Za Zdmi DEINSTITUCIONALIZACE V EVROPSKÝCH PŘÍKLADECH DOBRÉ PRAXE

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Za Zdmi DEINSTITUCIONALIZACE V EVROPSKÝCH PŘÍKLADECH DOBRÉ PRAXE Publikace byla realizována za finanční podpory: Úřad vlády České republiky a Vládní výbor pro zdravotně postižené občany Ministerstvo zdravotnictví České republiky Fokus ČR, z. s. BEYOND THE WALLS / OLTRE I MURI © 2010 Edizioni alpha beta Verlag Czech Edition © 2017 Fokus Praha ISBN 978–80–902741–0–5 Za zdmi DEINSTITUCIONALIZACE V EVROPSKÝCH PŘÍKLADECH DOBRÉ PRAXE REDAKCE Lorenzo Toresini & Roberto Mezzina FOKUS PRAHA 2 0 1 7 Obsah Úvod k českému vydání ................................................................................................. 7 PAVEL NOVÁK Předmluva ............................................................................................................................... 9 LORENZO TORESINI Úvod: Z Itálie do Evropy a zpět, příklady pro emancipaci ....................... 11 ROBERTO MEZZINA Zničení psychiatrické nemocnice jako místa institucionalizace ..... 22 FRANCO BASAGLIA Vytvoření evropské sítě nejmodernějších zkušeností deinstitucionalizace ...................................................................................................... 30 JOHN JENKINS Role politik deinstitucionalizace v zajištění základů praxe komunitního přístupu v oblasti duševního zdraví .................................... 34 LILIANA URBINA Celoživotní program ...................................................................................................... 42 SUSANNAH RIX Co pomáhá lidem s psychiatrickými nemocemi uzdravit se? ............ 46 JOHN MAHONEY Mezinárodní síť spolupráce v oblasti péče o duševní zdraví ............... 55 Zkušenosti z deinstitucionalizace v Terstu .................................................... 68 ROBERTO MEZZINA Zkušenosti ze severního Birminghamu, které potvrzují fungování komunitního přístupu .................................................................................................. 83 SASHI SASHIDHARAN Deinstitucionalizace v Irsku — zkušenosti z Monaghanu ..................... 93 DAMIEN MURRAY Deinstitucionalizace v péči o duševní zdraví a v primární péči ve Španělsku ........................................................................................................................ 97 VICTOR APARICIO BASAURI Zkušenosti se službami duševního zdraví v oblasti východního Lille — občanská psychiatrie integrovaná do města .............................. 109 JEAN-LUC ROELANDT Deinstitucionalizace v rakouských Korutanech ....................................... 134 ANDREA KALTENBRUNNER, KERSTIN FELDERER Smutný psychiatrický příběh krále Ludvíka ................................................ 140 MICHAEL VON CRANACH Institucionální násilí a stavy „nezbytnosti“ ................................................... 147 THEODOROS MEGALOECONOMOU Psychiatrická deinstitucionalizace — zkušenosti z Trevisa .............. 156 GUIDO PULLIA Deinstitucionalizace je kontinuální proces ................................................. 168 LORENZO TORESINI Neomezující metoda .................................................................................................... 179 STEFANO EGIDI Deinstitucionalizační snahy v jižní Itálii ........................................................ 188 GIOVANNA DEL GIUDICE Terst — historie transformace ............................................................................... 210 GIUSEPPE DELL’ACQUA Bibliografie ........................................................................................................................ 222 Franco Basaglia (1924—1980) • 6 • • 7 • Úvod k českému vydání Vážení čtenáři, dostává se vám do ruky kniha ZA ZDMI, sborník příspěvků z mezinárod- ní konference konané v italském Meranu v roce 2004. Může se vám zdát zvláštní, proč se vracíme ke konferenci, která se konala před tři- nácti lety. Jejím předmětem byla „deinstitucionalizace psychiatrické péče“, tedy téma, které u nás nyní konečně začalo být velmi aktuální při právě probíhající Reformě psychiatrické péče. Ano, o více než čtyřicet let později, než započal proces transfor- mace psychiatrické léčebny v Terstu (od roku 1971 až do uzavření léčeb- ny v roce 1980), o třicet let později, než obdobný proces uzavírání léčeben probíhal v ostatních částech západní Evropy, o sedmadvacet let později, než začaly vznikat první komunitní služby u nás, o jede- náct let později, než byla Valným shromážděním OSN přijata Úmluva o právech osob se zdravotním postižením (tedy až po konání zmíněné meranské konference). Ale přesto, anebo snad právě proto, jsou pro nás příspěvky před- ních odborníků a inovátorů na poli péče o duševní zdraví i v dnešní době tak cenné. Neukazují nám totiž hotový výsledek deinstitucio- nalizace, ale příklady jednotlivých dílčích kroků, ba i rizik, a to z různé perspektivy. Z pohledu jednotlivých služeb, regionů či národní poli- tiky, z perspektivy svobody jedince či obecně lidských práv. Ukazují nám proces deinstitucionalizace ve své složitosti a komplexnosti. Jak ve svém příspěvku uvádí Lorenzo Toresini: „Deinstitucionalizace neznamená jen čistý a prostý přenos lůžek, není to jen decentralizace zdrojů a zařízení, byť tím vším je také. Ale deinstitucionalizace je mnohem víc — znamená vše, co děláme • 6 • • 7 • každodenně případ od případu, když každou situaci posuzujeme v její jedinečnosti a vztah s každým člověkem zakládáme nejprve a především na specifické subjektivitě jedince.“ Cílem této knihy není posilovat naši frustraci, že to u nás nejde tak rychle, ale pomoci v širší diskusi o psychiatrii a péči o duševní zdraví a podpořit zásadní proměnu systému k péči orientované na člověka, jeho jedinečnost a jeho vlastní hodnoty. Věřím, že se pro nás mohou stát mottem slova, která pronesl již v roce 1979 Franco Basaglia, psychiatr, který zahájil deinstitucionali- zaci v Terstu: „Důležité bylo dokázat, že nemožné se stává možným… Před deseti dvaceti lety se zdálo nemožné ústav zrušit.“ PAVEL NOVÁK V PROSINCI 2017 • 9 • Předmluva V období posledních třiceti let vyvíjely vlády po celém světě strate- gie a politiky, které si kladly za cíl zavedení systémů komunitního přístupu péče o duševní zdraví, jež měly nahradit zastaralé instituce. Navzdory tomu byly vytvořeny efektivní služby, které by byly schop- ny poskytnout kvalitní celkové řešení, jen v poměrně malém množství situací; to se týká obzvlášť velkých měst. V oblasti jižního Tyrolska byly vytvořeny strategie pro komunitní psychiatrické služby teprve v nedávné době. S výjimkou institucio- nální struktury Stadio zde před rokem 1978 neexistovala vůbec žádná psychiatrická péče; kromě zařízení Bolzano SPDC (Služba psychiat- rické péče) zde až do počátku 90. let minulého století nebyly žádné struktury psychiatrické péče, a pokud nějaké existovaly, pak pouze v nejranějším stadiu. Pokyny Rady provincie berou výrazně v potaz direktivy Evropské unie na straně jedné a směrnice WHO (Světové zdravotnické organi- zace) na straně druhé. Jsou založeny na následujících postulátech: 1 | Měly by být vytvořeny koherentní a integrované systémy komu- nitních služeb, které jsou schopné na daném území vyvíjet poli- tiky odpovídající potřebám péče o duševní zdraví v určité oblasti tohoto území. 2 | Měly by být převzaty postoje deinstitucionalizace, jejichž cílem je nejen opustit psychiatrické nemocnice, ale také zavedení moder- ní praxe „léčení nemoci“ v psychiatrii. 3 | Všechna tato opatření se musejí vyvarovat fragmentace reakcí jen na specifické individuální potřeby, která by mohla vést k oddělení a ke konkrétním vyjádřením týkajícím se výhradně jednotlivých kategorií a ideálů, jež nejsou sdíleny ostatními. • 9 • 4 | Aby bylo možné výše uvedeného dosáhnout, mělo by se upustit od zdravotnického modelu totalizace, který je třeba rozčlenit, a klást větší důraz na historii pacienta. 5 | Praxe musí vnímat nemoc jako utrpení v životě člověka a s terapií zacházet podle celkové vize člověka v celé jeho jedinečnosti. 6 | Práva musí být hájena apriorně jako základní fakt v léčbě nemoc- ného. Na základě těchto předpokladů byla v Evropě založena síť propojená se Světovou zdravotnickou organizací. Členové sítě porovnávají pří- slušné praxe a pokroky, k nimž dochází na poli teorie, která o těchto praktikách mluví. Na základě podobných zkušeností se tyto zkuše- nosti vztahují ke koncepci deinstitucionalizace; tento termín se po- chopitelně již nepoužívá, pouze poukazuje na stále větší demontáž totálních a centrálních psychiatrických institucí. Rovněž (a přede- vším) popisuje celou skupinu praktických postupů, jež se pokoušejí opustit „mikrofyziku“ plíživé institucionalizace, která je do určité míry nedílnou součástí víceméně všech služeb péče o duševní zdraví, dokonce i těch, které prošly procesem reformy. Na toto téma jsme v listopadu 2004 uspořádali setkání odborníků, jehož jednání jsou obsažena v této knize. Během něho dostali zaklá- dající členové sítě šanci porovnat své zkušenosti se sítí služeb, které postupně zavádí místní orgán pro zdravotní péči v oblasti Merana. LORENZO TORESSINI • 10 • • 11 • Úvod Z Itálie do Evropy a zpět, příklady pro emancipaci Tato práce je výjimečný a v určitých ohledech také historický doku- ment. Je především souborem intervencí přijatých v listopadu 2004 v Meranu během konference s názvem Deinstitucionalizace jako terapeutická praxe, nejpokrokovější evropské zkušenosti. Konferenci společně podpořily italsko-německá asociace pro duševní zdraví Alpe Adria, Psichiatria Democratica a Italské fórum duševního zdra- ví. Přestože počet účastníků byl skrovný, podnítilo setkání v Meranu významné konfrontace zahrnující širokou škálu zkušeností a situací. V závislosti na účastnících a okolnostech obsahuje kniha
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