforestry and sustainable land use in the tropical regions. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the effects of urbanization on the performance of the home gardens in , Indonesia. The study sites were ranked into the least urbanized site, the intermediate urbanized site, and the most urbanized site. The performances of the home gardens were compared among these different urbanized sites. The home gardens in the most urbanized sites were derived from the dry land and mixed garden, and those in the least and intermediate urbanized sites had been the home gardens for along time, or were derived from mixed gardens or from rice fields. The area of home gardens tended to decrease due to urbanization, and the shape was restricted to block and strip pattern in the most urbanized sites. The frequencies of front yards were high in all the sites, and side yardstended to decrease due to urbanization, but the back yards were remaining even in the most urbanized sites. From the point of the composition of the elements in the home gardens, it was suggested that properties of the recycling system for agroforestry and the sociality or the public utilization were diminishing in the home gardens due to the urbanization.

INTRODUCTION performance due to urbanization is century and to West Java in the middle of Home gardens "pekarangan" , are important. the eighteenth century (Abdoellah, 1985; defined to be open spaces surrounding The objective of this study was to Christanty and Iskandar, 1985). Peka- houses privately owned in Indonesia. examine the effects of urbanization on the rangan is derived from the Sundanese These gardens have various functions performance of home gardens in West word "karang" , meaning a place to live, "k such as for agro-forestry, and usually Java, Indonesia. The physical and non- arang" means tree or stone. maintain a mixture of perennial and biological characteristics of home gar- Therefore, "pekarangan" literally means annual , and domestic animals dens in this study were compared for a place to coconut or other trees (including wild , insects and small several sites in various areas. (Ahmad et al, 1980). The pekarangan is mammals), which serves a variety of not merely a production unit. Bavappa biophysical, economic and socio-cultural HOME GARDENS AND THE (1991) pointed out that the multiple function for the owner (Abdoellah, 1985; URBANIZATION IN INDONE- functions of the pekarangan improves the Soemarwoto and Christanty, 1985). SIA community nutrition, household income, Interaction among humans, plants and Home gardens like "pekarangan" are employment opportunities for family domestic animals is thought to maintain commonly found in the tropical and members, environment and land conser- a specific with high biodiver- subtropical regions, throughout South- vation and also plays an important role sity and the sustainable land use in a east Asia, South Asia, Africa, Latin in religious and cultural ceremonies. One typical home garden. America and the Pacific Islands of the interpretations, pekarangan is Due to a rapid sprawling of cities, (Soemarwoto & Conway, 1988). There "pepek ing karang" (Sundanese) which especially in West Java, the structure and are many English terms that have been means a complete design in one piece of function of home gardens is thought to used in place of home garden, such as land. Usually it consists a courtyard, change due to urbanization. It was door yard garden, , mostly in front of the house. The court- found that the most prominent effect of farmyard, and homestead. Local verna- yard or buruan (Sundanese) or pelataran urbanization was the increase in orna- cular terms are often used in referring to (Javanese) or halaman (Indonesian) is mental species (Arifin et. al. , 1996; Arifin this system, such as jardin de case or an important place for socializing and the et. al. , in press) . The impact of urbaniza- jardin de femme in Africa, plei in education of cultural and social values tion is thought to have an effect on the Polynesia, and pekarangan in Indonesia for children by their elders. The court- form and the diversity of physical ele- (Soemarwoto and Christanty, 1985). yard also functions as a place for relig- ments in home gardens. Therefore, a Peharangan originated in Central ious rituals and cultural ceremonies, study of the changes of home garden Java and spread to in the 12` h informal gathering, as well as a chil-

*Th e Graduate School of Natural Science and Technorogy, Okayama University 岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 Faculty of , Okayama University 岡山大学農学部

325 dren's playground (Abdoellah, 1985). commercial, road line, and high density ously by Sundanese. Sirnagalih-Pagen- From an ecological perspective the residential uses on serviced land. Urbani- tongan is a cluster unit in Loji Village, tiered planting of trees and plants in the zation is also characterized by an in- Bogor District which is locate 5 km south pekarangan shows a tendency towards creased population. The increase of the west from the CBD of Bogor City. Loji the ecological imitation of forest struc- population in the process of urbanization Village is located on the urban fringe of tures (Stoler, 1978). They are dominated was due to the migration from the rural Bogor City. There are three rivers, the by perennials rather than annuals and by areas to the cities. They migrate because Sindangbarang River, the Ciomas River woody plants rather than herbaceous of the opportunities for the various and the Cisadane River. Natives and plants. They are characterized by a professions and high level of the educa- migrants are almost balanced in this closed structure, provided by fruit and tion and income in the urban areas. The study site. According to the ethnic timber trees. This closed canopy struc- migrants in Java Island are not only composition, three-fourths of them were ture functions to lessen the impact of from the rural areas of Java, also from Sundanese, and the others were Javanese, heavy rains on the soil, reduces soil the other regions or islands. Therefore, Betawinese, and Sumatranese. Babakan temperatures, and controls erosion and the citizens of the urban areas in Java Sukaningal is a hamlet in Ciomas weed growth. The pekarangan has a high Island consist of multi-ethnic people. Rahayu Village, Bogor District which is productivity and stability throughout the The increasing urbanization created a located 7 km south west from the CBD of year, combined with low maintenance need for housing, however, the home Bogor City. Ciomas Rahayu Village is costs, relatively low energy input for its garden lot sizes are decreased. This located in the urban fringe of Bogor City. establishment, it is responsive to intensi- problem increases land speculation which This village is located between the fication, it has a socio-economic flexibil- in turn causes the increase of land prices. Cikereti River and Sindangbarang River. ity and security, and provides an impor- Daw (1991) pointed out that the Indone- Their inhabitants were dominated by the tant contribution to the nutrition and sian pekarangan areas recorded a decline natives, and both natives and migrants income of its cultivators (Anderson, of 14 percent in the mean pekarangan size were Sundanese. Tegal Gundil old 1980). In the typical home gardens of between the 3 year averages between settlement and Tegal Gundil new settle- West Java, man, plants and animals are 1980-82 and 1986-88 (i.e. 2.2 percent per ment are neighborhood units in the Tegal integrated into a food chain. A recycling annum). Gundil Village, Bogor Municipality. It is system is commonly found in this region located ca. 1.5 km from the CBD of (Soemarwoto and Soemarwoto, 1981). STUDY SITES Bogor City. The old and new settlements For example, the mud of fishponds are Six study sites were established in are separated by a road. There is the composted with animal excretion. The Cianjur District, Bogor District, and Cirahcas river in the eastern part of the is used as manure for the plants. Bogor Municipality in West Java Prov- old settlement and the Cibogor river in The plants in turn are harvested and ince, Indonesia (Fig. 1). Both Cianjur the western part of the new settlement. consumed by the people and also fed to and Bogor are medium-sized cities. As a hamlet, the old settlement has been the animals. Cibakung is a hamlet in Selajambe inhabited by the Sundanese natives for a The pekarangan is located at the Village, Cianjur District. It is located long time. However, now there are house site in both rural and urban areas approximately 13 km east from the Javanese, Betawinese and Ambonese (20 of Indonesia (Brownrigg, 1985). Interre- central business district (CBD) of percent). The inhabitants of the new lation factors such as cultural, social, Cianjur City. The Cijurang River flows settlement are almost all migrants from economical, and the ecological factors through the study site. Even though this outside of West Java (Javanese, influenced the structures and functions of study site consists of natives and mi- Sumatranese, Sulawesinese, Chinese and the Indonesian home gardens. grants, it used to be inhabited homogene- Arabic ethnic). Sundanese comprise only Urbanization has been occurring in some areas in Indonesia, particularly in West Java which is located near Jakarta. Urbanism brings about many changes to its surrounding environment. Degrada- tion of agriculture land and deforestation have been occurring, and particularly along the periphery of the city rural land uses have been changing into urban ones. There was a 2.0 percent degradation of rice field per annum in the twenty year interval from 1973 to 1993 (from 5.5 million ha to 3.4 million ha) on the island of Java (Irham, 1997). In Indonesia, Fig.1. Location of the study sites, West Java Province, Indonesia. urbanization allows industrial,

326 J.JILA 61 (4), 1998 10 percent of the population. Baranang- geographical, sociological and economi- More than 1 eigen value of the compo- siang Indah is a new residential area in cal characteristics were surveyed to nents were adopted as the criteria for Katulampa Village, Bogor District. It is determine the urbanization level of the extraction of the principal component. located on the out-skirt of Bogor City, study sites. Coordination of the study From the analysis, two principal compo- and is approximately 4 km east of the sites was conducted using the principal nents were extracted, and the cumulative CBD. A small river is located on the component analysis (PCA) for the char- proportion was 86.8 percent (Table 2). outskirts of the village. One fifth of the acteristics. The relationships between For the first component, the values for inhabitants were Sundanese, and the the performance of home gardens and the population density, ratio of building others were Javanese, Chinese, Sumatra- coordination of the study sites were occupation and asphalt road length were nese, Betawinese and Sulawesinese. Some analyzed and discussed. positive and high, and the values of of them work in Jakarta. The altitude of all study sites is 300-350 m above sea level. The annual precipita- tion is 1,767.7 mm in Cibakung, 2,800 mm in Sirnagalih Pagentongan and Babakan Sukaningal, 2,511 mm in Tegal Gundil, and 3,000 mm in Baranangsiang Indah.

STUDY METHODS Thirty samples of home garden were selected in Cibakung, 21 samples in Sirnagalih Pagentongan, 10 samples in Babakan Sukaningal, 20 samples in the Tegal Gundil old settlement, 10 samples in the Tegal Gundil new settlement, and Fig2. Flow chart of research procedure. 24 samples in Baranangsiang Indah. Random sampling was used for the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION distance to the nearest city, ratio of rice neighborhood unit (Rukun Tetangga) or field occupation and the ratio of farmers the cluster unit (Rukun Warga) of the Coordination of Study Sites were negative and low. The first compo- study sites. Field surveys and interviews Geographical, social and economical nent was thought to mean the develop- with the inhabitants were conducted in properties of the study sites were exam- ment of the infrastructure. For the each site from July to August, 1995. ined with respect to distance to the second component, the values for the The field surveys were used to investi- nearest city, population density of ratio of dry land occupation and the gate the shape and size of each home villages, asphalt roads length per area, mean of income were positive and high, garden, the appearance pattern of open percentages of residential area, rice and and the values for the residing period and space zones around house, and inventory dry fields, residential period, percentages ratio of the natives were negative and the elements of home gardens, i.e. gates, of farmers, school carriers, income and low. The second component was found fences, , garden tracks, public native inhabitants (Table 1). Population to mean the socio-economic condition. paths, site for clothes line, site for drying density, land use and asphalt road length Both of these two principal components farm products, storage, car lot, - were thought to be important properties were found to mean the tendency of pond, animal shelter/cages, water well, of the study sites. The information of the urbanization. bathing site and toilet, lamp poles, variables was used to compare the study The study sites were ranked in relation garbage dumps. The questions of inter- sites in the different regions. As the to their principal component scores. For views related to the house-holder's study sites were cluster or neighborhood each study site the principal component background, i.e. residing period, educa- units in the village, it was found to be scores were plotted on a scatter diagram tional level, civil status, profession and better to collect the data in the villages. (Fig. 3.). The study sites were classified income. The respondents were heads of These variables in the villages were given into three groups. The first and second the family or house wives as their repre- as the properties of the study sites. The component scores of the Tegal Gundil sentatives. Distances to the central geographical, social and economical new settlement and Baranangsiang Indah business district of the nearest city and properties varied remarkably with the were high, and ranked as the most asphalt road length per area were meas- study sites. urbanized site group. The Tegal Gundil ured from topographic maps. Village The principal component analysis was new settlement and Baranangsiang Indah population density and land use in each conducted with these 11 variables to rank were named M-1 and M-2, respectively. village unit were referred from village the study sites. For the PCA the vari- The first component score of Cibakung data reports. ables were normalized, i.e. the mean was extremely low, and it ranked the Fig. 2 shows research procedure. The value: 0, and the standard deviation: 1. least urbanized group. It was named L-1.

ラ ン ドス ケ ー プ 研 究61(4), 1998 327 Table.1. Geographical, social and economic properties of the study sites.

respectively.

Table2. Result of principal component analysis. The least urbanized site (L-1) con- sisted of home gardens adjoining mixed gardens or kebun campuran (the off- house-site where annuals are mixed with half grown perennials plant to obtain multi-layered system), and surrounded by paddy fields. It was indicated as a typical rural area. Mixed gardens are still remaining in the inter- mediate urbanized sites I-1, I-2, and I-3. The settlements of I-1 and I-2 are sur- rounded by abandoned arable land and is rapidly replaced by new residential areas. The transition from rural to urban can be seen as a characteristic for the periphery areas. The most urbanized sites, M-1 and M-2 are new housing estates, and were constructed in 1994 and 1989/1990, respec- tively. The housing estates were built on the dry land (tegalan) and mixed gar- dens. These settlements provide modern facilities and infrastructures with an urban atmosphere. These information confirmed the site grouping by PCA. The results enabled comparing the form of home gardens and the presence of home garden elements among the most urbanized sites, intermediate urbanized sites and the least urbanized sites.

Form of The Home Gardens by Sites Previously the land uses were home gardens, mixed gardens, rice fields, dry land, and bare land. Home gardens as a Fig.3. Scatter diagram of the study sites by PCA previous land use meant that land utiliza- tion had been a home garden, and the house holder inherited or purchased the Sirnagalih Pagentongan, Babakan urbanized group and the least urbanized present home gardens. Bare land means Sukaningal and the Tegal Gundil old group. Sirnagalih Pagentongan, Baba- abandoned land. Previous land use in the settlement were found to be located in the kan Sukaningal and the Tegal Gundil old least urbanized area, L-1 were home intermediate order between the most settlement were named I-1, I-2, I-3, gardens, mixed gardens, and a

328 J.JILA 61 (4), 1998 combination of both (Fig.4). The combi- Christanty, 1985). The smaller gardens to build a new house in their home nation occurred when the house holders are found in urban areas and at higher garden. After the parents were dead, the expanded the previous home gardens to altitudes (Brownrigg, 1985). Among the home garden was divided according to the adjacent land. Frequencies of home study sites, the size of the home gardens the number of children. The heritage gardens and mixed gardens were high, ranged from 30 m2 in I-3 to 4,000 m2 in system was found on 53%, 48%, 80%, and the other previous land uses were L-1. The average size of the home and 55% of home garden samples in L-1, also found in I-1, I-2, and I-3. In the most gardens in the study site was 649.5 m2 in I-1, I-2, and 1-3, respectively. Therefore, urbanized group, M-1 and M-2, most of L-1, 521.7m2 in I-1, 327.1 m2 in I-2, 233.6m2 the area of home gardens also became home gardens were constructed on dry in M-1, 229 m2 in M-2 and 193.5 m2 in I-3. smaller in the least and intermediate land. According to Soemarwoto and This order mostly coincided with the urbanized sites. Soemarwoto (1981), in the rural areas the order of urbanization. A decrease in the Shapes and patterns of the home pekarangan resembles a forest from area of home gardens in the most urban- gardens for study sites were classified which it evolved when people became ized sites was thought to be caused by the into three classes, i.e. block, strip, and sedentary and built a settlement. When high population density and land prices. irregular patterns. Block pattern was more settlements were constructed with However, in Fig. 5 the small size home defined as a home garden site whose ratio increasing population density, home gardens tended to be constructed from rice fields or other agricultural lands. Home gardens area class distribution in each study site was examined (Fig. 5). Home gardens areas which were more than 1,000 m2were found in L-1 and I-1. The area distribution of L-1 and I-1 were analogous to the normal distribution

pattern. The area distributions of I-2 Fig.5. Area class distribution of home estates in each study site. and I-3 represented the inverse J shaped distributions. On the other hand, the of length and width was 1 to 2. Strip pattern was defined as a home garden site whose ratio of length and width was more than 2. The frequencies of these patterns were examined (Fig. 6). The irregular pattern were found dominantly in the least and intermediate urbanized sites. Conversely, block and strip patterns were frequently found in the most urbanized sites. The irregular shape of home gardens rarely occurred in the most urbanized sites. Open space zoning in the home garden was classified into four types: i.e. front Fig.4. Frequency of previous land use of home gardens (hg: home garden, mg: mixed garden, rf: rice field, dl: dry land, bl: ba- yard, back yard, left side yard, and right reland/bushland). Some home gardens were derived from side yard relative to the location of the twe or more types of land use. dwelling. The frequencies of these types were examined in each study site (Fig.7). range of the areas in M-1 and M-2 was gardens were found in the least and The frequency of a was high in restricted to small areas, i.e. less than intermediate site, although the ratios of every site. The back yard occurred with 500m2.The size of home gardens tended to them were small. As the population in a high frequency in the least and the most decrease with urbanization. the rural areas has been increasing and urbanized sites (L-1, M-2, M-1), and also In Java, the size of home gardens the home garden area is fairly constant, in I-1. The frequency of side yards were ranges from less than 100m2to over 3,000 m2 the average home garden size in the rural low in the most urbanized sites, M-1 and , with an average of 500m2 (Karyono, area is a downward trend (Daw, 1991; M-2. The courtyard (halaman, or 1981). On the other islands they are Arifin et. al., 1997). The heritage system buruan, or pelataran) is a typical part of larger than in Java, with a range of less was thought to influence the area of the the home garden for social activities, than 1,000m2to 2 ha, and an average of 2, home gardens. In West Java parents religious rituals, cultural ceremonies, 500m2(Christanty, 1985; Soemarwoto and allowed their married sons and daughters informal gathering, or children's

ラ ン ドス ケ ー プ 研 究61(4), 1998 329 playground (Abdoellah, 1985), usually urbanized sites. Gate, fence, , characteristics of the study sites. For the located in front of the house. Therefore, garden track, public track, site for analysis, the elements were categories the front yard was found frequently in all clothes line, site for drying farm prod- and the home gardens were the samples. the sites. Arifin et. al. (1996) pointed out ucts, storage, car lot, water well, As variables of categories, the value of 1 that plants for aesthetic purpose are bathing site/toilet, fish pond, animal was substituted for the presence, and the found frequently in front yards, and shelter, lamp pole, and garbage dump value of 0 for the absence. Two correla- plants for agro-forestry frequently in the were given as elements of the home tion axes were extracted with the criteria back and side yards of both rural and gardens. The number of elements in the where eigen values were more than 0.1. urban areas. Landscaping for agro- home garden of the least urbanized site Each element in the home gardens was forestry was remaining even in the most was larger than that of the most urban- plotted in a scatter diagram with the and intermediate urbanized sites. ized site. The composition of the elements category score according to the two were thought to change by the urbaniza- correlation axes (Fig. 11). Elements of Home Gardens tion. The frequencies of the occurrence of Each home garden was plotted in the Fig. 8, Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show the these elements for each study site were scatter diagrams with the sample score design and the elements for the typical examined (Table 3). The frequencies of according to the values for two axes (Fig. home gardens of the least, the intermedi- these elements varied with the study sites. 12). The elements for the modern facili- ate, and the most urbanized sites, respec- Analysis of quantification theory III ties tended to have high scores in the first tively. The design were complicated and was conducted to examine the relation- axis. The elements for agricultural asymmetric for the least urbanized sites, ships between the occurrence of each activities tended to have low scores in the but simple and symmetric for the most element in the home gardens and the second axis. The clusters by study sites

Fig.6. Frequency of home gardens shape in Fig.7. Frequency of the ocurrence of open space zones around each study site. house building (FY: front yard; BY: back yard; LY: left side yard; RY: right side yard).

Fig.8. Design and the elements of home garden in the least urbanized site. The photo (right) was taken from the hedge rows of the west side and shows the elements in the back yard.

330 J.JILA 61 (4), 1998 Fig.9. Design and the elements of home garden in the intermediate urbanized site. The photo (right) was taken from the entrance gate of the north side and shows the elements in the front yard.

Fig.10. Design and the elements of home garden in the most urbanized site. The photo (right) was taken from the car lot and shows the elements in the front yard.

were recognized in the scatter diagrams. and the group of M-1 and M-2. The scores sociality were found in the home gardens. The sample scores of the least urban- of I-3 were widely distributed. All of the The recycling system and sociality were ized site (L-1) for the first axis were elements in the home gardens were found thought to depend upon the composition lower. The sample scores of the most with low frequencies in I-3. of the elements in the home garden. The urbanized sites (M-1 and M-2) for the Home gardens in Indonesia have a relation between these functions and the first axis were high. The sample scores of specific function as agro-forestry. results of the analysis for the elements I-1 and I-2 were intermediate between L-1 Production, recycle of substances and was examined.

Table.3. Frequencies (%) of ocurrence of home garden elements in each study site.

1)garbage was composted or bunt in the garbage dump/garbage hole 2) garbage was removed to the outside

ラ ン ドス ケ ー プ 研 究61(4), 1998 331 The wastes from the household, mud from the fishpond, and the excretion from domestic animals were re-utilized as the compost and fodder for production in the agro-forestry. This system needed the garbage dump, fishpond, bathing site and toilet, and animal shelter in the home gardens. The bathing sites and toilets, and the animal shelter tended to be present frequently in the least urbanized sites, and rarely in the most urbanized sites. Frequencies of occurrence of these elements were intermediate in the inter- mediate urbanized sites. The garbage dumps were common in all the study sites. The garbage holes were, however, important for the recycling system, because the compost was prepared in the holes and the garbage in the garbage Fig.11. Scatter diagram of category scores (home garden elements) dump of the most urbanized sites was by Quantification Theory (III) removed to the outside. The garbage holes were common in the least urbanized and intermediate urbanized sites. The elements for the recycling system tended to be frequently present in the least urbanized and intermediate urbanized sites, and rarely in the most urbanized sites. Many elements were related to the sociality in the least urbanized home garden. Home garden was passed by public track; hedges were often used for the border; gates and fences were scarcely found in the least urbanized site, which permitted neighbors to enter the home gardens freely. Water wells, bathing sites and toilets were common in the least urbanized home gardens. Most of bathing sites and toilets were set in fishponds. These facilities were also used by neighbors. Home gardens in the Fig.12. Scatter diagram of sample scores (home gardens) by Quantification Theory (III). least urbanized sites functioned as social facilities. The sociality was also found in the intermediate urbanized home garden. Many home gardens were fenced, was dominant in the most urbanized CONCLUSION but they were not completely closed. home gardens. 1. The study sites were classified into Hedges were often used for the border. The function of agroforestry is dimin- three groups, i.e. the least urbanized, Neighbors can enter them freely, the ishing due to urbanization, from the intermediate urbanized, and most concept of trespassing does not exist in point of the vegetation structure (Arifin urbanized sites. The form of home the intermediate home gardens. However, et. al., 1996; Arifin et. al., in press). It gardens and the presence of home home gardens in the most urbanized sites was thought that the properties for the garden's elements were compared did not present this utilization. Home recycling system and sociality were also among the levels of urbanization. garden had gates and fences made from diminishing by the urbanization from the 2. The crescent of urbanization level was trellis or concrete walls, paving for car point of composition of elements in the marked by a reduction in the average lot and garden track, and lamp pole. home gardens. size of home gardens; block and strip The sense for privacy and safety purposes of home garden patterns were

332 J.JILA 61 (4), 1998 dominant; side yards in the home Japan 3(3), 38-40. performance, and constraints. Pro- garden zones disappeared signifi- 5. -,-, and - ceedings Seminar on Pekarangan cantly; however, the frequency of (1997) Effects of the fragmentation- Land: Development Possibilities and back yards was high. and the change of the social and Their Contribution to Farmers' 3. According to the function of the economical aspects on the vegetation Welfare, pp.1-17, Center for Agro- elements, the sense of private owner- structure in the rural home gardens of Socioeconomic Research & Develop- ship and aesthetics are dominant in West Java, Indonesia. Japanese ment (AARD), Ministry of Agricul- the most urbanized home gardens, i.e. Insti-tute of ture (MOA) with Food and Agricul- gates, fences, car lots, lamp poles, 60(5), 489-494. ture Organization of The United and garden tracks. On the other hand, 6. -,-, and - Nations (FAO), Bali. functions for production, recycling (in Press) Effects of -urbanization 12. Irham (1997) Urbanisasi dan konversi systems, public facilities, and the on the vegetation structure of home lahan pertanian di Jawa: studi kasus intimate atmosphere of home gardens gardens in West Java, Indonesia. Daerah Jabotabek, Paper of The 6th still remain constant in the least Japanese Journal of Tropical Agri- Scientific Meeting of The Indonesian urbanized home gardens, i.e. sites for culture. Student Association in Japan, Gifu. drying farm products, storage, 7. Bavappa, K.V.A. (1991) Develop- (in Indonesian). animal shelters, fishponds, garbage ment options of pekarangan farming 13. Karyono (1981) Home Garden Struc- holes, water wells and bathing sites, system, Proceedings Seminar on ture in Rural Areas of the Citarum hedges, and public paths. These Pekarangan Land: Development Watershed, West Java. Ph. D. Disser- functions have been diminishing due Possibilities and Their Contribution tation, Padjadjaran University, to urbanization. to Farmers' Welfare, pp.18-28, Center Bandung. for Agro-Socioeconomic Research & 14. Soemarwoto, O. and G.R. Conway REFERENCES Development (AARD), Ministry of (1988) The Javanese home garden, pp. 1. Abdoellah, O.S. (1985) Home gardens Agriculture (MAO) with Food and 62, Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran in Java and their future development, Agriculture Organization of The University, Bandung-Indonesia and The First International Workshop on United Nations (FAO), Bali. Center for Environmental Technol- Tropical Home Garden, pp.1-28, 8. Brownrigg, L. (1985) Definition and ogy, Imperial College, London-UK. Institute of Ecology Padjadjaran traditions, Home Garden Source 15. -and I. Soemarwoto (1981) University Bandung. Book, Vol. I Home Garden Issues Home gardens in Indonesia, pp. 27, 2. Ahmad, H., A. Martadihardja and and Ecological Aspect, pp.1-53, The Paper for the Fourth Pacific Science Suharto (1980) Social and cultural First International Workshop on International Congress, Singapore. aspects of home garden, Tropical Tropical Home Gardens, Bandung. 16. - and L. Christanty (1985) Ecology & Development. pp. 453-457. 9. Cristanty, L. (1985) Home gardens in Home garden in the tropics. Home 3. Anderson, J.N. (1980) Traditional tropical Asia: a special reference to Garden Source Book, Vol. I Home home gardens in Southeast Asia: a Indonesia, pp.29, Ibid. Garden Issues and Ecological Aspect, prolegomenon for second generation 10. - and J. Iskandar (1985) pp.1-17, The First International research, pp. 441-446, Tropical Development of decision making and Workshop on Tropical Home Gar- Ecology & Development, Ford management skills in traditional dens, Bandung. Foundation, Philippines. agro-forestry: examples in West Java 17. Stoler, A (1978) Garden use and 4. Arifin, H.S., K. Sakamoto, and K. , Home garden Source Book, Vol. III household economy in rural Java. Chiba (1996) Vegetation in the home Management and Development Bulletin of Indonesian Economic gardens "pekarangan" in West Java, Aspects, pp.198-214, Ibid. Studies Vol. XIV (2), 85-101. Indonesia. Bulletin of International 11. Daw, M.E. (1991) A national per-

Association for Landscape Ecology- spective of pekarangan: systems, (1997.1.25受 付,1997.12,15受 理)

要 旨:イ ン ドネ シ ア,西 ジ ャ ワ の 伝 統 的 な ホ ー ム ガ ー デ ン"プ カ ラ ン ガ ン"を 対 象 と して,そ の 構 造 に 及 ぼ す 都 市 化 の 影 響 を 検 討 し た 。 ホ ー ム ガ ー デ ン の 構 造 と して,履 歴,面 積,ゾ ー ンニ ン グ,構 成 要 素 を 取 り上 げ,都 市 化 の 程 度 が 異 な る地 区 の ホ ー ム ガ ー デ ン に お い て そ れ らを 比 較

検 討 した 。 そ の 結 果,都 市 化 が 進 む ほ ど新 し く田 畑 か ら ホ ー ム ガ ー デ ンに な る場 合 が 多 く,面 積 が 小 さ く,形 状 も方 形 型 に 限 ら れ る 傾 向 が あ っ た 。 いず れ の ホ ー ム ガ ー デ ン に も前 庭 が 見 られ た が,都 市 化 の 進 行 に よ って 横 手 の 庭 は減 少 した 。 しか し,都 市 化 が 進 行 して も 裏 庭 は 確 保 さ れ

る 傾 向 が あ っ た。 ホ ー ム ガ ー デ ンの 構 成 要 素 の 特 徴 か ら,都 市 化 の 進 行 に 伴 っ て,ホ ー ム ガ ー デ ン の ア グ ロ フ ォ ー レ ス ト リー と して の 特 性 と, 村 落 に お け る共 用 的 利 用 特 性 が 消 失 しつ つ あ る こ とが 明 らか に な っ た 。

ラ ン ド ス ケ ー プ 研 究61(4), 1998 333