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SULEMANA ALHASSAN.Pdf KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED BIOLOGY, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE USING THE HYDROGEN SULFIDE METHOD IN THE ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER FOR SELECTED COMMUNITIES OF THE HO WEST DISTRICT OF THE VOLTA REGION OF GHANA BY SULEMANA ALHASSAN (MSc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE) OCTOBER, 2016 i USING THE HYDROGEN SULFIDE METHOD IN THE ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER FOR SELECTED COMMUNITIES OF THE HO WEST DISTRICT OF THE VOLTA REGION OF GHANA By Sulemana Alhassan A Thesis submitted to the Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Science Degree in Environmental Science OCTOBER, 2016 ii DECLARATION I, Sulemana Alhassan, hereby declare that this document is a product of my own research work towards the award of the Master of Science degree and that, to the best of my knowledge this document has not been previously accepted for the award of any other degree in this University, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. SULEMANA ALHASSAN …….…………… …………………………... (PG8290812) Signature Date CERTIFIED BY: LINDA AURELIA OFORI (MRS.) ………………… ….………………………. (SUPERVISOR) Signature Date CERTIFIED BY: DR. M. G. ADDO ....................... ………………………… (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) Signature Date i ABSTRACT The Ho West District is one of the twenty-five (25) Districts in the Volta Region that lacks basic amenities including potable drinking water and thus residents are infected with various water related illnesses. The study was aimed at assessing the potential of using simple, reliable and inexpensive method that can be performed by the ordinary man in a rural area where people are compelled to drink highly contaminated water. One such method, the H2S test, was used to assess the microbial quality of drinking water from nine (9) selected communities of the District. The test was conducted alongside standard Presence/Absence and membrane filtration methods. All (54) test samples developed black precipitate (FeS) within the predetermined period of 72 hours, indicating that they contained bacteria of faecal origin. In terms of seasonal variation, there was significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in the colour development time for the rainy and dry season samples. Also there was significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in the E. coli counts for the rainy and dry season samples of all the communities except Vane, Tsikor and Kpoeta where the counts were not significantly (P > 0.05) different. The difference in colour development time for source and distribution samples was also significant (P < 0.05). There was also significant (P < 0.05) difference in the E. coli counts for distribution and source samples of all the communities except for Vane and Kpedze where the counts were not significantly (P > 0.05) different. The results of this study were conclusive evidence that the water supplies in all the communities under the study pose a serious threat to the health of consumers. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first and foremost thank the Almighty Allah for his mercies and protection for myself and for my family. My heart felt gratitude goes to my family, especially my wife, Alhassan Mariam, our son and daughter Alhassan S. Ahmed and Alhassan B. Kasi respectively and all my siblings for their moral and material support. This document represents my cumulative experience in applying Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) test in assessing drinking water quality. Linda Aurelia Ofori (Mrs) who supervised the research provided regular guidance and substantive input to the development of this document for which reason I say I am profoundly grateful to you. I would also like to thank all the Institute of Distance Learning (IDL) lecturers who gave generously of their time to provide detailed and insightful comments on the earlier drafts of this document. The work of the Water and Sanitation Committees of the various communities was crucial in this research. Your warm reception and the enthusiasm with which you led the research team to the streams and the rivers are highly appreciated. Community entries by the research team were made possible through the support of the Ho West District Assembly and I am grateful to the office of the Chief Executive for that. Same goes to Rev. Sylvester Eyramh and Mr. Tom L. Chimbar of Community Water and Sanitation Agency in Ho for providing me with the necessary information about sources of drinking water for the study communities. iii Thanks are also due the staff especially, Mr. Dominic Donya, Mr. Anthony Asiem and Mr. Logo Nelson of the Water Quality Assurance (WQA) Department, Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) Ho for their time and technical support. Finally, the efforts of Mr. Iddrisu Abdul-mumeen and all those who peer reviewed drafts of this document are gratefully acknowledged. I cannot afford not to acknowledge the efforts of my uncle, Mr. Amadu Montia and Mr. Evans Balaara of GWCL Accra, for their guidance and encouragements. iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father, Mallam Alhassan Sulemana and to my uncle Mr. Amadu Montia. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ iii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... x LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Justification ........................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Scope of the study ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.5 Relevance of the study .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Study objectives .................................................................................................................................... 7 1.6.1 Main objective .................................................................................................................................... 7 1.6.2 Specific objectives .............................................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................... 8 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Importance of detecting indicator organisms in drinking water ............................................................ 8 vi 2.2 The H2S test ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Sulfur in the Environment .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Scientific basis of the H2S test.......................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Origin of the H2S test ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.4 H2S bacteria correlation with coliform bacteria ............................................................................... 16 2.3 Indicators of water quality ................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Criteria for detecting fecal contamination of drinking water using indicators .....................................
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