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Dentro, Accanto Ma Altro Dalla Città. Luoghi E Architetture Dell

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Dentro, Accanto Ma Altro Dalla Città. Luoghi E Architetture Dell Dentro, accanto ma altro dalla città. Luoghi e architetture dell’isolamento tra risignificazione, conservazione e problematiche di fruizione Inside, beside but other than the city. Places and architectures of isolation among re-signification, conservation and problems of fruition VALENTINA RUSSO, MARELLA SANTANGELO Fin dall’antichità la limitazione della libertà personale trova nella città e ai suoi margini luoghi e architetture destinati ad accogliere quanti devono interrompere relazioni con la collettività in modo permanente o temporaneo. L’esclusione dal modo esterno assume, attraverso i secoli, diversi caratteri in relazione all’allontanamento volontario o involontario, nonché in ragione delle finalità cui va ricondotta: finalità religiose e spirituali, con l’affermarsi di luoghi destinati all’anacoretismo, all’eremitaggio e alla clausura; sociali, connesse al forzato allontanamento dell’individuo dalla comunità e al suo confinamento entro ‘segrete’, prigioni o manicomi; politiche, con la messa in atto di sistemi coercitivi, basati sulla violenza fisica e psichica, attraverso campi di prigionia, di lavoro, di concentramento e di sterminio. Se dentro la città consolidata, per le ragioni connesse alla propria funzione, le architetture della detenzione, così come quelle della clausura monastico-conventuale, assumono una riconoscibilità immediata sul piano morfologico e iconico in virtù dell’impenetrabilità percettiva entro il contesto, ponendosi, dunque, come ‘citta altre’ entro lo spazio urbano, quando i luoghi dell’isolamento sono esterni a quest’ultimo si caricano, invero, di significati connessi all’indispensabile autosufficienza e, di frequente, alla difficile accessibilità. Queste architetture, connotate spesso da caratteri distributivi rigidi e reiterati, perdute nel presente le funzioni originarie, pongono molteplici e delicate questioni, oggetto di riflessione entro la sessione proposta, anche attraverso casi-studio, in relazione alla loro trasmissibilità al futuro; questioni primariamente di ordine etico e culturale, riferibili ai limiti e alla legittimità dell’intervento sull’esistente nonché ai significati – in chiave negativa e positiva – che possono essere trasferiti attraverso interventi di conservazione e di una rinnovata fruizione. In parallelo, agire su tale patrimonio costruito nella contemporaneità pone sfide complesse, di ordine tecnico-progettuale, riconducibili alla possibile trasformabilità degli assetti, al miglioramento dell’accessibilità e all’inserimento di nuove funzioni entro manufatti spesso storicamente pluristratificati. Since ancient times, the limitation of personal freedom has found in the city and in its boundaries places and forms of architecture aiming at accommodating those who must interrupt relationships with the community permanently or temporarily. Exclusion from the outside world assumes, over the centuries, different characters in relation to descending from voluntary or involuntary retreats as well as from its purposes: religious and spiritual ones, with the definition of sites dedicated to hermitage and monastic seclusion; social ones, linked to the forced removal of individuals from the community and to their confinement within 'secret' spaces, prisons or psychiatric hospitals; political ones, with the implementation of coercive systems, based on physical and psychic violence, through prison, labor, concentration and extermination camps. If internal to the consolidated city, detention architectures as well as the monastic- conventual ones assume an immediate perceptive recognizability from the morphological and iconic point of view in the urban context for the same reasons related to their original functions, thus becoming "cities other” than the city. When external to the urban asset, places of isolation assume, indeed, meanings associated with the indispensable self- sufficiency and, often, with their arduous accessibility. The above-mentioned forms of architecture, often characterized by very rigid and repeating distribution features, having lost their original functions in current times, pose multiple and delicate issues that are the object of investigation, together with case-studies, in the proposed Session in relation to their transmissibility to the future; primarily ethical and cultural issues, referring to the limits and legitimacy of intervention on the existing parts as well as to the meanings – in a negative and positive sense – that can be transferred through conservation and reuse. In parallel, acting on this heritage today poses complex challenges of technical and design order, linked to its possible transformability, improvement of accessibility and insertion of new functions within often historically multilayered architecture. La Città Altra Storia e immagine della diversità urbana: luoghi e paesaggi dei privilegi e del benessere, dell’isolamento, del disagio, della multiculturalità Da città dell’esclusione all'inclusione di città. Il caso degli ex ospedali psichiatrici From the city of exclusion to the inclusion of cities. The case of former psychiatric hospitals ANGELA D’AGOSTINO, GIOVANGIUSEPPE VANNELLI Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Abstract È del 1781 il Trattato di Architettura Civile in cui Milizia teorizza la necessità di costruire fuori dalla città i luoghi “ammorbanti”. A questi “edifici per salute e bisogni pubblici”, si aggiungono le “città dei matti”, altri luoghi “ammorbanti”. Il paper presenta risultati di ricerca in cui si coniugano la conservazione degli elementi fondativi e della dimensione narrativa delle zolle delle “città dei matti” con disegni di nuove relazioni, intersezioni, sovrapposizioni tra diversi elementi della città contemporanea. The Treatise of Architecture, in which Francesco Milizia theorises about the necessity to place illness-spreading sites outside the city boundaries, dates back to 1781. To these “building for public health and needs”, madhouses added. This paper presents the results of research activities, which have been led through the combination of the preservation of basic elements as well as of the narrative value of the mad-towns plates with the design of new relationships made by intersecting and overlapping of differing elements in today’s city. Keywords Eterotopie, memorie, riciclo. Heterotopies, memoirs, recycle. Introduzione Nelle immagini zenitali delle città, zoomando sul XX secolo, alla struttura insediativa della città consolidata – riconoscibile in forme urbane dei tempi di fondazione, ampliamento, ricostruzione e sventramento fino al momento in cui si sancisce la definitiva inutilità delle mura urbane quale limen costruito tra intra moenia ed extra moenia – si affianca la città dei recinti. Si riconosce un pattern urbano dove tra recinti industriali, residenziali e delle grandi attrezzature, si innervano filamenti infrastrutturali più o meno articolati sia nell’intreccio planimetrico, sia spesso, nell’articolazione in alzato laddove strade di diversa natura e ferrovie si incrociano a quote diverse. La città del Novecento si è costruita, dunque, per accostamento di insediamenti fortemente segnati e connotati dal punto di vista funzionale e tipologico e rispondenti ai temi oggetto di una fervida sperimentazione in tutta Europa, dalle nuove tipologie abitative alla costruzione delle fabbriche. Tra i primi recinti fondativi di questa città si costruiscono, nel corso del XIX secolo, quelli dei luoghi definiti “ammorbanti” dal Milizia nel suo Trattato di Architettura Civile del 1781. Si teorizza, già a quel tempo, la necessità di costruire fuori, ma accanto alla città, i cimiteri, le carceri, i macelli, “edifici per salute e bisogni pubblici” ma al contempo cittadelle dell’esclusio- Da città dell’esclusione all'inclusione di città. Il caso degli ex ospedali psichiatrici ANGELA D’AGOSTINO, GIOVANGIUSEPPE VANNELLI 1: Il recinto dell’ex manicomio napoletano tra filamenti infrastrutturali e aeroporto nel pattern urbano di recinti. ne. A quelli citati dal Milizia, si aggiungono le “città dei matti”, altri luoghi “ammorbanti”, si potrebbe dire, nell’accezione di noiosi, che inducono turbamento. Così, le cittadelle dell’esclusione contengono nei loro recinti architetture e spazi aperti che rimandano in qualche modo ad una idea di macchina per la cura, per la riabilitazione, per la sepoltura ecc., tutti rispondenti a regole codificate in relazione ad uno scopo medico, sociale, religioso e culturale. Al contempo, nel pattern della città dei recinti, le micro-città autonome si presentano come frammenti adiacenti alla città consolidata, impiantati altrove e in questo senso, oltre che per lo specifico scopo della loro costruzione, di nuovo è appropriato l’appellativo di città altre. Oggi, nelle dinamiche di modificazione della città contemporanea, che in prima battuta hanno riguardato i recinti industriali, sono coinvolte anche loro, le città altre che, con ragioni, modi e tempi diversi, si dismettono, si modificano, si trasformano, si riusano, si ampliano. In particolare, per i manicomi la legge Basaglia ha decretato la dismissione perché ‘sbagliati’ rispetto alle nuove direzioni della psichiatria e ormai, sia pur con tempi di attuazione molto lunghi, tutti gli ospedali psichiatrici italiani sono dismessi. Per i cimiteri c’è un costante bisogno di concepire nuovi spazi o di ammodernare talvolta alcuni luoghi, talvolta la tipologia di sepoltura e il tema è, dunque, quello dell’ampliamento di quelli esistenti o dell’aggiunta di nuovi a saturare la città dei recinti. La Città Altra Storia e immagine
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