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University of Ghana, Legon University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON INSTITUTE OF AFRICAN STUDIES YOUTH AND CONFLICT IN THE VOLTA REGION: A CASE OF PEKI AND AWUDOME RELATIONS, 1990-2013 BY AMU, DIVINE YAW (10442710) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF M.PHIL DEGREE IN AFRICAN STUDIES JULY, 2015 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare with academic honesty that with the exception of the references and quotations which I duly acknowledged, this work is the result of my own original research. I further affirm that this thesis has never been presented either in part or in whole anywhere. I am the sole author and for that matter responsible for all errors and omissions. SIGNATURE:............................................................................... AMU DIVINE YAW (STUDENT) DATE:........................................................................................... SIGNATURE:................................................................................ DR. OSMAN ALHASSAN (PRINCIPAL SUPERVISOR) DATE:............................................................................................. SIGNATURE:................................................................................ PROF. A. K. AWEDOBA (CO-SUPERVISOR) DATE:.......................................................................................... i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT Inter and intra ethnic conflicts over land are many and could be found in almost every region in Ghana. These pose serious threat to peace, stability and development that the country seems to be enjoying, if not well managed. The study focused on the intra-ethnic conflict of Peki and Awudome in the Volta region of Ghana. The study, specifically, looked at the causes, sequence and effects of the conflict on the development of the youth in the areas of agriculture, education, health, security, commerce and social relations. It also looked at how the conflict has been resolved over the years and the prospects for lasting peace were examined. Purposive, snow ball and simple random sampling were used to select units for the sample from Peki, Awudome and the neighbouring communities. In-depth interviews, focus groups discussions and questionnaires were used to obtained data for the study. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentage were employed in the analysis of the data. The study revealed that the root cause of the conflict is a misunderstanding concerning the ownership of a land albeit historical antecedents. The conflict has become protracted due to historical legacies of hatred and mistrust. Consequently, youth development has been hampered as a result of the conflict. In attempt to resolve the conflict, Peki and Awudome have over the years resorted to the use of the court and mediation which could not work effectively. A number of measures and strategies have been recommended to achieve sustainable and lasting peace. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to almighty God for His guidance and protection through the duration of the course. I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Osman Alhassan and Prof. A. K. Awedoba for their insightful criticisms, help, guidance and great tolerance during my interactions with them. My next line of gratitude goes to my siblings especially Michael Amu who has been my source of inspiration throughout the course. My appreciation is also directed towards Atsu Nkukponu and Anyomi Francisca who have been my financial backbone and a great source of encouragement respectively. I am equally grateful to Mr. Atsu Adjei and Brother Samuel of the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana – Legon for their suggestions. I also thank Edwin Koge and Charles Koge for helping me with the typing and editing of this work. Special thanks go to all my friends and research assistants especially Dickson Adzadi, Frank, Yerentsi Bismark, Mark Foli, Theophilus Togobo, Ametefe Henry and Dodzi Ahorsey for their assistance and proof reading of the work. Special thanks go to the main respondents from the communities from which data was collected for their invaluable assistance. I am also grateful to all my lecturers and course mates, who helped me in diverse ways during my successful stay at the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents – Togbe Amu Yao Enos and Madam Hope Dogbe- Amu, both of blessed memory, for their support and encouragement in laying the foundation for my education. iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................iii DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ........................................................................... 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .......................................................................... 5 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................ 7 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ......................................................................................... 8 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................ 8 1.6 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 9 1.6.1 Research Design ................................................................................................. 10 1.6.2 Sampled Population ............................................................................................ 11 1.6.3 Sampling Technique and Sample Size................................................................ 12 1.6.4 Data Collection Instruments ............................................................................... 14 v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 1.6.5 Data Sources ....................................................................................................... 15 1.6.6 Pre-Testing of Instruments.................................................................................. 16 1.6.7 Data Collection (main survey) ............................................................................ 16 1.6.8 Problems Encountered in the Study .................................................................... 17 1.6.9 Data Analysis Procedure ..................................................................................... 18 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH ....................................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 20 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW .................................. 20 2.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 20 2.1 THE HUMAN NEEDS THEORY ............................................................................ 20 2.2 THE SYMBOLIC POLITICS THEORY .................................................................. 22 2.3 THE PSYCHO-CULTURAL CONFLICT THEORY .............................................. 25 2.4 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................ 29 2.4.1 Overview of the Peki – Awudome Conflict........................................................ 29 2.4.2 Conflict ............................................................................................................... 31 2.4.3 Ethnic Conflict .................................................................................................... 31 2.4.4 Youth .................................................................................................................. 37 2.4.5 Development ....................................................................................................... 39 2.4.6 Human Security .................................................................................................. 41 2.4.7 Conflict and Development .................................................................................. 43 2.4.8 Peace Building in Ghana....................................................................................
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