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Nella Città Del Dolore Madre, che tanto tempo fosti madre, Ora dovrei trovare le parole di te non resta che tonaca consunta, per restituire a te quella magia, frusto sembiante di ciò che fosti quando ma non le trovo tra le rime stanche, giovani albe sposavano i tramonti. tra i giorni che non vollero me padre. Chiari e distanti i tuoi begli occhi azzurri, Ti sembra di vedere nello specchio che rapidi cambiavano colore una presenza buia e minacciosa, verdi nel mare, se soltanto il sole muti fantasmi copiano i tuoi gesti, provava a dileguarsi dietro al cielo. con loro intessi astruse pantomime. Ora sei qui, bambina nella notte, Non sei più tu, ormai tutto ti manca, parli nel sonno ch’è tutto tranne quiete devo cercarti in pieghe silenziose, ed io ti guardo, come facevi sempre in quello che non dici e dentro resta: quand’eri tu a porgere misura. tu me ora sei, sei quello che ora sono, Ombra silente muovevi nell’oscura Ma basta un lampo ai tuoi svagati sguardi verde foresta dei miei sogni nuovi, per riportar la gioia e la speranza, fino a toccare la corda misteriosa come un sorriso tinto di vermiglio che rassegnava al sonno i desideri. evoca suoni infanti, ormai lontani. Con te portavi nei passi del ritorno A te mi accosto, nel buio della notte, l’involontaria gioia di quegli anni ti stringo forte e arresto i tuoi pensieri. per poi stiparla, con devota cura, Si chiude in sé il cerchio della vita un po’ ogni notte, sotto al tuo guanciale. e in te mi trovo un’altra volta figlio. R.G., gennaio 2013 NELLA CITTÀ DEL DOLORE CARSA Edizioni Le esperienze manicomiali abruzzesi tra Otto e Novecento numero 4 della collana L’ACAb, L’Architettura Contemporanea in Abruzzo, volumi Presidente di studi ed esperienze nel territorio abruzzese e contermine tra XX e XXI secolo. ROBERTO DI VINCENZO Diretta da Raffaele Giannantonio Amministratore delegato, Direttore artistico Progetto editoriale e testi GIOVANNI TAVANO RAFFAELE GIANNANTONIO Direttore editoriale Progetto grafico e impaginazione OSCAR BUONAMANO CARLO GAGLIOSTRI Picture editor Redazione ROBERTO MONASTERIO GIUSEPPE MARTOCCHIA, CHIARA CONTE Responsabile produzione Con la collaborazione di CARLO GAGLIOSTRI CATERINA MARRAMA Responsabile distribuzione Traduzioni ANTONIO AMADIO ANGELA ARNONE Finito di stampare nel mese di febbraio 2013 presso Direzione e redazione PASQUI COATING CONVERTING PRINTING COMPANY • Città di Castello (Pg) Piazza Salvador Allende, 4 65128 Pescara • Italia www.carsaedizioni.it • www.carsa.it Si ringraziano il Prof. Lorenzo Bartolini Salimbeni il Prof. Mario Pisani il Dott. Massimiliano Garzarella Erika Di Felice Il presente studio è stato condotto nell’ambito delle ricerche © Copyright 2013 CARSA Edizioni, Pescara del Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università degli Studi Tutti i diritti sono riservati. “G. d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara e pubblicato grazie ai fondi messi a disposizione dal Ministero dell’Istruzione e ISBN 978-88-501-0307-2 della Ricerca Scientifica. 4 RAFFAELE GIANNANTONIO NELLA CITTÀ DEL DOLORE ESPERIENZE MANICOMIALI IN ABRUZZO TRA OTTO E NOVECENTO schede a cura di MATILDE TERRENZIO premessa di Aldo Castellano, introduzione di Massimo Di Giannantonio SOMMARIO Prefazione (Aldo Castellano) ................................................................................................................6 Introduzione (Massimo Di Giannantonio)..............................................................................................9 PARTE PRIMA.......................................................................................................................................11 PREMESSA L’architettura della città dolente .....................................................................................................13 Note..................................................................................................................................................28 CAPITOLO I La fase premanicomiale.....................................................................................................................33 I.1 La cura della follia nel mondo classico.....................................................................................................33 I.2 Il Medioevo islamico ...............................................................................................................................35 I.3 La nascita degli ospedali in Europa .........................................................................................................37 I.4 Il grande internamento della follia...........................................................................................................38 Note..................................................................................................................................................42 CAPITOLO II La fase manicomiale ..........................................................................................................................44 II.1 I manicomi pubblici in Inghilterra tra Settecento e Ottocento ...................................................................44 II.2 La nascita del “manicomio” e della psichiatria in Francia.........................................................................48 II.3 I manicomi vittoriani e l’Asylum Act del 1845..........................................................................................51 II.4 Le tipologie dei manicomi ottocenteschi in Inghilterra..............................................................................54 II.5 I sistemi manicomiali europei..................................................................................................................57 Note..................................................................................................................................................61 CAPITOLO III I manicomi italiani tra Ottocento e Novecento .............................................................................64 III.1 La situazione manicomiale in Italia dalla fine del Settecento all’Unità ......................................................64 III.2 La fase dell’internamento alla fine dell’Ottocento....................................................................................71 III.3 Il Novecento ...........................................................................................................................................76 Note..................................................................................................................................................91 CAPITOLO IV Le esperienze abruzzesi.....................................................................................................................96 IV.1 Teramo. Le origini della struttura ospedaliera...........................................................................................96 IV.2 Teramo. La nascita della Sezione del Manicomio e gli sviluppi fino alla Grande Guerra...........................100 4 IV.3 Teramo. Il Manicomio sotto la direzione di Marco Levi Bianchini ............................................................107 IV.4 Teramo. Le proposte e i progetti per il nuovo Manicomio.......................................................................109 IV.5 L’Ospedale Provinciale Neuro-psichiatrico dell’Aquila. La nascita della sezione manicomiale presso S. Maria di Collemaggio........................................................................................................................112 IV.6 L’Aquila. Il Progetto Ginocchietti ...........................................................................................................117 IV.7 L’Aquila. I Progetti Rimini......................................................................................................................120 IV.8 L’Aquila. I progetti esecutivi dei primi padiglioni ....................................................................................124 IV.9 L’Aquila. L’apertura del Reparto Neurologico .........................................................................................128 Note................................................................................................................................................130 CAPITOLO V Note conclusive ................................................................................................................................135 Note................................................................................................................................................141 PARTE SECONDA ...............................................................................................................................143 SCHEDE Spedale de’Pazzi di Fregionaja, Lucca....................................................................................................145 Ospedale di S. Servolo, Venezia .............................................................................................................146 Manicomio S. Niccolò, Siena .................................................................................................................148 Regio Manicomio, Torino.......................................................................................................................150 Casa di cura Ville Sbertoli, Pistoia..........................................................................................................151 Manicomio di S. Maria della Scaletta, Imola ..........................................................................................153 Ospedale Psichiatrico dell’Osservanza ...................................................................................................155
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