Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan (PSP 1099) Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment
Sponsor: Growth Areas Authority (Victoria)
Authors: Dr Michael Green and Michael Lever
Date of Completion: 27th October 2013
Heritage Impact Assessment
Aboriginal : :
1099) (
P S P Photo Caption (Coverplate): View west across 339-365 Paynes Road, Rockbank (IA 2) (16/5/2013, photographer: Mike Green)
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Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan (PSP 1099) Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment
Sponsor: Growth Areas Authority (Victoria)
Authors: Dr Michael Green and Michael Lever Date of Completion: 27th November 2013
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Heritage Impact Assessment
Aboriginal
: :
1099) (
P S P
R o c k b a n k
Project Code: RPSP Report Date: 27th November 2013
Status: FINAL
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction This report documents an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment (AHIA) undertaken on behalf of the Growth Areas Authority (Victoria) (GAA) in support of the Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan (PSP 1099). The AHIA reported here conforms to the requirements of the GAA’s recently revised scope and reporting style for the conduct of AHIAs. When is a cultural heritage management plan (CHMP) required? Under reg 6 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic) (the Regulations), a mandatory CHMP is required for an activity if: all or part of the activity area for the activity is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity; and all or part of the activity is a high impact activity. Is this activity area an area of cultural heritage sensitivity? Yes. The activity area includes areas of cultural heritage sensitivity: The activity area incorporates locations identified as registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places (7822-0287, 7822- 1221, 7822-1395, 7822-2251, 7822-2778, 7822-2779, 7822-2784, 7822-2785, 7822-2786) (see Section 3 below). Under regs 22(1) and 22(2), a registered cultural heritage place and land within 50m of a registered cultural heritage place are areas of cultural heritage sensitivity. Is this activity a high impact activity? Yes. The proposed activity (amendments to a planning scheme in Victoria to allow for the subdivision of land into residential lots) is defined as a high impact activity under as Division 5, reg 46: Subdivision of Land (reg 46) (1) The subdivision of land into three or more lots is a high impact activity if— a) the planning scheme that applies to the activity area in which the land to be subdivided is located provides that at least three of the lots may be used for a dwelling or may be used for a dwelling subject to the grant of a permit; and b) the area of each of at least three of the lots is less than eight hectares. (2) The subdivision of land into three or more lots in an industrial zone is a high impact activity. (3) In this regulation, industrial zone has the same meaning as in the VPP. Given that the bounded area comprising PSP 1099 (the ‘activity area’) includes areas of cultural heritage sensitivity, and that the proposed activity to be undertaken within the activity area is defined as a high impact activity, a mandatory CHMP will therefore be required for the proposed development of the activity area in accordance with the requirements of s 46 of the Act. It should be noted that the AHIA reported here does not constitute a CHMP for the purposes of the Act, and cannot be used for such purposes. However, Sections 1 to 3 of this report have been compiled and presented in accordance with the standards and requirements for a CHMP as specified under reg 57 of the Regulations and relevant Office of Aboriginal Affairs (OAAV) guidelines. Sponsor The sponsor of this report is the Growth Areas Authority (Victoria). Cultural Heritage Advisors This report has been authored by qualified archaeologists and cultural heritage advisors (CHAs), in accordance with s 189 of the Act. The Cultural Heritage Advisors for this report are: Michael Lever – CHA Dr Michael Green – CHA The authors of this report are: Dr Michael Green – Senior Project Manager, Andrew Long + Associates Michael Lever –Project Archaeologist, Andrew Long and Associates Location and Description of the Activity Area The activity area is located in the Shire of Melton, approximately 27km northwest of the Melbourne CBD. The activity area consists of a large parcel of land south of the Western Freeway, north of Greigs Road and east of Paynes Road. It incorporates the Rockbank Railway Station and partially surrounds Rockbank township. The activity area is approximately 740ha in size. The activity area is located within land classified as Urban Growth Zone (UGZ) under the City of Melton Planning Scheme. An area within the central east of the activity area associated with wetlands and natural drainage lines connecting to Kororoit
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Creek is zoned UFZ (Urban Flood Zone). Permitted uses of land zoned as either UGZ or UFZ under the City of Melton Planning Scheme are provided in Appendix 2. The activity area can be characterized as a generally level, open plain with an overall topographic relief of approximately 20m, traversed by a number of gently sloped natural drainage line depressions which drain into occasional wetlands or currently dry water bodies, which in the eastern part of the activity area outflowed towards the northeast into other wetlands or water bodies, and eventually into Kororoit Creek (Map 2). Drainage lines in the western portion of the activity area tend to flow into blind wetlands or water bodies. Registered Aboriginal Parties, Applicants and Traditional Owners Aboriginal traditional owner groups with an interest in the activity area are: RAP Status for the activity Organisation Abbreviation area Boon Wurrung Foundation Ltd. BWF Declined Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation BLCAC Declined Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council WTLCCHC Under consideration Inc. At the time this assessment was undertaken there were no Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) for the activity area. However, an application for RAP status by the Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council Inc (WTLCCHC) Heritage Impactcovering Assessment lands which include the activity area is currently under consideration by the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council. Applications for RAP status by both the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (BLCAC) and Boon Wurrung Foundation Ltd (BWF) for lands including the activity area were declined on 27 August 2009. A further application by the BLCAC was declined on 1 July 2011. Nevertheless, the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council (VAHC) acknowledges that the BLCAC and BWF represent the traditional owners of Bun wurrung country. The Activity Area is located within areas claimed by both the BLCAC and the BWF as their traditional lands. In cases such as this, the VAHC has advised that these two Traditional Owner
groups are to be consulted in relation to Aboriginal cultural heritage matters. Aboriginal
: : Representatives of the WTLCCHC, the BLCAC and the BWF were invited to participate in the landform field survey component of the AHIA. Desktop Assessment
1099) A geographic region extending 2km from the activity area boundary was defined for the present study. The activity area is ( situated on the Stony Undulating Plains of the Western District in Victoria. The underlying geology of the activity area is unnamed sheet flow basalt, containing deposits of basalt, minor scoria and ash. The pre-1750 vegetation across the activity
P S P area consisted of plains grassland and chenopod shrublands of the Victorian Volcanic Plain bioregion. Eight previously recorded Aboriginal cultural heritage places are located within the activity area, and a further 34 Aboriginal cultural heritage places within 2km of the activity area across the broader geographic region. All of the places are stone artefact scatters or isolated stone artefacts. The study area is located within the language group of the Woi wurrung, the group that occupied the basins of the Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers. Two Woi wurrung clans were most likely closely associated with the Rockbank region: the Kurung jang
R o c k b a n k balug, who principally identified with the Werribee River and Mount Cottrell to the immediate south of the activity area, and the Marin balug associated with Kororoit Creek and the area around Sunbury. Both were of the Waa (crow) moiety. Previous archaeological research within the geographic region notes common predictions as to the likely occurrence of Aboriginal archaeological places within the activity area. Scarred trees are unlikely to survive in areas cleared for agriculture, but may be present where native vegetation has persisted, particularly in watercourse or water body reserves. Artefact scatters are most likely to occur in the immediate vicinity of waterways and water bodies, with the frequency, size and density of scatters decreasing with distance from water. Where watercourses are surrounded by shallow valleys and floodplains, higher density scatters may occur on these plains at greater than usual distance from water. On the basalt plains away from water, isolated and low density artefact scatters may occur at low to very low densities. The results of predictive model developed by Long et al. (2010) characterising the likelihood of occurrence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places across the GAA’s West Growth Area (including the activity area) are discussed. The character map produced by the predictive model displays a pattern indicating higher cultural heritage place densities along creeks, water bodies and around points of elevation, with comparative lower densities across broader, flatter plains remote from water bodies, which concords with the known distribution of cultural heritage places. The European settlement and use of the wider region of the activity area has progressed in an initially rapid but uneven manner. Most land in the region has for most of the historical period been used for pastoral or cropping purposes with some, more intensive activities including dairy and vegetable farming occurring where proximity to water has permitted this. General levels of land surface disturbance are therefore likely to be relatively low, limited in most locations to tree clearance and shallow ploughing. Lithic artefacts are likely to have persisted largely in situ. Landform Field Survey The objectives of the landform field survey were to:
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undertake a preliminary field assessment of the overall archaeological potential of the activity area, paying particular attention to the identification and examination of the various landforms that occur within it; characterise the potential for these landforms to retain Aboriginal cultural heritage places; inform future standard and complex assessments that may be required as part of the preparation of a formal CHMP for the activity area; and provide further data regarding the locations of Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area that can be used to assess the accuracy and relevance of a predictive model previously developed for the broader western metropolitan region (Long et al. 2010 – see Section 7 below). Provide preliminary advice as to the location of land areas suitable for retention within the future open space network based on their cultural heritage values. It was not possible to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the entire activity area, given that it is approximately 740Ha in area and includes at least 98 identified property parcels, most of which are privately owned or leased. Twelve property parcels were therefore selected for inclusion in the landform field survey, based on the following criteria: advice from GAA that property access had previously been approved by the landowner; the range of properties selected were likely to include the full variety of landforms existing across the activity area based on a review of recent aerial photography and digital topographic maps; and one or more of the properties included areas of low, moderate or high Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity based on the outcomes of the predictive model presented in Section 4.7.1. The combined area of these properties is 170ha, which equates to 23% of the activity area. Each property parcel was also assigned a unique Investigation Area (IA) number. The survey was undertaken as a series of random pedestrian assessments which involved: accessing each IA by foot; identifying the full range of landforms present within each IA; walking across representative portions of each landform in order to visually assess the degree of ground exposure and ground surface visibility; visual inspection of all areas with significant ground surface exposure for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage. Ground surface visibility varied across the activity area, but was generally very low at the time of the landform field survey. The assessment has determined that there is some level of ground surface disturbance across the activity area, with much of the activity area ploughed and/or grazed, with other forms of disturbance in the form of fences, historical European structures and vehicle tracks also present. Basalt floaters, which are generally ubiquitous across the Stony Undulating Plains of the Western District, were observed within many of the IAs included in the landform field survey. However, there were only a few instances where these had not been scraped from their original positions and piled in discrete areas, further indicating a generalised level of topsoil disturbance during the historical period. A previously unregistered Low Density Artefact Distribution (LDAD) (7822-3620) comprising 16 stone artefacts and two previously unregistered artefact scatters were identified during the landform field survey. The artefacts comprising the LDAD were individually recorded in the field, however, the two artefacts scatters (identified as Scatter A and Scatter B for the purposes of this report) have not yet been formally recorded for registration and inclusion in the VAHR. Formal recording and registration of these two artefact scatters should be undertaken as a matter of high priority. As a result of the landform field survey and in light of the results of the desktop assessment (see Section 4), the potential for additional Aboriginal cultural heritage places to be present within the activity area was confirmed through the identification of additional surface artefacts. Interpretation and Management Recommendations The predictive model developed for the GAA by Long et al. (2010) was refined in light of the results of the present study and other recent archaeological investigations. These results strongly conform to the modelled predictions of artefact scatter occurrence derived in 2010, with moderately dense artefact scatters found more recently within 200m of mapped wetland extents, and low density or isolated artefacts located within 200-400m of these same wetlands. Management recommendations: All land within 200m of the mapped extents of wetlands and water bodies depicted in Map 15 of the present study and within 50m of registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places will likely trigger the requirement for the preparation of a cultural heritage management plan (CHMP) ahead of development as discussed above. The relative requirements for preparing a CHMP will be dependent on the results of more detailed due diligence assessments on a case by case basis to assess whether or these areas have undergone significant ground disturbance. For example the wetland straddling Leakes Road in the centre of the PSP has undergone a substantial level of modification which
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may have been sufficient to remove the need for a mandatory CHMP. At the very least this modification may substantially reduce the scope of any future investigations required. The nature of the activity area and the Aboriginal cultural heritage present is such that there are no significant constraints present to the future development of the PSP. Nevertheless, land within 200m of the mapped extents of wetlands should be considered as areas with a higher likelihood to contain relatively higher significance Aboriginal cultural heritage places when compared with the remainder of the activity area. Where opportunities arise, such land should be identified by the GAA in future urban planning for the precinct as potential for the reservation of non- developed open space subject to minimal ground disturbance. As noted above the wetland situated in the eastern section of the PSP is considered to have relatively higher values and thus significance associated with it. Similar to the above, where opportunities arise consideration should be given to the reservation of non-developed open space subject to minimal ground disturbance of all or part of the extents of higher significance registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area. The Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council Inc., the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation and the Boon Wurrung Foundation Ltd should be consulted regarding: a. conclusions about the likely nature, distribution and significance of Aboriginal cultural heritage places
Heritage Impact Assessment within the Rockbank PSP (1099) activity area contained within this report;
b. the report’s management recommendations; and
c. the potential for these communities to consider an assessment of relative degrees of traditional cultural significance for the range of stone artefact scatters and isolated stone artefacts found within the Rockbank PSP (1099) activity area.
Aboriginal Stone Artefact Scatters A and B identified during the landform field survey and briefly described in the present study : : should be formally recorded and registered by qualified Cultural Heritage Advisors in accordance with the requirements of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic) and in line with OAAV’s Standards for recording
Victorian Aboriginal heritage places and objects. 1099)
( The mature casuarina tree located in the northeast corner of IA 2 and identified by one Aboriginal community representative as having possibly been culturally scarred by Aboriginal people (see Table 8 for details) should be
reassessed by a qualified Cultural Heritage Advisor with acknowledged expertise in scarred trees to determine if the P S P scar is of Aboriginal cultural origin. Future urban planning for land in the vicinity of the caravan park opposite 135-147 Westcott Parade within the Rockbank PSP (1099) activity area should consider anecdotal information provided by Aboriginal community representatives regarding the possible discovery of unidentified human remains within the grounds of the caravan park.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 PREAMBLE ...... 1 1.2 REQUIREMENT FOR A MANDATORY CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 1 1.3 THE NAME OF THE SPONSOR ...... 2 1.4 CULTURAL HERITAGE ADVISORS ...... 2 1.5 THE LOCATION OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 3 1.6 REGISTERED ABORIGINAL PARTIES ...... 3 2. ACTIVITY AREA ...... 7
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 7 2.2 EXTENT OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 7 3. DOCUMENTATION OF CONSULTATION ...... 13
3.1 REGISTERED ABORIGINAL PARTIES AND APPLICANTS AND TRADITIONAL OWNERS ...... 13 3.2 PARTICIPANTS IN THE LANDFORM FIELD SURVEY ...... 13 3.3 OUTCOMES OF PREVIOUS PROJECT-RELATED CONSULTATION ...... 14 3.4 SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION ...... 17 4. DESKTOP ASSESSMENT ...... 19
4.1 METHOD OF ASSESSMENT ...... 19 4.2 OBSTACLES ...... 19 4.3 PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE DESKTOP ASSESSMENT ...... 19 4.4 RAP INFORMATION ...... 19 4.5 GEOGRAPHIC REGION ...... 20 4.6 REVIEW OF THE LANDFORMS OR GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE ACTIVITY AREA...... 20 4.6.1 Landforms / Geomorphology ...... 20 4.6.2 Environment...... 20 4.7 VICTORIAN ABORIGINAL HERITAGE REGISTER SEARCH ...... 21 4.8 REVIEW OF HISTORICAL AND ETHNO-HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF ABORIGINAL OCCUPATION IN THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION ...... 23 4.9 REVIEW OF REPORTS AND PUBLISHED WORK ABOUT ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE REGION ...... 26 4.9.1 Inter-Regional Studies ...... 26 4.9.2 Regional Studies...... 27 4.9.3 Local Studies ...... 27 4.9.4 Predictive Modelling ...... 30 4.9.5 Summary ...... 35 4.10 A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE USE OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 35 4.10.1 Early Pastoralism and Settlement ...... 36 4.10.2 Late Nineteenth Century Agricultural and Residential Development ...... 37 4.10.3 Twentieth Century Agricultural Development ...... 37 4.10.4 Summary ...... 38 5. LANDFORM FIELD SURVEY ...... 43
5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 43 5.2 PREVIOUS ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES ...... 43 5.3 METHODOLOGY ...... 43 5.4 OBSTACLES ...... 45 5.5 RESULTS ...... 45 5.6 ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ...... 58 5.7 SUMMARY ...... 58 6. ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT ...... 65
6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 65 6.2 VAHR 7822-0287 – TROUPS ROAD AS 3 ...... 66 6.2.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-0287 ...... 66 6.2.1 Nature of 7822-0287 ...... 66
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6.3 VAHR 7822-2778 – TROUPS ROAD AS 6 ...... 67 6.3.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-2778 ...... 67 6.3.1 Nature of 7822-2778 ...... 67 6.4 VAHR 7822-2779 – TROUPS ROAD AS 2 ...... 68 6.4.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-2779 ...... 68 6.4.1 Nature of 7822-2779 ...... 68 6.5 VAHR 7822-2784 – TROUPS ROAD AS 1 ...... 70 6.5.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-2784 ...... 70 6.5.1 Nature of 7822-2784 ...... 70 6.6 VAHR 7822-2785– TROUPS ROAD AS 4 ...... 71 6.6.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-2785 ...... 71 6.6.1 Nature of 7822-2785 ...... 71 6.7 VAHR 7822-2786– TROUPS ROAD AS 5 ...... 72 6.8 VAHR 7822-3620 – ROCKBANK PRECINCT STRUCTURE PLAN 1 ...... 73 6.8.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-3620 ...... 73 6.8.2 Nature of 7822-3620 ...... 73 6.9 ARTEFACT SCATTERS A AND B...... 73 Heritage Impact Assessment6.9.1 Artefact Scatter A ...... 73 6.9.2 Artefact Scatter B ...... 74 7. INTERPRETATION AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 77
7.1 EVALUATION OF THE 2010 PREDICTIVE MODEL ...... 77 7.2 SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT ...... 82
Aboriginal 7.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT...... 83
: : Regulation 22 Registered cultural heritage places ...... 83 (3) If part of the land within 50 metres of a registered cultural heritage place has been subject to significant ground disturbance, that part is not an area of cultural heritage sensitivity...... 84
1099) Regulation 23 Waterways ...... 84 ( 7.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 86
8. REFERENCES ...... 93 P S P APPENDIX 1. CHA QUALIFICATIONS ...... 95 APPENDIX 2. CITY OF MELTON PLANNING SCHEME – UGZ/UFZ PERMITTED USES ...... 97 APPENDIX 3. ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES WITHIN 10KM OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 109
R o c k b a n k APPENDIX 4. HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA ...... 133
MAPS MAP 1: LOCATION OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 5 MAP 2: CONTOUR MAP OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 9 MAP 3: DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL OF THE ACTIVITY AREA SHOWING TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF AND THE LOCATIONS OF WATER BODIES, WATERCOURSES AND WETLANDS ...... 10 MAP 4: EXTENT OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 11 MAP 5: AERIAL PHOTOMAP OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 12 MAP 6: GEOLOGY OF THE ACTIVITY AREA AND GEOGRAPHIC REGION ...... 39 MAP 7: 1750S ECOLOGICAL VEGETATION CLASSES PRE 1750 FOR THE ACTIVITY AREA AND GEOGRAPHIC REGION40 MAP 8: PREVIOUSLY REGISTERED ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES IN THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION ...... 41 MAP 9: PREDICTIVE MODEL CHARACTERISING THE LIKELIHOOD OF ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE OCCURRING WITHIN THE ACTIVITY AREA (EXTRACTED FROM LONG ET AL. 2010 – VOL 2: FIGS 12-2 AND 12-3) ...... 42 MAP 10: PROPERTY PARCELS WITHIN THE ACTIVITY AREA SELECTED FOR INCLUSION IN THE LANDFORM FIELD SURVEY ...... 61 MAP 11: INVESTIGATION AREAS ASSESSED DURING THE LANDFORM FIELD SURVEY ...... 62
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MAP 12: NEW ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACE LOCATIONS IDENTIFIED DURING THE LANDFORM FIELD SURVEY ...... 63 MAP 13: LOCATION OF ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES WITHIN THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 76 MAP 14: ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES LOCATED WITHIN THE ACTIVITY AREA, MAPPED AGAINST TOPOGRAPHY AND WATER BODIES, WATERCOURSES AND WETLANDS ...... 89 MAP 15: ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES MAPPED IN RELATION TO THE REFINED ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PREDICTIVE MODEL ...... 90 MAP 16: THE REFINED ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PREDICTIVE MODEL OVERLAID ON CADASTRAL BOUNDARIES WITHIN THE ROCKBANK PSP...... 91 PLATES PLATE 1: VIEW W TOWARD DRAINAGE DEPRESSION FROM CREST OF RISE ALONG SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF IA 1 ...... 46 PLATE 2: VIEW NORTH ACROSS RECENTLY SCARIFIED GROUND SURFACE ON LEVEL PLAIN IN CENTRE OF IA1 ...... 46 PLATE 3: VIEW S FROM CENTRE OF NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF IA 1 OVERLOOKING SHALLOW E-W ORIENTATED DRAINAGE LINE ...... 46 PLATE 4: VIEW W ACROSS IA 2 DEPICTING LOW GROUND SURFACE VISIBILITY ACROSS MOST OF THE PROPERTY . 47 PLATE 5: VIEW E FROM CENTRE OF NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF IA 2 ACROSS RECENTLY SCARIFIED PROPERTY BOUNDARY ...... 47 PLATE 6: CLOSE-UP OF POSSIBLE CULTURAL SCAR ON MATURE CASUARINA LOCATED IN NE CORNER OF IA 2 ...... 47 PLATE 7: VIEW NE FROM CENTRE OF WESTERN BOUNDARY OF IA 4 OVERLOOKING GENTLY SLOPING PLAIN ...... 49 PLATE 8: VIEW NE FROM SW CORNER OF IA 5 OVERLOOKING GENTLY SLOPING PLAIN ...... 50 PLATE 9: VIEW E FROM NW CORNER OF IA 5 OVERLOOKING PLAIN SLOPING DOWN TOWARDS DRAINAGE LINE DEPRESSION ...... 50 PLATE 10: VIEW W FROM SE CORNER OF IA 6 OVERLOOKING LAND GENTLY SLOPING DOWN TOWARDS DAM IN SW CORNER OF PROPERTY AND N-S ORIENTATED DRAINAGE LINE DEPRESSION ...... 51 PLATE 11: VIEW E FROM NW CORNER OF IA 6 OVERLOOKING DUMPED FILL COVERING MAJORITY OF PROPERTY 51 PLATE 12: VIEW N ACROSS DAM LOCATED IN SW CORNER OF IA 6 - DENSE ARTEFACT SCATTER EXPOSED ON ALL UNGRASSED SLOPING BANK SURFACES ...... 51 PLATE 13: VIEW E FROM CENTRE OF IA 9 ALONG NORTHERN BOUNDARY ...... 54 PLATE 14: VIEW S FROM CENTRE OF NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF IA 10 LOOKING ACROSS LEVEL PLAIN, DEPICTING POOR GROUND SURFACE VISIBILITY ...... 55 PLATE 15: VIEW SE FROM CENTRE OF IA 10 OVERLOOKING E-W ORIENTATED DRAINAGE LINE DEPRESSION ALONG SOUTHERN BOUNDARY ...... 55 PLATE 16: VIEW SE ACROSS IA 11 OVERLOOKING EASTERN WETLAND DEPRESSION AND ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES 7822-2785 AND 7822-2786 ...... 56 PLATE 17: VIEW W ACROSS NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF IA 11 SHOWING GENTLY INCLINING PLAIN ...... 56 PLATE 18: VIEW E FROM CREST OF RISE ON SOUTHERN BANK OF E-W ORIENTATED DRAINAGE LINE ...... 56 PLATE 19: VIEW S FROM NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF IA 12 OVERLOOKING GENTLY INCLINING PLAIN...... 57 PLATE 20: 7822-2779_TROUPS ROAD AS 2_ 15MAY13_MIKE GREEN_ARTEFACT 01 ...... 69 PLATE 21: LOCATION OF 7822-2779 TROUPS ROAD AS 2 FACING SE ...... 69
FIGURES FIGURE 1: DETAILED EXTENT PLAN OF 7822-0287 ...... 66 FIGURE 2: DETAILED EXTENT PLAN OF 7822-02778 ...... 67 FIGURE 3: DETAILED EXTENT PLAN OF 7822-02779 ...... 69 FIGURE 4: DETAILED EXTENT PLAN OF 7822-02784 ...... 70 FIGURE 5: DETAILED EXTENT PLAN OF 7822-02785 ...... 71 FIGURE 6: DETAILED EXTENT PLAN OF 7822-02786 ...... 72
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TABLES
TABLE 1: RAP STATUS OF RELEVANT TRADITIONAL OWNER GROUPS ...... 13 TABLE 2: PARTICIPANTS IN THE AHIA LANDFORM FIELD SURVEY ...... 14 TABLE 3: ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES LOCATED WITHIN THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 21 TABLE 4: ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES LOCATED WITHIN 2KM OF THE ACTIVITY AREA BOUNDARY .. 22 TABLE 5: SUMMARY OF LIKELY EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS BY LIKELIHOOD ZONE (LONG ET AL. 2010 – VOL 1: 4) ...... 32 TABLE 6: PROPERTY PARCELS INCLUDED IN THE LANDFORM FIELD SURVEY...... 44 TABLE 7: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 1 ...... 46 TABLE 8: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 2 ...... 47 TABLE 9: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 3 ...... 48 TABLE 10: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 4 ...... 49 TABLE 11: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 5 ...... 50 TABLE 12: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 6 ...... 51
Heritage ImpactTABLE Assessment 13: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 7 ...... 52 TABLE 14: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 8 ...... 53 TABLE 15: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 9 ...... 54 TABLE 16: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 10 ...... 55 TABLE 17: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 11 ...... 56 TABLE 18: SURVEY RESULTS – IA 12 ...... 57
Aboriginal TABLE 19: VARIABLES RECORDED IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ARTEFACTS : : IDENTIFIED DURING THE LANDFORM FIELD SURVEY ...... 65 TABLE 20: ARTEFACTS RE-IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT INSPECTION OF 7822-2779 ...... 68
1099) TABLE 21: LDAD 7822-3620 (ROCKBANK PRECINCT STRUCTURE PLAN 1) ARTEFACT DATA ...... 75 ( TABLE 22: STONE ARTEFACT DENSITIES FOR ARTEFACT SCATTERS LOCATED WITH THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 79
P S P ABBREVIATIONS ACHP Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Places ACHRIS Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information System AHIA Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment (GAA) ALA Andrew Long + Associates R o c k b a n k CHA Cultural Heritage Advisor CHMP Cultural Heritage Management Plan IA Investigation Area LDAD Low Density Artefact Distribution OAAV Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria RAP Registered Aboriginal Party VAHR Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register
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1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble Heritage Impact Assessment This report documents an Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment (AHIA) undertaken on behalf of the Growth Areas Authority (Victoria) (GAA) in support of the Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan (PSP 1099). The AHIA reported here conforms to the requirements of the GAA’s recently revised scope and reporting style for the conduct of AHIAs.1
Aboriginal Although the AHIA has been undertaken outside of the formal Cultural Heritage Management Plan : : (CHMP) process as specified under the provisions of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2007 (Vic) (the Act) and
the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic) (the Regulations), the desktop component of the report 1099)
( is presented in a format which will allow it to be incorporated into a future CHMP for PSP 1099, should
one be required. P S P 1.2 Requirement for a Mandatory Cultural Heritage Management Plan
When is a cultural heritage management plan (CHMP) required?
Under reg 6 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic) (the Regulations), a mandatory CHMP is R o c k b a n k required for an activity if: all or part of the activity area for the activity is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity; and
all or part of the activity is a high impact activity. Is this activity area an area of cultural heritage sensitivity? Yes. The activity area includes areas of cultural heritage sensitivity:
The activity area incorporates locations identified as registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places (7822-0287, 7822-1221, 7822-1395, 7822-2251, 7822-2778, 7822-2779, 7822-2784, 7822-2785, 7822-2786) (see Section 3 below). Under regs 22(1) and 22(2), a registered cultural heritage place and land within 50m of a registered cultural heritage place are areas of cultural heritage sensitivity. In addition the activity area contains features defined as waterways for the purposes of r.23 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007.
1 Email communication, Nat Anson (GAA) to Jonathon Howell-Meurs (ALA), 10 April 2013
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Is this activity a high impact activity?
Yes. The proposed activity (amendments to a planning scheme in Victoria to allow for the subdivision of land into residential lots) is defined as a high impact activity under as Division 5, reg 46: Subdivision of Land (reg 46) (4) The subdivision of land into three or more lots is a high impact activity if— c) the planning scheme that applies to the activity area in which the land to be subdivided is located provides that at least three of the lots may be used for a dwelling or may be used for a dwelling subject to the grant of a permit; and d) the area of each of at least three of the lots is less than eight hectares. (5) The subdivision of land into three or more lots in an industrial zone is a high impact
activity. Heritage Impact Assessment (6) In this regulation, industrial zone has the same meaning as in the VPP. Given that the bounded area comprising PSP 1099 (the ‘activity area’) includes areas of cultural heritage sensitivity, and that the proposed activity to be undertaken within the activity area is defined as a high impact activity, a mandatory CHMP will therefore be required for the proposed development of the
Aboriginal activity area in accordance with the requirements of s 46 of the Act. : : It should be noted that the AHIA reported here does not constitute a CHMP for the purposes of the Act,
and cannot be used for such purposes. However, Sections 1 to 3 of this report have been compiled and 1099)
( presented in accordance with the standards and requirements for a CHMP as specified under reg 57 of
the Regulations and relevant Office of Aboriginal Affairs (OAAV) guidelines.2 P S P 1.3 The Name of the Sponsor
The sponsor of this report is the Growth Areas Authority (Victoria). R o c k b a n k 1.4 Cultural Heritage Advisors
This report has been authored by qualified archaeologists and cultural heritage advisors (CHAs), in accordance with s 189 of the Act. Qualification details can be found in Appendix 1. The Cultural Heritage Advisors for this report are: Michael Lever – CHA
Dr Michael Green – CHA The authors of this report are:
Dr Michael Green – Senior Project Manager, Andrew Long + Associates
Michael Lever –Project Archaeologist, Andrew Long and Associates
2 http://www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/97228/Guidelines-for-conducting-and-reporting-on-Aboriginal-cultural-heritage- investigations.pdf
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1.5 The Location of the Activity Area
The activity area is located in the Shire of Melton, approximately 27km northwest of the Melbourne CBD (Map 1). The activity area consists of a large parcel of land south of the Western Freeway, north of Greigs Road and east of Paynes Road. It incorporates the Rockbank Railway Station and partially surrounds Rockbank township. The activity area is approximately 740ha in size.
1.6 Registered Aboriginal Parties
At the time this assessment was undertaken there were no Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) for the activity area.
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Map 1: Location of the activity area
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2. Activity Area
2.1 Description of the Activity Area
The activity area is located within land classified as Urban Growth Zone (UGZ) under the City of Melton Planning Scheme. An area within the central east of the activity area associated with wetlands and natural drainage lines connecting to Kororoit Creek is zoned UFZ (Urban Flood Zone). Permitted uses of land zoned as either UGZ or UFZ under the City of Melton Planning Scheme are provided in Appendix 2. The activity area can be characterized as a generally level, open plain with an overall topographic relief of approximately 20m, traversed by a number of gently sloped natural drainage line depressions which drain into occasional wetlands or currently dry water bodies, which in the eastern part of the activity area outflow towards the northeast into other wetlands or water bodies, and eventually into Kororoit Creek (Maps 2-3). The locations of wetlands included in Map 3 are derived from spatial data associated with a number of online sources including VicMap and DSE’s Biodiversity Interactive Map (the latter mapping modelled pre-1788 wetland distributions).
2.2 Extent of the Activity Area
The activity area is located in the City of Melton, approximately 27km northwest of the Melbourne CBD. The activity area consists of a large parcel of land south of the Western Freeway, north of Greigs Road and east of Paynes Road. It incorporates the Rockbank Railway Station and partially surrounds Rockbank township. The activity area is approximately 740ha in size (Maps 4-5).
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Map 2: Contour map of the activity area
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Map 3: Digital elevation model of the activity area showing topographic relief and the locations of water bodies, watercourses and wetlands 10
Map 4: Extent of the activity area 11
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Map 5: Aerial photomap of the activity area
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3. Documentation of Consultation
3.1 Registered Aboriginal Parties and Applicants and Traditional Owners
Aboriginal traditional owner groups with an interest in the activity area are listed in Table 1.
RAP Status for the Organisation Abbreviation activity area
Boon Wurrung Foundation Ltd. BWF Declined
Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation BLCAC Declined
Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage WTLCCHC Under consideration Council Inc.
Table 1: RAP status of relevant traditional owner groups
At the time this assessment was undertaken there were no Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) for the activity area. However, an application for RAP status by the Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council Inc. (the Wurundjeri or WTLCCHC) covering lands which include the activity area is currently under consideration by the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council. Applications for RAP status by both the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (the Bunurong or BLCAC) and the Boon Wurrung Foundation Ltd (the Boon Wurrung or BWF) for lands including the activity area were declined on 27 August 2009. A further application by the Bunurong was declined on 1 July 2011. Nevertheless, the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council (VAHC) acknowledges that the Bunurong and Boon Wurrung represent the traditional owners of Bun wurrung country. The activity area is located within areas claimed by both the Bunurong and the Boon Wurrung as their traditional lands. In cases such as this, the VAHC has advised that these two Traditional Owner groups are to be consulted in relation to Aboriginal cultural heritage matters. Representatives of the Wurundjeri, the Bunurong and the Boon Wurrung were invited to participate in the landform field survey component of the AHIA.
3.2 Participants in the Landform Field Survey
The participants in the landform field survey are listed in Table 2.
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Participant Org Position Dates
Michael Green ALA Senior Project Manager 15-17 May 2013 Eileen Heyward ALA Work experience student 15-17 May 2013 Stephen Compton BLCAC Representative 15-17 May 2013 Gary Watkins BWF Representative 15 May 2013 Robert Anthony BWF Representative 16-17 May 2013 Naomi Zukanovic WTLCCHC Representative 15 May 2013 Robbie Jones WTLCCHC Representative 16-17 May 2013
Table 2: Participants in the AHIA landform field survey
Heritage Impact3.3 Assessment Outcomes of Previous Project-Related Consultation
In 2010, as part of the development of a predictive model by Andrew Long and Associates mapping the likelihood of Aboriginal cultural place distribution within the GAA’s West Growth Area (including the activity area – refer to Section 4.9.4 below for details), representatives of the Wurundjeri, the Bunurong
and the Boon Wurrung (along with the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation and the Wadda-wurrung Aboriginal
: : Aboriginal Corporation) were invited to review the final report and to meet with the 2010 project team prior to its completion (Long et al. 2010 – Vol 2). Discussions were held with the Wathaurung, the
Wadda-wurrung, the Wurundjeri and the Bunurong; the project team was unable to meet with the 1099)
( Boon Wurrung (Long et al. 2010 – Vol 2: 13). The following summarises the 2010 report’s findings on traditional cultural knowledge and Aboriginal P S P heritage values for the GAA’s West Growth Area (Long et al. 2010 – Vol 2: 13-17). None of the discussion points arising during the 2010 Aboriginal community consultation were specifically relevant to places or landforms restricted to the presents study’s activity area.
Overview of Traditional Cultural Knowledge and Aboriginal Heritage Values
R o c k b a n k The Wathaurung, Wadda-wurrung, Wurundjeri and Bunurong all emphasised that the entire landscape within their country is of cultural value – the ancient and recent landforms, flora and fauna, and watercourses are invested with traditional cultural meaning and associations with the ancestors and the foundation for the living contemporary communities.
These groups have worked in the field on cultural heritage projects within the West Growth Area and know some specific areas very well. Other areas are less well known – especially where few surveys have been done - but are still part of their country and highly valued.
Beyond this all-encompassing view of ‘country’, the following landscape characteristics have been identified as having a high potential for Aboriginal cultural significance:
Waterways & wetlands – in addition to the high potential for the occurrence of archaeological sites, these elements are themselves culturally significant. Fords and fish traps in the creeks can make the watercourses significant, as well as the associated stories and archaeological sites near to water. Both named and unnamed watercourses are important and can be discerned in the physical landscape. In the West Growth Area, significant waterways include the Werribee River, and Lollypop, Kororoit, Toolern and Skeleton creeks. The tribal boundary at the Werribee River is of considerable cultural interest, as is the Werribee River delta. In the volcanic plains, wetlands are significant focal points for traditional Aboriginal life and are likely to have broader
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cultural values. For some major waterways such as the Werribee River, the defined zone of cultural heritage sensitivity might need to be wider than is currently in place (via the triggers in the Regulations to the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006) in order to reflect the cultural values of the river or creek landscape (possibly from 200 m to 600 m for the highest level).
Areas of natural habitat, including wildlife corridors, are likely to have high archaeological potential, but may also be of high cultural value generally. Flora and fauna have cultural value as traditional and contemporary sources of food, charcoal, sap/eucalyptus gum, medicines, clothing, baskets/tools, artistic expression, stories, spiritual beliefs and totems. Continuing health of habitat, and access to nature and its resources are important management issues.
Areas of habitat of specific plant and animal species, such as totem species, eels, witchetty grubs, swans, various birds and marsupials, old man weed, yam daisy, basket making reeds, bracken and tree ferns, some types of wattles, various endangered species (growling grass frog, striped legless lizard, Golden Sun moth).
Known archaeological/cultural sites are very important, and in some cases, the surroundings and corridors of access and use associated with such sites need to be considered (such as ceremonial sites or burials).
Old trees – some with scars or toe holes – are highly valued, especially now that development and drought have reduced their numbers. Birthing trees are known in some areas and culturally important.
Burial places – ancient and contemporary – are of immense importance to all Aboriginal people.
Ceremonial sites and gathering places known from traditional, historical and contemporary times. For example, there were known gatherings and corroborees held in the Melton area in the early period of contact with Europeans. There is concern that the AAV Register of Aboriginal Places, including literature references is often overlooked when considering the documentation of known cultural places.
Tracks and routes are important elements and are often reflected in modern day roads and routes.
Stone sources for the manufacture of stone artefacts of different kinds; ochre is another culturally important natural resource.
Hills and high points within the volcanic landscape – while these areas may or may not have high potential for archaeological sites, many of them are important story places, landmarks, look-outs and boundary markers. The many volcanic cones within and around the West Growth Area are worthy of further investigation with Aboriginal community organisations.
Places of post-contact and contemporary importance/history – including features or places given Indigenous names in contemporary or historical times, favoured camping and recreation sites, and places where Aboriginal people have held important gatherings or made significant achievements. The presence of Aboriginal people within commonly described historical themes is also a gap which could be addressed through further cooperative research projects.
West Growth Area – specific elements of Aboriginal Cultural Value The following areas within the West Growth Area were identified through engagement with the Aboriginal community representatives:
The tribal boundary at the Werribee River is of considerable cultural importance to all Aboriginal community organisations involved in the Project, as is the Werribee River delta.
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Significant waterways: Werribee River, Lollypop, Kororoit, Toolern and Skeleton Creeks. These
were all mentioned in the discussions with the Wathaurung and Wurundjeri.
The representatives of the Wathaurung also stressed the need to take account of both named and unnamed watercourses when seeking to understand the traditional uses of the landscape of the West Study Area.
Volcanic cones: these have been identified as a feature worthy of further discussion with the Wurundjeri.
Community consultation specifically informed the following elements during development of the 2010 predictive model:
Known archaeological/cultural places that were identified in the consultation meetings as having great cultural importance were incorporated into the model.
Widening the current AAV zone of sensitivity around waterways and water bodies depending
Heritage Impact Assessment on the general availability of water in the West Growth Area.
The modelled 1750s EVC layer was considered a proxy for species habitat information. Summary The implications for the development of the 2010 predictive model include:
Aboriginal The Wathaurung, Wurundjeri, Bunurong and Wadda-wurrung organisations welcome the
: : development of the model, and its further refinement through a testing stage.
The Wathaurung particularly emphasised the limitations of the predictive model established by
1099) the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic) and administered by AAV for the landscapes of the West ( Growth Area. A finer grained understanding of the character and sensitivity of the landscape is
very important. P S P Some further sources of data could be incorporated into the model in future stages of its development. For example, the Wathaurung suggested that the flooding and drainage data held by Melbourne Water could be used; while the Bunurong emphasised the need to take into account the outcomes of monitoring processes since these sometimes overturn commonly held
R o c k b a n k assumptions about the location of Aboriginal archaeological sites and places.
All Aboriginal community organisations have raised concerns about the ways in which the model will be understood and used in the future – it cannot replace the need to engage appropriately with them.
The bringing together of existing information into a single desktop document is seen as a useful resource for the communities themselves. There is an expectation that other knowledge collected through studies by the GAA, including the data collected by the modelling projects, is shared with the RAP and other Aboriginal community organisations (for example, the flora and fauna studies conducted for the GAA). These will be useful tools in future cultural mapping processes.
To adequately reflect the character of Aboriginal cultural heritage within the West Growth Area, more than the occurrence of archaeological sites needs to be considered in the construction and outputs of the model.
The Wathaurung, Bunurong and Wurundjeri mentioned the importance of the AAV Places Register. This source of data should not be overlooked in the preparation of the model, or in subsequent assessments.
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While one RAP exists in part of the West Growth Area, the rest is the subject of dynamic processes in relation to the application of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic). Given that many Aboriginal community organisations have with associations with the West Growth Area areas, the continued development of the model must be done through inclusive processes of engagement.
While many of the broader cultural values held by the RAP and other Aboriginal community organisations are likely to coincide spatially with areas of high archaeological potential, this is not always the case.
Because connection to Country is a holistic conceptualisation of the landscape, Aboriginal people are concerned about a very broad range of land management processes and issues (i.e. beyond the protection of individual archaeological sites). This aspect of cultural responsibility was particularly stressed by the Wurundjeri.
The Wathaurung RAP and other Aboriginal community organisations take their responsibilities for their Country and the management of their cultural heritage very seriously. Respect for and continued engagement with the Wathaurung and other Aboriginal community organisations will be essential in all future stages for the planning of the West Growth Area.
3.4 Summary of Consultation
Aboriginal community organisations with an interest in the activity area include the Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council Inc. (the Wurundjeri), the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (the Bunurong) and the Boon Wurrung Foundation Ltd. (the Boon Wurrung). Representatives from the Wurundjeri, the Bunurong and the Boon Wurrung participated in fieldwork during the period 15-17 May 2013 (Table 1). Consultation with the Aboriginal communities regarding the Rockbank PSP 1099 Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment comprised informal discussions with organisation representatives during fieldwork regarding fieldwork methodologies, likely Aboriginal cultural heritage values associated with the activity area, and the results of the landform field survey. These discussions included issues relating to any oral history information known about the activity area. No additional consultation was undertaken. Land within the activity area was included in discussions with the Wurundjeri and the Bunurong as part of the development of an Aboriginal cultural heritage predictive model for the GAA’s West Growth Area in 2010 (the Boon Wurrung were not able to participate in these discussions). A range of environmental features and landforms were identified as having particular cultural significance for these communities, based on their association with traditionally important economic resources and the presence of archaeological sites.
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4. Desktop Assessment
4.1 Method of Assessment
This section outlines the aims, methods and results of the desktop assessment. The aims of the desktop assessment were threefold: to determine the level of previous investigation of the activity area and the surrounding region;
to determine the presence of registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area; and
to determine the environmental context of the activity area with regard to landform and geomorphology. The methods used to undertake the desktop assessment included:
using appropriate sources, such as Victorian government on-line information, reviewing and summarising relevant environmental background; searching the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) and other research sources (e.g. consultancy reports, academic research) for information relating to the activity area and the geographic region (a VAHR search was undertaken on 21 March 2013 and again on 6 May 2013); and
reviewing and analysing this information to identify and characterise the Aboriginal cultural heritage place types and locations likely to be present within the activity area.
4.2 Obstacles
There were no obstacles to undertaking the desktop assessment.
4.3 Persons Involved in the Desktop Assessment
The desktop assessment was conducted prior to the landform field survey. The following individuals were involved in the desktop assessment: Michael Lever – Text.
Josara de Lange, Louisa Roy, Jacqui Tumney – GIS modelling, mapping and figures.
4.4 RAP Information
Please note that no oral information was collected during the desktop assessment.
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4.5 Geographic Region
It is important to understand the geographic and environmental context of the activity area in order to gain a better understanding of the possible resources available to pre-contact Aboriginal people. In addition, this information assists in determining whether natural environmental processes (i.e. weathering of land surfaces) will have impacted on sites. The activity area is located near Rockbank, approximately 27km northwest of the Melbourne CBD. The activity area is geologically located wholly within the Western District Undulating Plains, and in the Victorian Volcanic Plains Bioregion. The activity area has been buffered by 2 km for the purposes of this study, with the wider geographic region intersecting with the unnamed Holocene alluvium of Kororoit Creek, at closest 1km to the north.
4.6 Review of the Landforms or Geomorphology of the Activity Area Heritage Impact Assessment 4.6.1 Landforms / Geomorphology The activity area is situated on the Stony Undulating Plains of the Western District in Victoria (Map 5). The undulating plains were formed by basaltic lava flows during volcanic eruptions in the Late Quaternary and overlie Ordovician and Silurian marine sediments, the latter including silcrete boulders.
Aboriginal The incised valleys were formed by stream down-cutting through the basalt plain and underlying : : sediments, creating deep gorges with marked escarpments. Alluvial sediments were deposited in the valleys as sea levels rose and fell during the Pleistocene, forming alluvial terraces on the sides of the
1099) valleys (Rosengren 1986: 14-21). ( The underlying geology of the activity area is unnamed sheet flow basalt, containing deposits of basalt,
P S P minor scoria and ash.3 As the region has been extensively cleared it is difficult to determine the original vegetation pattern. In 1841 the grassy plains to the west of Melbourne were described by Drake (1841 in Peel 1974: 8) as: …open plains, broken only by very low ridges of trap rock, which are moderately wooded with
R o c k b a n k honeysuckle and She Oak, the plains afford the finest possible sheep pasture, being covered in the richest herbage.
4.6.2 Environment The pre-1750 vegetation across the activity area (Map 6) consisted of plains grassland and chenopod shrublands of the Victorian Volcanic Plain bioregion.4 This vegetation consists of treeless vegetation that is mostly up to 1m tall dominated by largely grass and herb life forms. Shrubs and trees may also be occasionally present. The heavier soils plains grassland vegetation occupies fertile cracking basalt soils that are prone to seasonal waterlogging in areas that receive at least 500mm annual rainfall. The wetlands within the activity area were characterised by Plains Grassy Wetlands, a generally treeless class of grasses, small sedges and herbs with possible sparse shrubs. To the north of the activity area, west of Deanside Drive, an area of Lignum Wetland existed, being treeless shrub and scrubland to 4m tall. Further north, the immediate surrounds of Kororoit Creek held Creekline Grassy Woodland –
3 http://mapshare2.dse.vic.gov.au/MapShare2EXT/imf.jsp?site=geovic – accessed 21 March 3013 4 http://mapshare2.dse.vic.gov.au/MapShare2EXT/imf.jsp?site=bim – accessed 21 March 2013
20 eucalypt-dominated woodland to 15m tall with occasional scattered shrub layer over a mostly grassy/sedgy to herbaceous ground-layer.5 Climate conditions across the study area have been described as temperate with dry warm to hot summers and wet winters. The mean annual rainfall for the study area is 600–700 mm (LCC 1991, 57).
4.7 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register Search
A search of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) conducted on 21 March 2013 identified eight Aboriginal cultural heritage places as being located within the activity area (Table 3), and a further 34 Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the 2km of the activity area across the broader geographic region (Table 4, Map 7). A full listing of all registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places located within 10km of the activity area is presented in Appendix 3, in accordance with the specific requirements of the GAA’s AHIA scoping brief.
VAHR No Name Site Type Easting Northing Notes 7822-0287 Troups Rd AS 3 Artefact Scatter 294339 5820780 7822-1221 Leakes Rd 23 Artefact Scatter 292942 5821724 7822-1395 Rockbank Rail Artefact Scatter 294377 5820914 In Rail Reserve 7822-2778 Troups Rd AS 6 Artefact Scatter 293956 5820407 7822-2779 Troups Rd AS 2 Artefact Scatter 294208 5820899 7822-2784 Troups Rd AS 1 Artefact Scatter 294005 5820925 7822-2785 Troups Rd AS 4 Artefact Scatter 294581 5820685 7822-2786 Troups Rd AS 5 Artefact Scatter 294564 5820350
Table 3: Aboriginal cultural heritage places located within the activity area
5 http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/conservation-and-environment/evc-benchmarks-victorian-volcanic-plain-bioregion - accessed 21 March 2013
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VAHR Name Site Type Easting Northing
7822-0182 Sinclairs Rd Artefact Scatter 296030 5821612 7822-0183 Deanside Artefact Scatter 296819 5821983 7822-0206 Mt Atkinson Artefact Scatter 295882 5818563 7822-0778 Deanside Drive 01 Artefact Scatter 296143 5821698 7822-0779 Vere Court 01 Artefact Scatter 296090 5821717 7822-0780 Vere Court 02 Artefact Scatter 296112 5821784 7822-0781 Vere Court 03 Artefact Scatter 296112 5821889 7822-0782 Vere Court 03 Artefact Scatter 296162 5821986 7822-0790 Vere Court 05 Artefact Scatter 295960 5821744 7822-0791 Vere Court 06 Artefact Scatter 295990 5821650 7822-1042 Rockbank Swamp Artefact Scatter 295430 5821736
Heritage Impact Assessment 7822-1199 Leakes Rd 1 Artefact Scatter 294162 5822934 7822-1200 Leakes Rd 2 Artefact Scatter 294102 5822862 7822-1201 Leakes Rd 3 Artefact Scatter 294045 5822914 7822-1202 Leakes Rd 4 Artefact Scatter 293978 5822870
7822-1203 Leakes Rd 5 Artefact Scatter 294102 5822704 Aboriginal
: : 7822-1204 Leakes Rd 6 Artefact Scatter 294039 5822662 7822-1205 Leakes Rd 7 Artefact Scatter 293884 5822707
7822-1206 Leakes Rd 8 Artefact Scatter 293682 5822564 1099) ( 7822-1207 Leakes Rd 9 Artefact Scatter 293549 5822639
7822-1208 Leakes Rd 10 Artefact Scatter 293939 5823062 P S P 7822-1211 Leakes Rd Combined 1 Artefact Scatter 293218 5822274 7822-1212 Leakes Rd Combined 2 Artefact Scatter 293167 5822305 7822-1213 Leakes Rd 15 Artefact Scatter 293108 5822352
7822-1214 Leakes Rd 16 Artefact Scatter 293011 5822379 R o c k b a n k 7822-1395 Rockbank Rail Artefact Scatter 294377 5820914 7822-1535 Mt Atkinson IA 2 Artefact Scatter 296013 5818426 7822-1538 Mt Atkinson IA 5 Artefact Scatter 296379 5818563 7822-1539 Mt Atkinson IA 6 Artefact Scatter 296193 5818595 7822-1540 Mt Atkinson IA 7 Artefact Scatter 296480 5818749 7822-1541 Mt Atkinson IA 8 Artefact Scatter 296668 5819014 7822-1546 Mt Atkinson AS 5 Artefact Scatter 296051 5818636 7822-1547 Mt Atkinson AS 6 Artefact Scatter 296096 5818719 7822-2251 Troups Road North AS 1 Artefact Scatter 294842 5820964
Table 4: Aboriginal cultural heritage places located within 2km of the activity area boundary
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4.8 Review of Historical and Ethno-Historical accounts of Aboriginal Occupation in the Geographic Region
The study area is located within the language group of the Woi wurrung (spelling according to Clark 1990, 364), the group that occupied the basins of the Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers. A language group consists of independent groups of closely related kin, or ‘clans’, who are spiritually linked to designated areas of land through their association with topographic features connected to mythic beings or deities. Clan lands were inalienable, and clan members had religious responsibilities (e.g. conducting rituals) to ensure ‘the perpetuation of species associated with the particular mythic beings associated with that territory’ (Berndt 1982, 4). Two Woi wurrung clans were most likely closely associated with the Rockbank region. These were the Kurung jang balug, who principally identified with the Werribee River and Mount Cottrell to the immediate south of the activity area, and the Marin balug associated with Kororoit Creek and the area around Sunbury (Clark 1990: 364, 384). Both were of the Waa (crow) moiety. Kurung jang balug Kurung jang balug translates as “red ground people” (Clark 1990: 383). Their clan head ‘Bet banger’ accompanied his renowned kinsman Derrimut on Fawkner’s expedition to Tasmania in August 1836 in the Enterprise. During the 1840’s he was a member of the Native Police Corps and was an influential mediator for his people’s access to the marine-bek country inland from the mouth of the Yarra River (Clark 1990: 383). Marin balug Marin balug translates as ‘’Marin People’’ from Mare.ing.alk, or at the big water, meaning the Saltwater River (George Augustus Robinson Jnl 21/10/1840 in Clark 1990: 384). According to Barwick, the estate of the Marin balug was the site of Assistant Protector Parker’s Terrawait depot from October 1839-November 1840, however Parker’s lists of clan members include Aboriginal people who were also from the Gunungwillambalug (or Tallingwillum; Clark 1990: 382) (Barwick 1984: 121). The Ngurungaeta of the Marin balug was Bungarim/Bunggureen/Bunguren/Bunggerin/Bungiring/Kone-nul-ler- gil/Koungnallajil (1800/2-March 1848) (Barwick 1984: 122). Bungarim was made ngurungaeta by Billibillary (Howitt MS – William Barak quoted in Barwick 1998: 9). Bungarim was the guardian of Mt. William quarry, and his name was recorded as Bungarie on Batman’s 1835 treaty (Clark 1990: 384). Bungarim’s son was Marmbul/Marmbole/Marmvooll/Tommy (c. 1822-September 1848) (Barwick 1984: 122). Marmbull joined the Native Police Corps (Fels 1988: 88). Marmbull/Marmbool had been a pupil of the Merri Creek school, and had been enticed to join the Corps by other members of the police (Fels 1988: 95). This took place when the Native Police Corps were based at Merri Creek from March 1842 until 1844. Marmbool was one of the Native Police who were stationed at Pentridge for eight months from August 1851. Many of the Aboriginal troopers, including Marmbool, deserted their positions due to the poor conditions, with Marmbool eventually returning (Fels 1988: 212). According to Howitt, Bungerim was the Headman of the “real Wurunjerri”, who were the third division of the Wurunjerri tribe of the Woeworung speaking people (Howitt 1904: 309). This third division dwelt on the western side of the Saltwater River, as far as Mt. Macedon. Clan boundaries were defined by mountains, creeks and rivers, and as such, clans were very familiar with the geography of their territory and the seasonal availability of resources within it. The Marin balug had an extensive network of political, economic and social relations with neighbouring clans, including those from other language
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groups. Marriage was sought from the Bunjil moieties of the Bun wurrung (spelling according to Clark
1990: 364) to the south, the Taungurong to the north and a clan near Mount Macedon and Lancefield (Barwick 1984: 104). The development of the township of Melbourne resulted in the loss of traditional lands and resources, the spread of disease, social breakdown and removal of both groups and individuals to reserves and mission stations. Aboriginal people from other clans and language groups were attracted to Melbourne for a variety of reasons, making it difficult to identify and document the ethnohistory and post-contact history of specific Aboriginal clan groups after the period of initial settlement. A Government Mission was built in 1837 on an 895-acre site, south of the Yarra River (east of Melbourne Botanic Gardens), with George Langhorne responsible for the running of the mission. The objective of the mission was to ‘civilise’ Aboriginal people and those who decided to live at the mission were provided with rations in exchange for agricultural endeavours. Children were also provided with
rations for attending school classes. Woi wurrung people were mainly associated with the mission Heritage Impact Assessment although a few Bun wurrung individuals and members of other language groups were noted as being affiliated to the mission in 1838 (Clark &Heydon 1998: 27). In 1839 a census requested by George Robinson, the Chief Protector of Aborigines in the Port Phillip Protectorate, of Aboriginal people living in and around Melbourne found that the probable Aboriginal
Aboriginal population at this time consisted of 140 Woi wurrung, 50 Wada wurrung and 12 Bun wurrung people : : (Lakic & Wrench 1994: 110, 113). However, it is likely that the numbers of Aboriginal people in Melbourne varied greatly throughout this period and was subject to the influx of various groups and
1099) individuals. ( From the 1830s onwards, Aboriginal people continued to camp in the vicinity of the township of
P S P Melbourne. Mostly they were Aboriginal people belonging to Woi wurrung and Bun wurrung clans, and their preferred camping places were along the south bank of the Yarra River, opposite the settlement of Melbourne, and Government Paddocks (between Princess Bridge and Punt Road) (Clark &Heydon 1998: 25). Woi wurrung and Bun wurrung people camped from the falls (near Princess Bridge) for approximately 1.5 kilometres south east along the river. A particularly favoured location for camping R o c k b a n k was on the hill overlooking ‘Tromgin’, a swamp south of the Yarra River. Robinson and Thomas, an Assistant Protector, reportedly spent much time throughout the late 1830s to mid-1840s attempting to ‘break up’ Aboriginal camps by the Yarra River and discouraging Aboriginal people from visiting the township itself (Clark & Heydon 1998: 34–5, 40, 49). In 1840, Thomas noted that: By what I can learn, long ere the settlement was formed the spot where Melbourne now stands and the flats on which we are now camped [on the south bank of the Yarra] was the regular rendezvous for the tribes known as Warorangs, Boonurongs, Barrabools, Nilunguons, Gouldburns twice a year or as often as circumstances and emergences required to settle their grievances, revenge deaths… (Thomas in Presland 1994: 35). The population of Woi wurrung and Bun wurrung people declined steeply in 1847, caused by an influenza epidemic, leading to deaths and the dispersal of Aboriginal people from camps by the Yarra River (Clark & Heydon 1998). Through the influence of the Government, Missionary Societies and the new ‘landowners’, the number of Aboriginal people in the area dwindled as a result of high mortality rates and forced movement out
24 of the township. Complaints from settlers who wanted to exclude Aboriginal people from their newly acquired land, and move them further into the ‘bush’, as well as requests by Aboriginal people themselves for a ‘station’ of their own, led to the establishment of an Aboriginal reserve known as Coranderrk, near Healesville in 1863. The majority of Woi wurrung people lived at Coranderrk from 1863 to the early 1900s when the introduction of the Aborigines Act 1909 requiring all ‘half castes’ to leave Mission Stations, resulted in Aboriginal people moving back to Melbourne, attracted by work opportunities (Rhodes et al. 1999: 88-89). An excellent brief digest of Aboriginal references specific to the Rockbank area is presented in Lawler et al. (2008), from which the following is extracted. There are few direct historical references to Aboriginal people in the Rockbank area. The most significant is probably in reference to the murders that took place on Franks station “near Mount Cotteril on the Werribee River”. On 5 May 1836 George Smith arrived on the sloop Vansittart to act as superintendent of sheep and other property for John and Charles Franks of Van Diemen’s Land. The Franks brothers had arrived on the same day with four or five hundred sheep having fixed on a sheep station near Mount Cottrell, and by 2 June had established their camp. Smith left Franks and a shepherd named Flinders to retrieve further stores but on his return on 8 July discovered the camp empty and the stores looted. A search the next day found the two bodies, evidently killed by a blow to the head. (George Smith, in Cannon 1982: 43). Franks was reported to have called his bullets “blue pills for the natives” (James 1985: 12). In the Werribee area and surrounds, poisoning and shooting of the local clan members appears to have been common. Reprisals for the Mt. Cottrell and other murders may have occurred in 1836, although the official investigation reported that no Aborigines were killed by the party of eight, including Gellibrand and the Batman brothers, who went in search of the Aborigines responsible and scared off a group of 70 or more when they recovered Franks’ property (Henry Batman (and others) in Cannon, 1982: 43-50). Certainly by the late 1840s a newcomer to the district, Ned Wedge, noted that there was a lack of Aboriginal people in the area, to which a Mr Williamson responded that in the early days they had been so numerous that it was “hardly safe to go about without a gun” and that a large number had died from poisoned flour (in James 1985: 12-13). Both the Hume and Hovell party in 1824 and Governor Bourke’s party in 1837 had noted the newly burnt grass of the plains. The Aboriginal practice was to attract game by burning the plains in autumn to promote fresh grass growth for the following season. This also kept other growth down and facilitated travelling. The waterways would have provided a rich variety of fish, freshwater mussels, waterbirds, game and materials for implements, baskets, weapons, shelter etc. The women cultivated the murnong (yam daisy) root vegetable, an Aboriginal dietary staple, in areas of richer soil (Batey 1907: 87). In addition, the rocky country of the area would appear to have provided a particular opportunity. The 1803 Grimes’ party had found an Aboriginal fish trap on the Maribyrnong near Keilor (Presland 1994: 18). In 1835 Batman happened upon another fish trap at the other end of the plains near the You Yangs, possibly on Hovell Creek. His description indicates that these were substantial and extensive structures: “We saw several places on going up, which the natives had made with stones across the creek, to take fish; I suppose in summer time. The walls were built of stones about four feet high, and well done and well planned out. Two or three of these places following each other
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down the stream with gates to them, which they appear to stop with a bundle of rushes. We
saw those in about ten or twelve different places up this stream.” (Batman’s diary, in Harcourt, p.151). Similar structures may have been built on Melton streams to trap fish or eels.
4.9 Review of Reports and Published Work about Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in the Region
The archaeological reports indicated on OAAV’s Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register & Information System (ACHRIS) as relevant to the activity area have been summarised below, categorised according to their spatial or thematic character, and ordered chronologically.
Inter-regional studies: often addressing broad thematic topics across a wide variety of
landforms over large distance. These assist by providing very wide or thematic contexts for Heritage Impact Assessment archaeology within the study area.
Regional studies: characterising general patterns of archaeological site distribution across a broad region often defined by discrete natural or cultural boundaries.
Local studies: carried out largely within the spatial parameters of the study area. These offer
Aboriginal optimally relevant information as to the character and anticipated incidence of Aboriginal : : cultural heritage places within the activity area.
1099) 4.9.1 Inter-Regional Studies ( McBryde 1979
P S P This constitutes one of McBryde’s pioneering studies into trade among Aboriginal people prior to European contact. In it she demonstrates that greenstone axes from Mount William, near Heathcote, were widely traded into locations including the activity area, well beyond the utilitarian or economic value they possessed. This study does not directly bear on the archaeology of the activity area, other
R o c k b a n k than to indicate the possible occurrence of greenstone axes, and that Aboriginal inhabitants of the activity area were engaged in exchange with surrounding groups. Black 1984 This is a broad thematic report which largely addresses popular preconceptions of Aboriginal life already robustly challenged by anthropological and archaeological reports available to Black (1984). Much of this entails exploration of themes such as Aboriginal mythology and beliefs and interaction with white settlers, which is beyond the scope of the present study. Webb 1991a This report only touched tangentially on the wider surrounds of the activity area, and recommended further intensive survey of areas, particularly connected with waterways including the Werribee River, where native vegetation appeared relatively undisturbed. Webb 1991b This very brief report (8 pages) comments in the most general terms on survey undertaken over the distance between Melbourne and Ballarat prior to subsurface telecommunication cable installation.
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With the exception of one artefact scatter and two isolated artefacts at Parwan Creek, no archaeological material was recorded.
4.9.2 Regional Studies Du Cros 1989 In 1989, du Cros conducted a field survey of the western plains region: Melbourne Metropolitan area on behalf of the Victorian Archaeological Survey (du Cros 1989, 1). The study area was defined by the boundaries of Werribee, Melton and Bacchus Marsh Shires. The study area was then divided into four landscape units: the Volcanic Plains; Major Rivers and Creeks; Hills; and Mountain Ranges. All of the landscape units were sample surveyed, with a total of 96 previously unregistered Aboriginal cultural heritage places identified (du Cros 1989: 37). The Volcanic Plains landform unit comprised the largest area, and subject to more survey coverage than the remainder of the landform units. The Major Rivers and Creeks contained the highest density of sites, followed by Hills, Mountain Ranges, and then the Volcanic Plains landforms (du Cros 1989: 39). Artefact scatters were the most common site type recorded, followed by scarred trees, other site types, cultural material and axe grinding grooves. A total of 32 of the artefact scatters were located within the Major Rivers and Creeks, and 15 on the Volcanic Plains landform (du Cros 1989: 42). In regards to the Volcanic Plains landform unit, two findings came out of the survey results: 1) that sites occur on the extinct volcano/eruption points that provide a good view of the surrounding plains, and 2) that sites occur in association with swamps and localised springs. Silcrete was the dominant raw material represented, with lesser quantities of quartz, quartzite, other stone and glass (du Cros 1989: 57). Du Cros and Rhodes 1998 Du Cros and Rhodes undertook a desktop study to collate and analyse information that would contribute to sensitivity modelling for Aboriginal archaeological places on the waterways and floodplains of Greater Melbourne, to inform planning by the Melbourne Water Authority. Their conclusions and recommendations regarding sensitivity modelling are not as comprehensive as the subsequently developed guidelines presented in the Regulations. Ford et al. 2007 This report is a desktop audit and catalogue of Aboriginal archaeological places located in road reserves in an arc of approximately 40km radius, centred on the Melbourne CBD and extending southwest to northeast. The locational specificity of places listed and the selective exclusion of most Aboriginal archaeological places renders negligible the utility this report to the present study.
4.9.3 Local Studies Murphy 1998 Murphy undertook a study of a large parcel of land across the Western Freeway, immediately to the north of Rockbank Township. Survey of the area was carried out by vehicle over one day, limited to major and minor roadways. Murphy found that the most sensitive zones of her study area were the immediate surrounds (within 200m) of Kororoit Creek and swamp margins. In areas away from watercourses and water bodies, Murphy noted that where ploughing has taken place, in addition to the minor surface disturbance this has caused, there has also been considerable movement and removal of large quantities of basalt rocks and boulders (Murphy 1998: 4). This uprooting of stone is likely to have caused significant disturbance to Aboriginal archaeological places (Murphy 1998: 5). Tree clearance to
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facilitate agriculture had resulted in an almost total absence of mature, potentially culturally modified
trees in the region (Murphy 1998: 19). A site of particular significance identified by Murphy is VAHR 7822-1045, an artefact scatter located on the banks of Kororoit Creek directly opposite the Heritage listed Rockbank Inn (HV 7822-0257). Based on historical reports, Murphy (1998: 19) considered this may represent a European contact-period site illustrating early cohabitation of Aboriginal and European settlers, and that both groups chose similar locations to reside in. The proximity of historical to Aboriginal archaeological places would indicate that when in preserved environs, historical sites may indicate the presence of Aboriginal archaeological places. Within areas of sensitivity, Murphy concluded the most likely site types to occur would be surface and subsurface artefact scatters and isolated artefacts. Scarred trees, earthen mounds, middens and quarries are unlikely to occur in this area (Murphy 1998: 24). Muir 2000
Muir studied the proposed location of a school in the township of Rockbank. Site dimensions were Heritage Impact Assessment 4000m2. Visual survey was undertaken on foot across the entire site under conditions of good to excellent surface visibility (50-100%). High levels of ground disturbance were noted including basalt boulder clearance, soil borrowing and fill (Muir 2000: 18). No Aboriginal archaeological places were recorded, attributed to significant ground disturbance (Muir 2000: 24).
Aboriginal Vines et al. 2004 : : Vines et al. carried out a desktop study of a parcel of land approximately 46km2 in size, located across
the Western Freeway to the immediate north and northeast of Rockbank Township. In a summary of 1099)
( previous findings, including those previously presented here, Vines et al. noted that Kororoit Creek, waterways and water bodies such as swamps had high levels of sensitivity for Aboriginal archaeological
P S P places. Low density artefact scatters could be encountered at any point on the basalt plains. Artefact density predictions ranged from one artefact per 10m2 in the basalt plains, to 1,000 artefacts perm2 at Kororoit Creek (Vines et al. 2004: 44). The authors noted that artefact density may remain high at distances of up to 500m from waterways, where these artefact scatters are located on floodplains
within shallow valleys associated with a waterway (Vines et al. 2004: 45). R o c k b a n k Edmonds and Long 2006 This desktop report concerned a large area of some 245km2, within which Rockbank Township occupies a southerly-central position. The findings of their report relevant to this study are: Wetlands and drainage corridors, in particular Kororoit Creek, have formed the core focus for Aboriginal activities throughout the past. The majority of archaeological sites are located within 200m of the major creeks, that is Kororoit, Toolern and Djerriwarrh and within 100m of other smaller creeks and tributaries. Artefact scatters in particular occur in higher numbers and densities within 50m of Kororoit Creek and there is high potential for sub-surface cultural deposits along the major and minor creek corridors. The plains landscape contains a diffuse scatter of surface and sub-surface artefact scatters and/or deposits with higher concentrations of artefacts occurring on elevated areas adjacent to swamps and on eruption points, localised hills and other elevated landforms. This zone has low-moderate potential for both surface scatters of archaeological material as well as sub- surface deposits.
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Areas containing well-preserved natural landscape elements tend to often correlate well with archaeological significance. Tucker 2006 Further to Vines et al. (2004) predictions of archaeological sensitivity, Tucker studied an ellipse shaped selection of land, being the proposed location of the Leakes Road – Western Freeway interchange. The south western portion of this ellipse lay within the activity area of this report, extending from the Western Freeway to the Ballarat Railway line. Subsurface testing comprised mechanical excavation of transects surrounding locations of recoded sites to the west of Leakes Road, on each side of the Western Freeway. Soil was partially sieved, and all soil was raked through. Ten transects were excavated with an average length of 20.34m and average depths between 150 to 300mm (Tucker 2006: 16). Only one artefact was retrieved during fieldwork, a single silcrete waste flake at 50mm depth in Transect B located to the north of the Western Freeway. During excavation, it was noted that the historical removal of surface and subsurface basalt boulders was not consistent, and that several paddocks contained larger percentages of subsurface basalt floaters, and that this presumably indicated lower levels of surface disturbance. (Tucker 2006: 17). Two hand excavated 1x1m test pits were excavated near locations of previously recorded artefacts. These reached a maximum of 160mm and encountered no Aboriginal archaeological material (Tucker 2006: 18). Throughout mechanical and hand excavations, the soil profile consistently comprised a firm red-brown clay over a base layer of compact red clay with basalt inclusions, at approximately 185mm average depth (Tucker 2006: 16). In agreement with local Aboriginal representatives, it was concluded that the unrelieved plains of the area were unlikely to be sensitive for Aboriginal archaeological material (Tucker 2006: 19). Hyett 2006 Hyett’s report concerned a block of land sized approximately 9.5 ha, at the north of the Troups Road – Western Freeway intersection. Hyett (2006) comprises a desktop and standard (visual) survey of the site. Conclusions of the desktop element reflected findings of previous reports, that while the possibility existed of sparse artefact occurrences on level land distant from water, such occurrences would likely be of low archaeological significance (Hyett 2006: 19). Visual survey was undertaken in conditions of good surface visibility, utilising opportunistic methods which targeted areas of optimal surface visibility. No Aboriginal archaeological places were recorded, and in accord with Aboriginal representatives, consensus was reached that no further investigation be required prior to development. Edmonds 2007 The Department of Education requested advice on the archaeological sensitivity of a block of land, 1.63ha in size, in the township of Rockbank, for the possible future construction of a primary school. Desktop and standard (visual) survey were undertaken, the standard under conditions of high surface visibility. However this is mitigated by some visibility being due to minor earthworks which likely disturbed any surface artefacts. No Aboriginal archaeological places were located during visual survey (Edmonds 2007). Given desktop predictions that level land distant from water would possibly hold low density artefact scatters, and the negative results of the standard survey, Edmonds, in agreement with local Aboriginal representatives, recommended that no further archaeological investigation be required prior to the proposed development.
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Lawler et al. 2008
Vic Roads requested this CHMP prior to restoration works surrounding the Western Freeway between Rockbank and Melton. This included construction of sealed access roads, pedestrian overpass and a bus interchange. Much of this work was to take place within existing road reserves and infrastructure. During visual survey under conditions of poor surface visibility, one Aboriginal archaeological place (VAHR 7822-2251) was located near the southwest corner of Troups Road and the Western Freeway, on the already disturbed surface of the intended new access road. This is within the bounds of the Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan 1099. A program of complex (sub-surface) investigation was initiated at this location, and that of the other proposed works. At Troups Road, six radial shovel test-pits were excavated, and five shovel test-pits were excavated at each of the other two proposed locations for works. No Aboriginal archaeological material was located in any of these 16 pits. Thirteen pits recorded soil profiles of reddish clay giving way to a base layer of firm red clay at 200 mm to 280mm. Three pits encountered fill to 250 mm to 300 mm. Findings were that the area is of low likelihood to Heritage Impactcontain Assessment archaeological material of significance. Ecology and Heritage Partners Incomplete CHMP 11154 An unsubmitted Cultural Heritage Management Plan is in process by Ecology and Heritage Partners for Lot 67245/2, Rockbank, at the south west corner of the Rail Reserve and Troups Road North. This
Aboriginal included subsurface investigation undertaken in September 2010, particularly around the perimeter of : : a peripheral watercourse and freshwater wetland. Considerable numbers of stone artefacts were located during fieldwork, resulting in the recording of six Aboriginal archaeological places, Troups Rd AS
1099) 1 to Troups Rd AS 6. These constitute the majority of the previously registered Aboriginal cultural ( heritage places located within the activity area (Table 3). Although no detailed report is available, these
preliminary findings strongly support a predictive model that correlates archaeological sensitivity to P S P proximity to watercourses and wetlands.
4.9.4 Predictive Modelling In 2010, Andrew Long and Associates developed a predictive model of Aboriginal cultural heritage
R o c k b a n k ‘sensitivity’ for the broader western metropolitan region (Long et al. 2010 – Volumes 1 and 2), which included the present study’s activity area. The model was originally developed for the GAA as part of a high-level strategic approach to the identification, assessment and management of Aboriginal cultural heritage within four proposed urban growth areas, specifically the West (Melton Werribee), North-west (Sunbury), North (Craigieburn-Beveridge) and South-east (Cranbourne-Pakenham). The aims of the project were to:
minimise uncertainty and risk during the PSP process and during later development and construction; and
inform subsequent planning of possible extensions to the four growth area boundaries. The final output for each of the four growth areas (called Study Areas in the 2010 report) was a predictive model of Aboriginal cultural heritage place distribution which incorporated archaeological evidence, along with Aboriginal cultural knowledge that was provided during the course of the project (refer to Section 3.3 above for details). This information was then used to generate a preliminary predictive map depicting broad areas of Aboriginal heritage character (rather than sensitivity) for consideration in the future preparation of Cultural Heritage Management Plans for the each of the individual Study Areas (Long et al. 2010 – Vol.1: 1). The term ‘character’ was used in preference to
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‘sensitivity’ in order to avoid confusion with areas of cultural heritage sensitivity as defined under the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic), and concerns that some Aboriginal communities had with the concept of cultural heritage sensitivity modelling. The term ‘character’ was used as a means of categorising the likelihood of particular Aboriginal cultural heritage values occurring in particular parts of the Study Area, based on various background factors such as geology, landscape, vegetation, and water. As such, character was used as an initial indicator of sensitivity, which could then be confirmed following the outcomes of further Aboriginal community consultation and a model ‘testing’ phase (Long et al. 2010 – Vol.1: 2). The desktop assessment which underpinned the generation of the predictive model involved the collation and synthesis of a range of data sources, including:
registered Aboriginal cultural heritage place data as at February 2010 (Long et al. 2010: Vol 1: 20, 91);
publically available information (e.g. geology, mapped surface water, landform and ecological vegetation and environmental modelling);
specialist studies specifically commissioned for the 2010 project (e.g. land use history and geomorphology); and syntheses of previous archaeological research within each Study Area. This data was then assessed for each Study Area using INDEGO (Infrastructure Development Geospatial Option), a GIS modelling tool which incorporates Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) and integrates the results of the analysis into desktop-based GIS to determine the probability (i.e. likelihood) of Aboriginal cultural heritage place locations based on the range of weighted environmental assessment criteria. Preliminary predictive models and maps for each Study Area were then generated on the basis of six weighted environmental criteria, including terrain pattern, geology, predicted 1750 Ecological Vegetation Class, slope, elevation and distance to water. A principal finding of the 2010 project was that insufficient data existed within the four Study Areas to generate a satisfactory predictive model. This was overcome by introducing proxy data from outside the Study Areas, based on 10km buffers around each Study Area. The methodology used to achieve this involved: The formulation and digitisation of ‘terrain patterns’ (TP) for each of the Study Areas and surrounding land beyond the Study Area boundaries based mainly on distance to water, geology and elevation. Quantification of the areas of the TPs in each Study Area; establishment of the AAV site data frequencies per TP within and beyond the Study Areas; and intersections of the TP layer with the CHMP reports and other reports layers. Identification of data limitations and suitable proxy data and test these data against the digitised TPs.
Creating pivot tables illustrating the archaeological site distributions within the other five data classes that comprise the layers of the preliminary INDEGO predictive model. Weighting the INDEGO layers for each of the Study Areas. Rating the unit subsets on each of the individual INDEGO layers.
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Maps generated using the preliminary predictive model for each Study Area provided a character
ranking for all land within the four Study Area boundaries based on categories of ‘high likelihood’, ‘moderate likelihood’, and ‘low likelihood’ for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places. This resulted in the definition of Zones 1, 2 and 3 equating to each of these three likelihood categories. Specific evaluation and management considerations for planning purposes were then developed for each zone based on the predicted types and relative occurrence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places (Table 5). Zone 1 was predicted to have the highest likelihood for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places; Zone 2 a moderate likelihood and Zone 3 the lowest likelihood of occurrence. Evaluation and management requirements were predicted to vary between the zones accordingly.
Zone Likelihood of Evaluation Management Requirements Aboriginal Cultural Requirements Heritage Places Heritage Impact1 Assessment High Mandatory complex Protection of Landscapes (test excavation) Harm avoidance and mitigation measures CHMPs High salvage recording quota where harm unavoidable 2 Moderate Complex CHMPs for Protection of cultural places
Aboriginal some activities / Harm avoidance and mitigation measures : : activity areas where reasonable Salvage recording where harm unavoidable
1099) 3 Low Limited complex Protection of high significance places only ( CHMPs Harm avoidance and mitigation measures Predominantly desktop encouraged
P S P and survey audits Limited salvage recording Table 5: Summary of likely evaluation and management requirements by Likelihood Zone (Long et al. 2010 – Vol 1: 4)
R o c k b a n k When the distribution of cultural heritage places in the West Study Area was compared with the character map and their distribution relative to the categorised and weighted environmental attributes, Aboriginal cultural heritage places tended to occur in higher densities on gently undulating to undulating surfaces of weathered and slightly weathered lava flows. Also important were eruption points of basaltic lava, scoria and agglomerate and associated lava flows forming isolated hills. Major streams and rivers are frequently incised into the plains. Site densities were interpreted as being influenced by proximity to water, with a close relationship that diminishes with distance, especially after 1000 metres. So while Aboriginal places will be found close to water, they are also likely to occur up to a kilometre away. Other variables such as slope and elevation appear to be weak modifiers in the West Study Area. The character map displayed a pattern broadly suggesting higher cultural heritage place densities along creeks, water bodies and around points of elevation, with comparative lower densities across broader, flatter plains remote from water bodies, which concords with the known distribution of cultural heritage places.
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The activity area reported in the present study was originally analysed as part of the West Study Area (Long et al. 2010 – Vol 1: Figure 6-1). The results of the 2010 predictive modelling analysis (as they apply to the activity area) are depicted as a map of the cultural heritage ‘character’ of the activity area (Map 8), with the activity area divided into zones of high, moderate and low likelihood of containing Aboriginal cultural heritage places based on archaeological site data available at that time (which included Aboriginal cultural heritage places 7822-1221 and 7822-1395). It should be noted that the results of the 2010 predictive modelling exercise were largely untested and it was envisaged that through the further fieldwork and assessment the model would be refined on a more localised basis to reflect the actual conditions and values of any given property. As a consequence the ‘character’ zones derived from the 2010 modelling was subject to modification and refinement through the current investigation. The management requirements for Zones 1, 2 and 3 originally proposed by Long et al. (2010 – Vol 2: 131-133) for the broader GAA West Study Area are reproduced below. They are presented here in their entirety because they provide useful initial summaries of the nature and likelihood of occurrence of Aboriginal cultural heritage likely to be found within each zone (and hence within the activity area), along with details of further work that was recommended for ongoing planning and development of Rockbank PSP 1099.
Zone 1 – High Likelihood of Cultural Places Zone 1 correlates with the highest densities of registered Aboriginal cultural places, including places of high scientific and cultural significance. It is predicted that these areas will contain the core Aboriginal cultural values within the activity area, and careful planning and management is critical.
The cultural heritage character of these areas would consist of dense scatters of stone artefacts (including potential intact sub-surface deposits), and other potential sites that are not yet represented within the activity area such as quarries, burials and ceremonial places.
CHMPs will be required for activities proposed for this zone and as such will be subject to the greatest emphasis for site protection in accordance with s 61a of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (the Act).
Evaluation Requirements
A simple (desktop), standard (survey) and complex (test excavation) assessment should be undertaken for all activities within this zone.
An emphasis must be placed on controlled excavation during any field investigations, with any coarser evaluation techniques (e.g. shovel test probes) and mechanical excavation kept to a minimum, as and when they are permitted in compliance with the Act.
Management Requirements
Protection of cultural heritage places – there will be a requirement to protect and manage reserves or landscapes containing known or predicted cultural places of high significance and/or frequency. It is anticipated that these will be identified through further forward planning processes, and set aside from development.
Minimisation/mitigation of impacts from development – wherever development may occur within this zone, its impact on cultural heritage places should be subject to constraints, controls and limitations designed to lessen and ameliorate any loss of significance.
Salvage of cultural heritage places – wherever development may occur within this zone that has an impact on cultural heritage places, there should be a significant level of salvage recording to offset in part the loss of knowledge stemming from the impacts.
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Zone 2 - Moderate Likelihood of Cultural Places
Zone 2 correlates to the secondary densities of registered Aboriginal cultural places. Generally these areas will not be characterised by places of high scientific significance, however exceptions may exist. While it is predicted that these areas will contain supplementary Aboriginal cultural values within the activity area that will require careful planning and management, there is a reduced requirement to make certain protection is maintained if adequate investigation and documentation is undertaken.
The cultural heritage character of these areas will likely consist of scatters of stone artefacts (generally surface deposits). It is possible, however, that other potential sites as yet unrepresented within the activity area such as quarries, burials and ceremonial places will be present, subject to special circumstances (e.g. localised rock outcrops, alluvial terrains and stony rises). Areas of particular importance include the minor creek and wetland margins, minor elevations and stony rises (although no stony rises were observed in the 12 Investigation Areas surveyed for the present study).
CHMPs will be mandatory for many activities proposed for this zone, and a reduced emphasis would be
placed on in situ site protection in accordance with Section 61a of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, Heritage Impact Assessment provided systematic controlled excavation is undertaken for significant nodes.
Evaluation Requirements
A simple (desktop), standard (survey) and complex (test excavation) assessment should be undertaken for all activities within this zone.
Aboriginal An emphasis must be placed on controlled excavation during field investigations, however, the use of : : coarser evaluation techniques (e.g. shovel test probes) and mechanical excavation may be applied under
more general circumstances, as and when they are permitted in compliance with the Act. 1099)
( Management Requirements
Protection of cultural heritage places – there will be a requirement to protect and manage P S P specific cultural heritage places or parts of cultural heritage places. It is anticipated that these places will be identified through further forward planning processes, and set aside from development.
Minimisation/mitigation of impacts from development – wherever development may occur
R o c k b a n k within this zone, its impact on cultural heritage places should be subject to constraints, controls and limitations designed to lessen and ameliorate any loss of significance, wherever practicable.
Salvage of cultural heritage places – wherever development may occur within this zone that has an impact on cultural heritage places, there should be a level of salvage recording to offset in part the loss of knowledge stemming from the impacts, consistent with the significance and values of the place.
Zone 3 - Low likelihood of Cultural Places Zone 3 correlates to the areas where Aboriginal cultural places are generally absent, with the exception of diffuse artefact scatters and isolated artefacts. It is not considered that places of high scientific significance will exist in this zone; however the cultural significance of even minor finds cannot be overlooked. . It is predicted that these areas will contain the lesser Aboriginal cultural values within the activity area requiring consideration through an auditing process, but with a reduced requirement to protect or document through detailed investigation.
Other potential sites as yet unrepresented within the activity area, such as quarries, burials and ceremonial places may also be present, subject to special circumstances (e.g. localised rock outcrops, alluvial terrains and stony rises), however these will be very rare.
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The landscapes within this area are relatively uniform plains and slopes at distances from major water sources, with comparatively limited landform differentiation. This can make it difficult to predict specific locations of cultural places within this landscape.
CHMPs may be undertaken for activities proposed for this zone, however it is likely that these will be will be limited to desktop and survey audits with limited requirement for controlled excavation, other than coarse evaluation techniques (e.g. shovel test probes) and mechanical excavation, as and when they are permitted in compliance with the Act.
Evaluation Requirements
A simple (desktop) and standard (survey) assessment should be undertaken for most activities within this zone. The outcomes of these assessments would determine the need for complex assessment (test excavation), if any.
With the exception of localised places, coarse evaluation techniques (e.g. shovel test probes) and mechanical excavation may be employed, as and when they are permitted in compliance with the Act.
Management Requirements
Protection of cultural heritage places – there will generally not be a requirement to protect specific cultural heritage places or parts of cultural heritage places, though important exceptions may exist (as identified through forward planning processes), for instance, scarred trees.
Minimisation/mitigation of impacts from development – there will be minimal requirements to accommodate impact mitigation measures in development proposals, though it may be encouraged where practicable.
Salvage of cultural heritage places – salvage recording will be limited to localised areas, where unusually high levels of significance are identified.
4.9.5 Summary The reports summarised above make common predictions as to the likely occurrence of Aboriginal archaeological places within the activity area. The most common archaeological site types likely to be found within the activity area are stone artefact scatters and isolated stone artefacts Scarred trees are unlikely to survive in areas cleared for agriculture, but may be present where native vegetation has persisted, particularly in watercourse or water body reserves. Artefact scatters are most likely to occur in the immediate vicinity of waterways and water bodies, with the frequency, size and density of scatters decreasing with distance from water. Where watercourses are surrounded by shallow valleys and floodplains, higher density scatters may occur on these plains at greater than usual distance from water. On the basalt plains away from water, isolated and low density artefact scatters may occur at low to very low densities.
4.10 A Review of the history of the use of the Activity Area
This report is constrained to an appraisal of the Aboriginal archaeological associations and significances of the Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan 1099. As such, rather than presenting a full analysis of the area’s European heritage, only a brief depiction is presented of the significant European activities that have taken place in the area with particular attention paid to the overall characteristics of land-use. In agricultural terms, the area can be described as part of the Werribee Plains, within which settlement patterns followed distinct trends.
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4.10.1 Early Pastoralism and Settlement
During 1836 a number of settlers from Van Diemen’s Land relocated to the Werribee Plains assisting in the establishment of the south-western portion of Victoria as a vast sheep run dominated by squatters (James 1985: 4-7) This land made up one of the first places of European settlement in Victoria. Once initiated, the speed of squatting and settling occupation was rapid. By the middle of 1836, 170 settlers resided in the area, and by mid-1837, only some six months later, the Werribee plains were fully occupied. For a distance of 40km back from the coast the land was stocked with as many sheep as it could carry (James 1985: 6). Landholding in the late 1830s and throughout the 1840s was often highly fluid, as prior to 1850 licences, then later leases, were only available on a yearly basis. A pattern soon developed as a result of early land sales with a small number of very large holdings covering tens of thousands of acres each held by Clarke, Staughton, Chirnside and a few others who
Heritage Impactconsolidated Assessment their original squatting runs. Interspersed between these were medium sized pastoral holdings of 1,000 to 10,000 acres and small holdings of 30 to 350 acres. The smaller holdings represented pockets of agriculture, dairying and mixed farming along the richer and better watered soils of the river and creek valleys. Many small land holders, particularly in the less fertile areas, only managed to make their farming profitable by leasing adjacent blocks of land. However, in areas such as
Aboriginal Rockbank and Truganina the land was simply not suitable for small-scale agriculture. As a result grazing : : remained the dominant activity. Government attempts to establish closely-settled rural communities in
these areas were therefore destined to fail due to these environmental constraints (Vines 1993: 8). 1099)
( Farming practices and preferences in the Werribee Plains were greatly influenced by the predominately Scottish and northern English pastoralists who settled in the area. They were experienced in sheep
P S P husbandry and wool producing and gave little thought to cropping or, in particular, growing wheat. Sheep were raised for their wool, while sheep and cattle were slaughtered for fresh meat, skin and hides, tallow, and other by-products. Grazing methods during the initial period of licences, leases and grass rights had involved shepherds
employed to circulate stock around estates and to prevent depredation by dingoes and extreme R o c k b a n k weather-related losses. Shepherd huts were constructed at points of vantage and adjacent to reliable water. A single shepherd could have anything from 400 to 1,000 animals in his care. The majority of land sales on the Werribee Plains coincided with the 1850s gold rush and as a consequence, prices were greatly inflated. Some settlers moved further north where they could continue grazing Crown Land on cheaper leases, some made do with smaller farms while others went into different occupations. Grazing was still the primary farming activity on the freehold properties, both on the few very large estates and on the many smaller ones. Secure tenure also saw an increase in local capital improvements such as fencing, sheds, dams and sheep washes. Substantial homesteads were also constructed. Pastoral estates were firmly established by the end of the 1850s. The gold rush resulted in a shortage of labourers, including shepherds. Fencing to prevent stock straying onto roads and other properties became necessary. By 1859, about one quarter of the parish of Truganina was fenced, characteristically with the basalt boulders that abounded on and below the clay soils. This is likely to have been typical of the rest of the wider region. The fences made a distinctive grid pattern across the plains, reflecting the simple one mile squares into which the flat country had been surveyed. James Smith described the area as
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…(plains) as flat as a billiard table are crossed and recrossed by miles upon miles of three-rail fences, and occasionally by low stone walls composed of boulders that look like rusty cannon balls. (In Vines 1993: 10) Cultivation, however, remained poorly developed. The 1850s saw this start to slowly increase. The dry climate and poor soils of the region favoured hay crops, with potatoes the next most common crop followed by small areas of barley. A combination of cropping and grazing was the mainstay of Werribee Plains farmers. Only pockets of land between the stony areas were suitable for cultivation and a viable farm had to combine both cropping and grazing. The Crown Land sales saw blocks of between 100 and 640 acres made available to settlers. However, the viability of any farm was not purely related to size, but also to the nature of terrain and soil and the availability of water. Farmers frequently leased several times more land than they actually owned. Near the permanent streams – the Werribee, Maribyrnong and Litter Rivers, Kororoit Creek and a few others – farms could be smaller due to their proximity to water. Hay, fresh meat and milk were profitable on these small holdings. Their proximity to markets via rail enabled them to specialise in fresh produce (Vines 1993, 10)
4.10.2 Late Nineteenth Century Agricultural and Residential Development Between 1850 and 1890 the history of the Werribee area diverged from that of Victoria in general. Elsewhere in the colony, the 1840s and 1850s had seen the beginning of agricultural settlement as distinct from pastoralism. This was generally followed by a period of rapid absorption of the most fertile land by settled landowners. In Werribee however, this period saw the district remain characterised by large sheep runs dominated by pastoralists. Agriculturalists were relatively few in number and farm production was limited. In 1880, of 186,350 acres of occupied land in the district, no more than 7,500 acres (slightly less than 4%) was under tillage. There were only 167 agricultural (non- pastoral) holdings exceeding one acre. Hay remained the prominent crop with only small amounts of barley, wheat, oats, maize, peas, potatoes and other root crops. There were many sheep, but relative to the size of the shire, few people (Vines 1993). The year 1898 marked the beginning of a push by the Victorian Government, under the closer settlement scheme, to repurchase large areas of squatting era landholdings. Reclaimed land was divided into smaller allotments and then re-sold to a new generation of settlers. Closer settlement land was clearly earmarked for farming activity and the program was designed to bolster the agricultural industry in Victoria. Properties closer to waterways such as Kororoit Creek were able to undertake more intensive forms of agriculture and dairy.
4.10.3 Twentieth Century Agricultural Development In the early 20th Century, agriculture in the Werribee plains rapidly expanded. The area was conveniently placed to supply the Melbourne metropolis. The pace of farming in was then fast and intensive: three crops were sown and harvested over the year. Farmers sold produce wholesale to fruiterers and green grocers at the Victoria Market. During the 1930s it was usual for a market gardener to grow a fair variety of vegetables such as lettuce, cauliflower, cabbage, peas, beans and tomatoes, but rarely root crops. Over the past decades, the plains to the west of Melbourne have sustained ongoing industrial and residential development, with far greater disturbance to land surface than previously.
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4.10.4 Summary
The settlement and use of the wider region of the activity area has progressed in an initially rapid but uneven manner. Most land in the region has for most of the historical period been used for pastoral or cropping purposes with some, more intensive activities including dairy and vegetable farming occurring where proximity to water has permitted this. General levels of land surface disturbance are therefore likely to be relatively low, limited in most locations to tree clearance and shallow ploughing. Lithic artefacts are likely to have persisted largely in situ.
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Map 6: Geology of the Activity Area and Geographic Region 39
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Map 7: 1750s Ecological Vegetation Classes Pre 1750 for the Activity Area and Geographic Region 40
Map 8: Previously registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places in the geographic region 41
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Map 9: Predictive model characterising the likelihood of Aboriginal cultural heritage occurring within the activity area (extracted from Long et al. 2010 – Vol 2: Figs 12-2 and 12-3)
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5
5. Landform Field Survey
5.1 Introduction
This section outlines the aims, methods and results of the landform field survey undertaken for the activity area, including descriptions of individual investigation areas and preliminary information regarding new Aboriginal cultural heritage places identified during fieldwork.
5.2 Previous Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Places
Eight Aboriginal cultural heritage places have previously been recorded within the activity area as a result of earlier studies (Table 3).
5.3 Methodology
The objectives of the landform field survey were to:
undertake a preliminary field assessment of the overall archaeological potential of the activity area, paying particular attention to the identification and examination of the various landforms that occur within it;
characterise the potential for these landforms to retain Aboriginal cultural heritage places;
inform future standard and complex assessments that may be required as part of the preparation of a formal CHMP for the activity area; and
provide further data regarding the locations of Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area that can be used to assess the accuracy and relevance of a predictive model previously developed for the broader western metropolitan region (Long et al. 2010 – see Section 7 below). It was not possible to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the entire activity area, given that it is approximately 740Ha in area and includes at least 98 identified property parcels, most of which are privately owned or leased. A small number of property parcels was therefore selected for inclusion in the landform field survey, based on the following criteria:
advice from GAA that property access had previously been approved by the landowner;
the range of properties selected were likely to include the full variety of landforms existing across the activity area based on a review of recent aerial photography and digital topographic maps; and
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one or more of the properties included areas of low, moderate or high likelihood for Aboriginal
cultural heritage places based on the outcomes of the 2010 predictive model presented in Section 4.7.1. Twelve property parcels were included in the landform field survey (Table 6, Map 10). The combined area of these properties is 170ha, which equates to 23% of the activity area. Each property parcel was also assigned a unique Investigation Area (IA) number (Table 6, Map 11), which will be used to identify each property throughout the remainder of the present study.
Investigation GAA Property Surface Area Area (IA) Number Address (ha) 1 39 259-305 Paynes Road 31.6 2 37 339-365 Paynes Road 12.7
Heritage Impact Assessment 3 35 399-429 Paynes Road 12.5 4 33 469-513 Paynes Road 12.7 5 2 1288-1290 Leakes Road 9.1 6 68 1212-1218 Leakes Road 14.6
7 8 1220-1230 Leakes Road 4.0 Aboriginal
: : 8 54 135-147 Westcott Parade 1.8 9 74 1259-1283 Leakes Road 12.1
10 4 414-448 Greigs Road 8.0 1099) ( 11 25 22-102 Troups Road North 49.9
12 62 312-323 Greigs Road 1.0 P S P Table 6: Property parcels included in the landform field survey
The landform field survey was undertaken over the period 15-17 May 2013. The participants in the
R o c k b a n k survey are listed in Table 2. Ground surface visibility across much of the activity area was limited due to a dense ground cover of introduced grass species. Due to the preliminary nature of the field survey, the size of the activity area and the generally low ground surface visibility, the survey was undertaken as a series of random pedestrian assessments which involved:
accessing each IA by foot;
identifying the full range of landforms present within each IA; walking across representative portions of each landform in order to visually assess the degree of ground exposure and ground surface visibility; visual inspection of all areas with significant ground surface exposure for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage. All mature trees identified within each IA were inspected for the possible presence of cultural scars.
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5.4 Obstacles
An obstacle to the landform field survey was the generally poor ground surface visibility at the time of survey. This did not inhibit the identification of extrusive Aboriginal cultural heritage places (e.g. scarred trees, caves, etc.), but it was an obstacle to the identification of stone artefact surface scatters over most of the properties included in the survey.
5.5 Results
The results of the landform field survey are presented in Tables 7 to 18. Aboriginal cultural heritage places located during the landform field survey are mapped in Map 12.
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Investigation Area 1
Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 10% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 90% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 8% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Plate 1: View W toward drainage depression from Environmental Settings Inland crest of rise along southern boundary of IA 1 Landform, Land systems, Lowlands
Heritage ImpactElevations Assessment Slope Level/flat (<0.5o) to gently inclined (1.6o-5.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain, drainage depression, drainage line Water Temporary/prone to flooding
Aboriginal Disturbance Cropping and ploughing,
: : grazing, fence posts, sheds, significant fill in NW corner of property;
presence of basalt 1099)
( floaters in SW drainage depression indicates minimal disturbance in P S P this area Previous + Current Land use Agricultural Vegetation Plate 2: View north across recently scarified ground Vegetation Condition Agricultural surface on level plain in centre of IA1 Vegetation Type Agricultural Major Vegetation Types --
R o c k b a n k Aboriginal Place Identified Yes Type LDAD List 7822-3620-1, 7822-3620- 2, 7822-3620-3 Archaeology Sensitivity Low Rating Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Low Deposits Rating Comments Level plain across eastern half of property, drainage line traversing property from NE corner to SW corner, drainage depression in SW corner, treed belt in centre of property including EPBC listed species – no scarred Plate 3: View S from centre of northern boundary of trees. Isolated artefacts IA 1 overlooking shallow E-W orientated drainage located in recently scarified line earth in sheep paddock and along N-S running fence line in centre of property. Table 7: Survey results – IA 1
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Investigation Area 2 Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 10% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 90-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 90% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 10% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Plate 4: View W across IA 2 depicting low ground Environmental Settings Inland surface visibility across most of the property Landform, Land systems, Lowlands Elevations Slope Level/flat (<0.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain Water None Disturbance Grazing, fence posts, sheds Previous + Current Land use Agricultural Vegetation Vegetation Condition Agricultural Vegetation Type Agricultural Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified Yes Type LDAD List 7822-3620-4, 7822-3620- 5, 7822-3620-6 Archaeology Sensitivity Moderate Rating Disturbance Rating Moderate Plate 5: View E from centre of northern boundary of Potential Archaeological Moderate IA 2 across recently scarified property boundary Deposits Rating Comments Flat, very gently sloping plain falling east to west; no drainage depressions or drainage lines. Isolated artefacts located in recently scarified earth along boundary fence. Possible cultural scar on mature casuarina requiring further assessment. Table 8: Survey results – IA 2
Plate 6: Close-up of possible cultural scar on mature casuarina located in NE corner of IA 2
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Investigation Area 3 No photographs
Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 10% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 90% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 8% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Environmental Settings Inland Landform, Land systems, Lowlands
Heritage ImpactElevations Assessment o Slope Level/flat (<0.5 ) to gently inclined (1.6o-5.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain, drainage depression Water Temporary/prone to flooding
Aboriginal Disturbance Grazing, residence and
: : grounds, fence posts, sheds, dam Previous + Current Land use Agricultural, residential
Vegetation 1099)
( Vegetation Condition Agricultural Vegetation Type Agricultural Major Vegetation Types --
P S P Aboriginal Place Identified Yes Type Artefact scatter List Artefact Scatter A Archaeology Sensitivity High Rating Disturbance Rating Moderate R o c k b a n k Potential Archaeological Moderate to High Deposits Rating Comments Generally flat, level plain across eastern and central portions of property, sloping gently down towards western boundary. NW corner of property occupies part of a blind, currently dry drainage depression. Artefact scatter located on gently sloping bank of depression in fenced paddock, comprising 30+ stone artefacts (silcrete, quartz, quartzite, unident. volcanic), flakes, cores, formal tools.
Table 9: Survey results – IA 3
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Investigation Area 4 Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 3% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 97% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 3% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Plate 7: View NE from centre of western boundary Environmental Settings Inland of IA 4 overlooking gently sloping plain Landform, Land systems, Lowlands Elevations Slope Level/flat (<0.5o) to gently inclined (1.6o-5.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain, drainage line Water Temporary/prone to flooding Disturbance Grazing, fence posts, sheds, dam Previous + Current Land use Agricultural Vegetation Vegetation Condition Agricultural Vegetation Type Agricultural Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified No Type -- List -- Archaeology Sensitivity Moderate to High Rating
Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Moderate to High Deposits Rating Comments Generally flat, level plain across western third of property, sloping gently down to the east towards a shallow N-S orientated drainage line traversing centre of property. Table 10: Survey results – IA 4
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Investigation Area 5
Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 3% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 97% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 3% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Plate 8: View NE from SW corner of IA 5 overlooking Environmental Settings Inland gently sloping plain Landform, Land systems, Lowlands
Heritage ImpactElevations Assessment Slope Level/flat (<0.5o) to gently inclined (1.6o-5.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain, drainage line Water Temporary/prone to flooding Disturbance Grazing, residence and
Aboriginal grounds, fence posts,
: : sheds Previous + Current Land use Agricultural, residential Vegetation
Vegetation Condition Agricultural 1099)
( Vegetation Type Agricultural Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified Yes P S P Type LDAD List 7822-3620-16 Archaeology Sensitivity Moderate to High Plate 9: View E from NW corner of IA 5 overlooking Rating plain sloping down towards drainage line depression Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Moderate to High
R o c k b a n k Deposits Rating Comments N-S orientated drainage line bisects the centre of the property, with gently sloping ground surfaces running down towards the drainage line from the western and eastern property boundaries.
Table 11: Survey results – IA 5
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Investigation Area 6 Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 5% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 95% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 5% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Plate 10: View W from SE corner of IA 6 overlooking Environmental Settings Inland land gently sloping down towards dam in SW corner Landform, Land systems, Lowlands of property and N-S orientated drainage line Elevations depression Slope Gently inclined (1.6o-5.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain, drainage line Water Temporary/prone to flooding Disturbance Grazing, residence and grounds, fence posts, sheds, containers, dams, fill deposited across 30% of property Previous + Current Land use Agricultural, residential Vegetation Vegetation Condition Agricultural Vegetation Type Agricultural Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified Yes Type Artefact scatter, LDAD List Artefact Scatter B; 7822- 3620-7 to 7822-3620-15 Archaeology Sensitivity Moderate to High Plate 11: View E from NW corner of IA 6 overlooking Rating dumped fill covering majority of property Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Moderate to High Deposits Rating Comments A significant N-S orientated drainage line runs along the western boundary of the property; the remainder of the property inclines gently towards a rise along the eastern boundary. 8 isolated artefacts located along southern boundary (6 near base of mature eucalypt), one on dry dam bank in centre of property. Artefact scatter located on gently sloping bank of dam in SW corner of property at base of slope near drainage line depression, comprising 50+ stone artefacts (silcrete, quartz, quartzite, chert), flakes, cores, formal tools including backed blades. Plate 12: View N across dam located in SW corner of IA 6 - dense artefact scatter exposed on all Table 12: Survey results – IA 6 ungrassed sloping bank surfaces
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Investigation Area 7 No photographs
Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 5% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 95% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 5% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Environmental Settings Inland Landform, Land systems, Lowlands
Heritage ImpactElevations Assessment Slope Very gently to gently inclined (0.5o-5.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain Water None Disturbance Olive plantation, residence and grounds,
Aboriginal fence posts, sheds
: : Previous + Current Land use Agricultural, residential Vegetation Vegetation Condition Agricultural
Vegetation Type Agricultural 1099)
( Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified No Type -- P S P List -- Archaeology Sensitivity High Rating Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Moderate to High Deposits Rating R o c k b a n k Comments Property is located on a gently sloping flat plain inclining from east to west. Significant disturbance from residence construction, landscaping and olive grove plantation across eastern half of property.
Table 13: Survey results – IA 7
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Investigation Area 8 No photographs Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 5% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 95% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 5% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Environmental Settings Inland Landform, Land systems, Lowlands Elevations Slope Level/flat ground to very gently sloping (0o-1.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain Water None Disturbance Residence and landscaped grounds, fence posts, sheds Previous + Current Land use Agricultural, residential Vegetation Vegetation Condition Agricultural Vegetation Type Agricultural Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified No Type -- List -- Archaeology Sensitivity High Rating Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Moderate to High Deposits Rating Comments Property is located on flat level ground. Ground surface visibility limited to exposures around base of trees. Ground surface inclines gently from N to S
Table 14: Survey results – IA 8
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Investigation Area 9
Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 5% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 95% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 5% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Plate 13: View E from centre of IA 9 along northern Environmental Settings Inland boundary Landform, Land systems, Lowlands
Heritage ImpactElevations Assessment Slope Level/flat to very gently sloping ground (0o-1.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain Water None Disturbance Ploughing/cropping, grazing, residence and
Aboriginal grounds, fence posts,
: : sheds, vehicle track, basalt floaters scraped to centre of property
Previous + Current Land use Agricultural, residential 1099)
( Vegetation Vegetation Condition Agricultural Vegetation Type Agricultural
P S P Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified No Type -- List -- Archaeology Sensitivity High Rating
R o c k b a n k Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Moderate to High Deposits Rating Comments Property is located on gently sloping ground surface inkling from E to W. Ground surface visibility limited to exposures around base of trees.
Table 15: Survey results – IA 9
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Investigation Area 10 Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 3% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 97% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 3% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Plate 14: View S from centre of northern boundary Environmental Settings Inland of IA 10 looking across level plain, depicting poor Landform, Land systems, Lowlands ground surface visibility Elevations Slope Level/flat (<0.5o) to gently sloping ground (1.6o-5.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain, drainage line Water Temporary/prone to flooding Disturbance Ploughing/cropping, grazing, residence and grounds, fence posts, sheds; basalt floaters present across level ground over northern two thirds of property indicating minimal ground disturbance Previous + Current Land use Agricultural, residential Vegetation Vegetation Condition Agricultural Vegetation Type Agricultural Plate 15: View SE from centre of IA 10 overlooking Major Vegetation Types -- E-W orientated drainage line depression along Aboriginal Place Identified No southern boundary Type -- List -- Archaeology Sensitivity Moderate to High Rating Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Moderate to High Deposits Rating Comments Property is located on generally level ground over northern two thirds, southern third declining gently S towards drainage line along southern boundary. Ground surface visibility extremely limited due to long grass.
Table 16: Survey results – IA 10
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Investigation Area 11
Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 3% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 97% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 3% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Plate 16: View SE across IA 11 overlooking eastern Environmental Settings Inland wetland depression and Aboriginal cultural heritage Landform, Land systems, Lowlands places 7822-2785 and 7822-2786
Heritage ImpactElevations Assessment Slope Level/flat (<0.5o) to gently sloping ground (1.6o-5.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain, drainage line Water Temporary/prone to flooding Disturbance Ploughing/cropping,
Aboriginal grazing, fence posts;
: : basalt floaters present in vicinity of eastern boundary adjacent to
wetlands, indicating 1099)
( minimal ground disturbance in this area Previous + Current Land use Agricultural
P S P Vegetation Vegetation Condition Agricultural Vegetation Type Agricultural Major Vegetation Types -- Plate 17: View W across northern boundary of IA 11 Aboriginal Place Identified Yes showing gently inclining plain Type Artefact scatters
R o c k b a n k List 7822-0287, 7822-2778, 7822-2779, 7822-2784, 7822-2785, 7822-2786 Archaeology Sensitivity High Rating Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Moderate to High Deposits Rating Comments Property generally declines from W to E, and is bisected by an E-W orientated drainage line draining eastwards into a wetland depression whose western margin intersects the eastern property boundary. Ground surfaces N and S of the drainage line decline gently toward the drainage alignment. All previously recorded Aboriginal cultural heritage places located within IA 11 were Plate 18: View E from crest of rise on southern bank identified. of E-W orientated drainage line
Table 17: Survey results – IA 11
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Investigation Area 12 Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Visibility % ground cover on 1% exposure(s) % surface visibility on 50-100% exposure(s) % ground cover off 99% exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0-1% exposure(s) Average ground surface appx. 1.5% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Plate 19: View S from northern boundary of IA 12 Environmental Settings Inland overlooking gently inclining plain Landform, Land systems, Lowlands Elevations Slope Very gently sloping ground (0.5o-1.5o) Locality Landforms Lava plain Water None Disturbance Ploughing/cropping, grazing, fence posts Previous + Current Land use Agricultural Vegetation Vegetation Condition Agricultural Vegetation Type Agricultural Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified No Type -- List -- Archaeology Sensitivity High Rating Disturbance Rating Moderate Potential Archaeological Moderate to High Deposits Rating Comments Property gently declines from S to N towards E-W orientated drainage line located in adjacent IA 11 Table 18: Survey results – IA 12
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5.6 Aboriginal Community Consultation
Consultation with the Aboriginal communities regarding the Rockbank PSP 1099 Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment comprised informal discussions with community representatives during fieldwork regarding fieldwork methodologies, likely Aboriginal cultural heritage values associated with the activity area, and the results of the landform field survey. These discussions included issues relating to any oral history information known about the activity area. The principal outcomes of this field-based consultation program include the following observations: 1. Aboriginal community representatives generally agreed that culturally significant or sensitive landforms are likely to be limited to areas around wetlands, watercourses and water bodies across the activity area, and that the Aboriginal cultural heritage places likely to be found in these locations are low to medium density stone artefact scatters, mostly located on the
Heritage Impact Assessmentground surface but with a potential for subsurface deposits. These observations were predicated on clear evidence for ground surface disturbance across the activity area associated with European settlement of the region and the loss of significant areas of native vegetation through ground clearance.
2. A mature casuarina located in the northeast corner of IA 2 was identified by one Aboriginal Aboriginal
: : community representative as having possibly been culturally scarred by Aboriginal people (see Table 8 for details). The representative noted that casuarina’s are generally considered as
being of cultural significance to the Bunurong Aboriginal community. Casuarinas are not 1099)
( included in the species lists for either Plains Grassy Wetland (EVC 125) or Plains Grassland (EVC 132) plant communities6, but it is possible that this tree was planted after the area was first
P S P colonised by European settlers and subsequently scarred by Aboriginal people. The representative requested that the tree be reassessed by an archaeologist with acknowledged expertise in scarred trees to determine if the scar is of Aboriginal cultural origin. 3. The Wurundjeri and Bunurong Aboriginal community representatives separately commented
R o c k b a n k that unidentified human skeletal remains had been found within the grounds of the caravan park (Property 44) opposite 135-147 Westcott Parade (Property Number 54/IA 8 – see Maps 10 and 11). However, neither representative could offer any information regarding the number of individuals represented by these remains or their ethnicity, and simply requested that this anecdotal information be recorded and presented in the report for consideration during subsequent development of the activity area.
5.7 Summary
Ground surface visibility varied across the activity area, but was generally very low at the time of the landform field survey. The assessment has determined that there is some level of ground surface disturbance across the activity area, with much of the activity area ploughed and/or grazed, with other forms of disturbance in the form of fences, historical European structures and vehicle tracks also present.
6 http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/conservation-and-environment/native-vegetation-groups-for-victoria/ecological-vegetation-class-evc- benchmarks-by-bioregion/evc-benchmarks-victorian-volcanic-plain-bioregion - accessed 15 July 2013
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Basalt floaters, which are generally ubiquitous across the Stony Undulating Plains of the Western District, were observed within many of the IAs included in the landform field survey. However, there were only a few instances where these had not been scraped from their original positions and piled in discrete areas, further indicating a generalised level of topsoil disturbance during the historical period. A previously unregistered Low Density Artefact Distribution (LDAD) comprising 16 stone artefacts (7822-3620) and two previously unregistered artefact scatters Artefact Scatter A and Artefact Scatter B) were identified during the landform field survey. As a result of the landform field survey and in light of the results of the desktop assessment (see Section 4), the potential for additional Aboriginal cultural heritage places to be present within the activity area was confirmed through the identification of surface stone artefacts.
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Map 10: Property parcels within the activity area selected for inclusion in the landform field survey 61
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Map 11: Investigation areas assessed during the landform field survey 62
Map 12: New Aboriginal cultural heritage place locations identified during the landform field survey
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6. Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment
6.1 Introduction
This section presents an overview of Aboriginal heritage identified within the activity area during the landform field survey of this report, and previously registered Aboriginal heritage. It considers the evidence from each task undertaken as part of this AHIA, namely desktop and background studies, and the landform field survey. This section also details the results of the stone artefact analysis conducted in the field during the landform field survey. It first describes the basic assemblage characteristics (artefact numbers, artefact types and raw materials) for the assemblage as a whole, followed by more detailed descriptions of the assemblages from each of the Aboriginal cultural heritage places. Descriptive and metric variables recorded for all artefacts identified as comprising 7822-3620 (Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan 1) during the landform field survey are presented in Table 21. Criteria used to assess the significance of the Aboriginal cultural heritage are presented in Appendix 4. The locations of all Aboriginal cultural heritage places presented in this section are presented in Map 13.
Variable Specification Raw material E.g. quartz, silcrete, hornfels, fine-grained siliceous Primary Form A description of the composition of an artefact (e.g. medial flake, distal flake, angular fragment, slab, bipolar core, etc.) Cortex Percentage of cortex on the artefact % of edge with retouch or usewear Percentage of the artefact’s margin with retouch or usewear Flake platform Description of the platform in the case of flakes and tools where appropriate (e.g. flaked, crushed, facetted) Flake termination The form of the flake termination for complete, distal, and longitudinal split flakes and blades No. of complete scars (cores only) The number of complete flake scars on a core Longest scar (axial mm) (cores only) The length of the longest complete scar on a core Formal tool/core type An artefact modified for a functional purpose (e.g. adze flake, anvil, axe blank, backed blade, etc.) Secondary modification Record if any Length (mm) For flakes: the longest length from the platform to the termination measured along the axis of percussion; for tools that cannot be orientated along the axis of percussion: the length of the long axis of the tool Width (mm) For both flakes and tools: the widest width of the artefact perpendicular to the axis of length measurement Thickness (mm) For both flakes and tools: the thickest thickness of the artefact perpendicular to the axis of length measurement Maximum dimension (mm) The maximum extent of the artefact, regardless of orientation
Table 19: Variables recorded in the technological and typological analysis of surface artefacts identified during the landform field survey
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6.2 VAHR 7822-0287 – Troups Road AS 3
6.2.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-0287
VAHR No. 7822-0287 Extent Information Map sheet: Sydenham West 7822 Grid reference: E294339 N5820780 (Primary Coordinate on VAHR) Cadastral Details: Lot 2 LP 67245, LGA City of Melton Site type: Artefact Scatter Area: 741m2 Significance Site Contents 1 Site Condition 1 Representativeness 1 Scientific Significance 3 (Low) – but note lack of detailed assemblage data Aboriginal Traditional Significance Assessment (BWF, High
WTLCCHC & BLCAC * (see Appendix 3) Heritage Impact Assessment 6.2.1 Nature of 7822-0287 Troups Road AS 3 (VAHR 7822-0287) was originally recorded and registered by Ecology and Heritage Partners during fieldwork for an as yet unsubmitted CHMP (11154). The place was registered as comprising three subsurface stone artefacts excavated during fieldwork in 2010. The ACHRIS registration, which is currently the only source of information regarding the assemblage, does not
Aboriginal provide any information on the general assemblage or the individual artefacts which comprise it. The : : location was identified during the landform field survey for the current study, but no surface artefacts
were observed despite an intensive inspection of the area.
1099)
(
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Figure 1: Detailed extent plan of 7822-0287
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6.3 VAHR 7822-2778 – Troups Road AS 6 6.3.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-2778
VAHR No. 7822-2778 Extent Information Map sheet: Sydenham West 7822 Grid reference: E293956 N5820407 (Primary Coordinate on VAHR) Cadastral Details: Lot 2 LP 67245, LGA City of Melton Site type: Artefact Scatter Area: 2,016m2 Significance Site Contents 1 Site Condition 1 Representativeness 1 Scientific Significance 3 (Low) – but note lack of detailed assemblage data Aboriginal Traditional Significance Assessment (BWF, High WTLCCHC & BLCAC * (see Appendix 3)
6.3.1 Nature of 7822-2778 Troups Road AS 6 (VAHR 7822-2778) was originally recorded and registered by Ecology and Heritage Partners during fieldwork for an as yet unsubmitted CHMP (11154). The place was registered as comprising two surface stone artefacts identified during fieldwork in 2010. The ACHRIS registration, which is currently the only source of information regarding the place, does not provide any information on the general assemblage or the individual artefacts which comprise it. The location was identified during the landform field survey for the current study, but no surface artefacts were observed despite an intensive inspection of the area.
Figure 2: Detailed extent plan of 7822-02778
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6.4 VAHR 7822-2779 – Troups Road AS 2
6.4.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-2779
VAHR No. 7822-2779 Extent Information Map sheet: Sydenham West 7822 Grid reference: E294208 N5820899 (Primary Coordinate on VAHR) Cadastral Details: Lot 2 LP 67245, LGA City of Melton Site type: Artefact Scatter Area: 8,633m2 Significance Site Contents 2 Site Condition 1 Representativeness 1 Scientific Significance 4 (Low) – but note lack of detailed assemblage data Aboriginal Traditional Significance Assessment (BWF, High WTLCCHC & BLCAC * (see Appendix 3)
Heritage Impact6.4.1 Assessment Nature of 7822-2779 Troups Road AS 2 (VAHR 7822-2779) was originally recorded and registered by Ecology and Heritage Partners (EHP) during fieldwork for an as yet unsubmitted CHMP (11154). The place was registered as comprising nine surface and seven subsurface stone artefacts identified during fieldwork in 2010. The
ACHRIS registration, which is currently the only source of information regarding the place, provides Aboriginal
: : artefact data for only seven artefacts (presumed to comprise the subsurface component of the assemblage), as follows:
1099) chert is the dominant raw material (6 of 7), with the remaining artefact being manufactured ( from silcrete;
P S P a mix of artefact primary forms, including whole flakes (3), proximal flakes (1), distal flakes (1), debris (1) and whole tools (1);
formal tools are limited to a single backed blade. The location was identified during the landform field survey for the current study, and data from one
R o c k b a n k surface artefact was recorded (2779-1; Table 20). Given the limited information accompanying the site registration, it is not possible to determine if this artefact was previously recorded during EHP’s surface survey in 2010.
ID Raw Material Primary Form 2779-1 Silcrete Angular fragment
Table 20: Artefacts re-identified during the current inspection of 7822-2779
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Plate 20: 7822-2779_Troups Road AS 2_ Plate 21: Location of 7822-2779 Troups Road AS 2 15May13_Mike Green_Artefact 01 facing SE
Figure 3: Detailed extent plan of 7822-02779
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6.5 VAHR 7822-2784 – Troups Road AS 1
6.5.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-2784
VAHR No. 7822-2784 Extent Information Map sheet: Sydenham West 7822 Grid reference: E294005 N5820925 (Primary Coordinate on VAHR) Cadastral Details: Lot 2 LP 67245, LGA City of Melton Site type: Artefact Scatter Area: 7,904m2 Significance Site Contents 1 Site Condition 1 Representativeness 1 Scientific Significance 3 (Low) Aboriginal Traditional Significance Assessment (BWF, High WTLCCHC & BLCAC * (see Appendix 3)
Heritage Impact6.5.1 Assessment Nature of 7822-2784 Troups Road AS 1 (VAHR 7822-2784) was originally recorded and registered by Ecology and Heritage Partners during fieldwork for an as yet unsubmitted CHMP (11154). The place was registered as comprising six surface stone artefacts identified during fieldwork in 2010. The ACHRIS registration, which is currently the only source of information regarding the place, does not provide any information
Aboriginal on the general assemblage or the individual artefacts which comprise it other than noting that silcrete : : and quartz are both present in the assemblage. The location was identified during the landform field survey for the current study, but no surface artefacts were observed despite an intensive inspection of
the area.
1099)
(
P S P R o c k b a n k
Figure 4: Detailed extent plan of 7822-02784
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6.6 VAHR 7822-2785– Troups Road AS 4 6.6.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-2785
VAHR No. 7822-2785 Extent Information Map sheet: Sydenham West 7822 Grid reference: E294581 N5820685 (Primary Coordinate on VAHR) Cadastral Details: Lot 2 LP 67245, LGA City of Melton Site type: Artefact Scatter Area: 32,337m2 Significance Site Contents 2 Site Condition 1 Representativeness 2 Scientific Significance 5 (Moderate) – but note lack of detailed assemblage data Aboriginal Traditional Significance Assessment (BWF, High WTLCCHC & BLCAC * (see Appendix 3) 6.6.1 Nature of 7822-2785 Troups Road AS 4 (VAHR 7822-2785) was originally recorded and registered by Ecology and Heritage Partners during fieldwork for an as yet unsubmitted CHMP (11154). The place was registered as comprising 130 surface and 19 subsurface stone artefacts identified during fieldwork in 2010. The ACHRIS registration, which is currently the only source of information regarding the place, does not provide any information on the general assemblage or the individual artefacts which comprise it. The location was identified during the landform field survey for the current study, and a number of stone artefacts were identified as being located within the defined place extent, but were not recorded.
Figure 5: Detailed extent plan of 7822-02785
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6.7 VAHR 7822-2786– Troups Road AS 5
6.7.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-2786
VAHR No. 7822-2786 Extent Information Map sheet: Sydenham West 7822 Grid reference: E294564 N5820350 (Primary Coordinate on VAHR) Cadastral Details: Lot 2 LP 67245, LGA City of Melton Site type: Artefact Scatter Area: 38,749m2 Significance Site Contents 2 Site Condition 1 Representativeness 2 Scientific Significance 5 (Moderate) – but note lack of detailed assemblage data Aboriginal Traditional Significance Assessment (BWF, High WTLCCHC & BLCAC * (see Appendix 3)
Heritage Impact6.7 .1Assessment Nature of 7822-2786 Troups Road AS 5 (VAHR 7822-2786) was originally recorded and registered by Ecology and Heritage Partners during fieldwork for an as yet unsubmitted CHMP (11154). The place was registered as comprising 102 surface and 8 subsurface stone artefacts identified during fieldwork in 2010. The ACHRIS registration, which is currently the only source of information regarding the place, does not
Aboriginal provide any information on the general assemblage or the individual artefacts which comprise it. The : : location was identified during the landform field survey for the current study, and a number of stone
artefacts were identified as being located within the defined place extent, but were not recorded.
1099)
(
P S P R o c k b a n k
Figure 6: Detailed extent plan of 7822-02786
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6.8 VAHR 7822-3620 – Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan 1 6.8.1 Extent and Significance of 7822-3620
VAHR No. 7822-3620 Extent Information Map sheet: Sydenham West 7822 Grid reference: NA Cadastral Details: NA Site type: Low Density Artefact Distribution Area: NA Significance Site Contents 1 Site Condition 1 Representativeness 1 Scientific Significance 3 (Low) Aboriginal Traditional Significance Assessment (BWF, High WTLCCHC & BLCAC * (see Appendix 3) 6.8.2 Nature of 7822-3620 Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan 1 (VAHR 7822-3620) is a Low Density Artefact Distribution (LDAD) comprising 16 isolated stone artefacts at densities of less than 10 artefacts in any 100m2 across the area of the LDAD. The 16 artefacts are distributed over an area of approximately 45ha within the centre of the western portion of the activity area, between Leakes Road and Paynes Road. Data recorded for each artefact comprising the LDAD are presented in Table 20. The LDAD assemblage includes artefacts manufactured using silcrete (n=10 or 63%), quartz (n=3 or 19%), quartzite (n=1 or 6%), a fine-grained siliceous stone (n=1 or 6%) and mudstone (n=1 or 6%). The assemblage is dominated by complete flakes (n=12 or 75%), but also includes proximal flakes (n=1 or 6%), medial flakes (n=2 or 12%) and a longitudinal split flake (n=1 or 6%). Formal tool types are limited to one amorphous scraper (Artefact 1) and a backed geometric microlith (Artefact 13). There is evidence that the silcrete used to manufacture Artefact 16 may have been heat treated prior to flaking.
6.9 Artefact Scatters A and B
During the course of the landform field survey undertaken as part of the present study, two moderately dense stone artefact scatters were observed: Scatter A in IA 3, and Scatter B in IA 6. Although basic information regarding the location and contents of these artefact scatters is briefly presented below, they have not yet been formally recorded for registration and inclusion in the VAHR. Formal recording and registration of these two artefact scatters should be undertaken as a matter of high priority. 6.9.1 Artefact Scatter A Artefact scatter A is located in a fenced paddock within the northwest corner of IA 3 (Property 35), on a gently sloping ground surface declining toward a nearby drainage depression (Map 12). Although ground surface visibility within the paddock is generally poor, a number of artefacts were observed in surface exposures along the southern boundary of the paddock, spreading in an arc along a northward trending break in slope where the level plain to the east begins to decline towards the drainage depression in the west.
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The scatter is estimated to extend over an area of approximately 5,000m2, and includes at least 30
artefacts manufactured on a variety of raw materials including silcrete, quartz, quartzite, and an unidentified volcanic stone. The assemblage includes flakes, cores and a number of formal tools including backed blades. The extent and total surface contents of this site have not been fully determined and further investigations are required in order to properly record the site and assess its scientific and cultural significance. 6.9.2 Artefact Scatter B Artefact Scatter B is located on the exposed banks of a small dam located in the southwest corner of IA 6 (Property 68). The dam has been excavated near the base of a gentle slope declining from a rise along the eastern boundary of IA 6, at a point where the slope begins to level off as it approaches a north-south orientated drainage line located along the property’s western boundary. The drainage line
Heritage Impactfeeds Assessment into a previously mapped wetland area. The scatter is estimated to extend over an area of approximately 1,300m2, and includes at least 50 artefacts manufactured on a variety of raw materials including quartz, quartzite, chert and three types of silcrete. The assemblage includes flakes, cores and a number of formal tools including backed
blades. Aboriginal
: : The extent and total surface contents of this site have not been fully determined and further investigations are required in order to properly record the site and assess its scientific and cultural
significance.
1099) (
P S P R o c k b a n k
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No. Longest Max Surface/ Cortex % edge with Flake Flake complete scar (axial Secondary Length Width Thickness dimension Artefact ID IA Subsurface Raw Material Primary Form % retouch/usewear platform termination scars mm) Formal Tool/Core Type modification (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Easting Northing 1 1 Surface Quartzite Flake - Complete None 33-66 Plain Hinge NA NA Scraper - Amorphous NA 38.00 42.00 10.00 52.00 291954.63 5821690.89 2 1 Surface Silcrete Flake - proximal None None Facetted NA NA NA NA NA 29.00 14.00 7.00 29.00 292011.87 5821810.28 3 1 Surface Silcrete Flake - complete 1-32 None Facetted Hinge NA NA NA NA 13.00 10.00 4.00 16.00 292014.19 5821825.83 4 2 Surface Quartz Flake - complete None None Facetted Step NA NA NA NA 18.00 20.00 6.00 26.00 291806.93 5821411.20 5 2 Surface Fine Grained Siliceous Flake - complete 33-66 33-66 Facetted Feather NA NA NA NA 36.00 24.00 7.00 37.00 291969.00 5821347.51 6 2 Surface Silcrete Flake - complete 67-99 None Plain Step NA NA NA NA 34.00 36.00 12.00 42.00 291982.84 5821201.46 7 6 Surface Silcrete Flake - complete 1-32 33-66 Plain Hinge NA NA NA NA 30.00 19.00 9.00 33.00 292516.89 5821076.69 8 6 Surface Silcrete Flake - medial None None NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.00 8.00 1.00 9.00 292541.40 5821071.08 9 6 Surface Silcrete Flake - medial None None NA NA NA NA NA NA 11.00 7.00 1.00 14.00 292446.36 5821085.97 10 6 Surface Quartz Flake - complete None None Plain Hinge NA NA NA NA 33.00 34.00 9.00 40.00 292446.36 5821085.97 11 6 Surface Quartz Flake - complete None 1-32 Crushed Feather NA NA NA NA 12.00 7.00 4.00 12.00 292439.29 5821104.20 12 6 Surface Silcrete Flake - complete 1-32 None Facetted Plunge NA NA NA NA 17.00 10.00 6.00 18.00 292436.85 5821097.99 13 6 Surface Mudstone Flake - complete None None Plain Hinge NA NA Backed - Geometric Microlith NA 19.00 16.00 7.00 22.00 292436.85 5821097.99 14 6 Surface Silcrete Flake - complete 1-32 None Plain Hinge NA NA NA NA 16.00 11.00 2.00 18.00 292411.96 5821099.43 15 6 Surface Silcrete Flake - proximal None 1-32 Plain NA NA NA NA NA 17.00 13.00 7.00 19.00 292488.11 5821375.67 16 5 Surface Silcrete Flake - Longitudinal Split 67-99 None Flaked Indet NA NA NA Heating 30.58 16.95 9.21 30.48 292092.18 5820921.55
Table 21: LDAD 7822-3620 (Rockbank Precinct Structure Plan 1) artefact data
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Heritage Impact Assessment
Aboriginal
: :
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Map 13: Location of Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area
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7. Interpretation and Management Recommendations
7.1 Evaluation of the 2010 Predictive Model
A key aim of the landform field survey was to provide further data regarding the locations of Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area that could be used to evaluate the accuracy and relevance of the predictive model developed by Andrew Long and Associates in 2010 for the West Study Area as part of the Strategic Approach to Aboriginal Heritage Management for Melbourne’s Growth Areas project on behalf of the GAA (Long et al. 2010). The results of previous research in the geographic region for the present study generally indicated that the most common archaeological site types likely to be found within the activity area are stone artefact scatters and isolated stone artefacts (Sections 4.9.1 to 4.9.3). Artefact scatters are most likely to occur in the immediate vicinity of waterways and water bodies, with the frequency, size and density of scatters generally decreasing with distance from water. Where watercourses are surrounded by shallow valleys and floodplains, higher density scatters may occur on these plains at greater than usual distance from water. On the basalt plains away from water, isolated and low density artefact scatters may occur at low to very low densities. The outcomes of the predictive modelling exercise for the West Study Area undertaken by Long et al. (2010 – Vol 2) generally support these previous observations. The model indicated that Aboriginal cultural heritage places tend to occur in higher densities on gently undulating to undulating surfaces of weathered and slightly weathered lava flows, and in association with eruption points of basaltic lava, scoria and agglomerate and associated lava flows forming isolated hills. Site densities were interpreted as being highly influenced by proximity to water with a close relationship that diminishes with distance, whereas other variables such as slope and elevation appear to be weak modifiers. The character map generated as an outcome of the exercise displayed a pattern broadly suggesting higher cultural heritage place densities along creeks, water bodies and around points of elevation, with comparative lower densities across broader, flatter plains remote from water bodies which matched the known distribution of cultural heritage places (as at February 2010). It should be noted that because of the scale of this investigation and the variable quality of the datasets used the resulting model was a relatively coarse characterisation of the landscape in terms of the potential location of Aboriginal cultural heritage places. It was outside of the scope of the study to problem solve all anomalies within the model, rather it was intended as a first stage towards creating an increasingly refined model for Aboriginal cultural heritage place distribution. In relation to the activity area currently under consideration it has been possible to provide an immediate refinement of the 2010 model simply in terms of the datasets used at that time versus the
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data sets now available. In terms of the distribution of wetlands within the activity area the dataset
previously used indicated the presence of a wetland at the eastern end of the activity area and two smaller wetlands, one immediately south of the intersection of Leakes Road and the railway line and one straddling the western boundary of the activity to the north of the intersection of Iramoo Circuit and Paynes Road. The dataset previously used did not however include a wetland in the central western section of the activity. This wetland is a current wetland included in the VicHydro Water Areas dataset, which underpins much of the online mapping and spatial datasets produced by the Victorian Government. It does not, however, appear in the DSE-modelled 1788 Wetlands dataset, which was used by Long et al. (2010) in the construction of their predictive model. Had this mapped wetland been included in the modelling process, its location may well have been characterised as having a high likelihood for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage place and been included in Zone 1. A further example of the inconsistency between the modelled characterisation of the activity area and the influence of wetlands generally is the fact that the wetland occurring immediately south of the Heritage Impactintersection Assessment of Paynes Road and the railway line (termed here the ‘northwest wetland’) was originally characterised by the model as an area of variably low to moderate likelihood. Further interrogation of the processes used to construct the 2010 predictive model indicates that the northwest wetland was identified and included in early attribute-specific modelling during the development of the overall character predictive model. However, when the location of this wetland was factored into the
Aboriginal construction of the distance-from-water layer for the overall model (a heavily weighted layer mapping : : the distances of known Aboriginal cultural heritage places as at February 2010 from water), the influence of the wetland in this particular instance was overridden by the effect of the distance from
1099) water layer. As a consequence, this area was generally classified as having only a minor impact on the (
overall characterisation of the area, hence the attribution of the area as Zone 1-2 (low to moderate P S P likelihood). Essentially, although the wetland was not omitted from the model, the mechanics of the model determined that on balance, this particular location did not have a high likelihood for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places, despite the presence of the wetland. Moreover, the small ephemeral drainage line feeding into the large wetland in the eastern section of
the activity area was mapped as a waterway for the purposes of the model and this drainage line R o c k b a n k exerted a strong influence on the distribution of modelled areas of ‘high’ likelihood in the area between Leakes Road and Troups Road. Being relatively coarse, the 2010 predictive model was not able to make distinctions between different manifestations of a particular feature type. For example, the distance to water category essentially treated all watercourses as equal. Thus, the small ephemeral drainage line within the activity area exerted a similar influence to Kororoit Creek within the overall predictive model. Similarly, all wetlands also exerted the same influence on the model without reference to the particular characteristics of each wetland. In light of the points discussed above the 2010 predictive model was refined significantly. On the basis of this reassessment, areas of predicted high likelihood have been restricted to land within 200m of wetlands of known type.7 The ephemeral drainage line now exerts no influence on the model as it was
7 While this study was being prepared additional wetlands were identified within the Rockbank PSP. The exact nature of these wetlands is not known, however, their apparent small size and the fact that they have not been previously suggests that they are likely to be relatively insignificant and likely would not meet the definition for a wetland as presented in the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007.
78 determined that at a time or seasons when this drainage line contained flowing water, the wetland it feeds would also contain water and associated resources and would be a greater attractant to Aboriginal people than the drainage line itself. The results of the landform field survey undertaken for the present study provided an opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of this refinement of the 2010 predictive model in forecasting the likely presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places. This evaluation is further enhanced by including the results of surface and subsurface archaeological investigations undertaken within IA 11 by Ecology and Heritage Partners in 2010 as part of the yet-to-be submitted CHMP 11154, which registered six Aboriginal cultural heritage places in September 2010, post-dating the generation of the database used by Long et al. (2010) to generate their model. Map 14 depicts the locations of 11 Aboriginal cultural heritage places in relation to the digital elevation model depicting topography across the activity area and the locations of watercourses, water bodies and wetlands presented earlier in Map 3. These include nine places not included in the database used by Long et al. (2010) to develop their predictive model (VAHR 7822-0287, 7822-2778, 7822-2779, 7822- 2784, 7822-2785, 7822-2786 and 7822-3620, as well as unregistered Artefact Scatters A and B), and two previously recorded places registered prior to 2010 and included in the development of the 2010 predictive model (VAHR 7822-1221 and 7822-1395). The 11 places include two isolated artefacts, one low density artefact distribution, and eight artefact scatters of varying density (Table 22).
Place Id No. of stone artefacts Area (m2) Density (per m2) 7822-0287 3 741 0.0040 7822-2778 2 2,016 0.0010 7822-2779 16 8,633 0.0019 7822-2784 6 7,904 0.0008 7822-2785 149 32,337 0.0046 7822-2786 110 38,749 0.0028 Artefact Scatter A ~30 NA NA Artefact Scatter B ~50 NA NA
Table 22: Stone artefact densities for artefact scatters located with the activity area
The mapped extents of artefact scatters 7822-2785 and 7822-2786 are almost wholly contained within a 200m buffer around the large wetland located at the eastern end of the activity area. It is possible that these two places are components of a single large artefact scatter that may extend further into the buffered zone around the northern, eastern and southern margins of this wetland, east of Troups Road. Unfortunately the eastern boundary of the activity area defined for CHMP 11154 is located at Troups Road, and so the remainder of the wetland area to the north, east and south was not included in archaeological investigations undertaken as part of that CHMP. A portion of the mapped extent of 7822-2779 and 7822-0287 are located within 400m of the large wetland in the eastern part of the activity area , and it can be argued that all five places (7822-0287, 7822-2779, 7822-2784, 7822-2785 and 7822-2786) are located in reasonably close proximity to this water source.
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Places 7822-2778 and 7822-2784 represent small artefact scatters of limited area located at some
distance from the eastern wetland and highlight the potential for such site types to occur at some remove from rich resource zones within the broader activity area. Artefact Scatter A and Artefact Scatter B are both located within 200m of mapped wetland extents, one (associated with Artefact Scatter B) located midway between Leakes Road and Paynes Road, and the second (associated with Artefact Scatter A) straddling the western boundary of the activity area midway between the railway line in the north and Greigs Road in the south. Seven of the isolated artefacts included within LDAD 7822-1395 are located within 200m of the wetland associated with Artefact Scatter B, and a further four isolated artefacts from 7822-1395 are located immediately adjacent to the outer margin of the buffers around the wetland associated with Artefact Scatter B and a third wetland located near the intersection of Paynes Road and the railway line. The remaining five isolated artefacts from LDAD 7822-1395 are located on a slight rise separating these two
wetlands and the wetland associated with Artefact Scatter A. Heritage Impact Assessment In summary, the four largest stone artefact scatters recorded within the activity area subsequent to the development of the 2010 predictive model are located within 200m of wetlands that would have been seasonally active during traditional Aboriginal occupation of the area. Lower density artefact scatters and isolated artefacts also occur within the activity area, and these tend to be located in areas
Aboriginal associated with wetlands but at slightly greater distances than the known higher density artefact : : scatters. These lower density scatters and isolated occurrences are likely to largely represent the diffuse
background scatter of stone artefact material expected to occur across the broader landscape. 1099)
( Map 15 presents the locations of all Aboriginal cultural heritage places observed within the activity area in relation to the refined predictive model as discussed above. Areas mapped as having a ‘high’
P S P likelihood for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places (Zone 1) are essentially restricted to a 200m buffer around known wetlands. A 400m buffer, Zone 2 – moderate likelihood for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places has been added around these wetlands, which captures the majority of Aboriginal cultural heritage not occurring within Zone 1. The remainder of the activity area has been classed as Zone 3 – low likelihood for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places. This R o c k b a n k refinement has resulted in a significant reduction in the overall area defined as ‘high likelihood’ when compared with the original 2010 model and more accurately takes into account the actual distribution of wetland areas while downplaying the effect of the small ephemeral drainage line feeding the large eastern wetland The largest artefact scatters recorded by Ecology and Heritage Partners in 2010, situated in close proximity to the large wetland in the eastern portion of the activity area, are all largely located within Zone 1. Similarly, Stone Artefact Scatters A and B are also located within Zone 1, being associated with smaller wetland areas in the western section of the activity area. These observations are not unexpected and broadly conform to the modelled predictions arising from the 2010 exercise conducted by Long et al. (2010 – Vol 2), that larger, comparatively dense stone artefact scatters will occur in close proximity to watercourses and wetlands. The refinement of the original 2010 model results in a high level of correspondence between the predictions of the 2010 model and the observed locations of stone artefact scatters and isolated stone artefacts across the activity area. The 2010 model predicted that stone artefact scatters of higher density and scientific significance are likely to occur within close proximity to water bodies, watercourses and wetlands, and that low density artefact scatters and isolated artefacts are likely to
80 occur as a background cultural heritage signature across the remainder of the activity area. This predictive statement, broadly speaking, still holds true despite the refinement of the data and mechanics of the modelling process. The observed distribution of Aboriginal cultural heritage places across the activity, area based on outcomes of the 2010 fieldwork undertaken as part of CHMP 11154 by Ecology and Heritage Partners and the present study’s landform field survey, is here described as moderate to large stone artefact scatters of comparatively higher density located within 200m of the mapped extent of wetlands and water bodies, and low density artefact scatters and isolated artefacts located at distances generally between 200 and 400m from the mapped extents of these same wetlands. The presence of Kororoit Creek in relatively close proximity to the north and east is likely to have exerted a strong influence on the broad patterns of Aboriginal use of the landscape both within the activity area and in immediately adjacent areas. This influence may have resulted in the relative lessening of the overall importance of small wetland areas such as those found in the activity area. Nevertheless, the potential for these small seasonal wetlands to function as the foci of intermittent, seasonal or opportunistic exploitation of an associated suite of resources which was potentially quite different from that found within the creek and immediately adjacent areas cannot be ruled out regardless of the proximity of Kororoit Creek. Such a pattern of exploitation can be supported by the observed distribution of Aboriginal cultural heritage within the activity as discussed above. On the basis of the of the above discussion, the refinement of the 2010 predictive modelling has resulted in the identification of the following zones of likelihood for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area (Map 15):
Zone 1 – Moderate Likelihood of Cultural Places Zone 1 correlates with the expected highest densities of Aboriginal cultural places within the Rockbank PSP. It is predicted that these areas will contain the core Aboriginal cultural heritage values within the activity area, and careful planning and management is critical.
The cultural heritage character of these areas would likely consist of denser scatters of stone artefacts (including potential intact sub-surface deposits) than would be expected to be found in the surrounding plains.
Broadly speaking, this zone corresponds to the 200m area of cultural heritage sensitivity associated with waterways as per regulation 23 and as such CHMPs will be required for proposed high impact activities which overlap with this zone and as such will be subject to the greatest emphasis for site protection in accordance with s 61a of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (the Act).
Zone 2 – Moderate - Low Likelihood of Cultural Places Zone 2 correlates to the secondary densities of Aboriginal cultural places within the Rockbank PSP. Generally these areas will not be characterised by places of higher scientific significance, however exceptions may exist. While it is predicted that these areas will contain supplementary Aboriginal cultural values within the activity area that will require careful planning and management, there is a reduced requirement to make certain protection is maintained if adequate investigation and documentation is undertaken.
The cultural heritage character of these areas will likely consist of scatters of stone artefacts (generally surface deposits). It is possible, however, that other potential sites as yet unrepresented within the activity area such as quarries, burials and ceremonial places will be present, subject to special circumstances (e.g. localised rock outcrops, alluvial terrains and stony rises).
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Areas within Zone 2 consist of land between 200-400m from wetlands and waterways and may include
minor elevations and stony rises (although no stony rises were observed in the 12 Investigation Areas surveyed for the present study).
Zone 3 - Low likelihood of Cultural Places Zone 3 correlates to the areas where higher density and or higher significance Aboriginal cultural heritage places are generally absent. Diffuse artefact scatters and isolated artefacts will still be present. It is not considered that places of high scientific significance will exist in this zone; however the cultural significance of even minor finds cannot be overlooked. It is predicted that these areas will contain the lesser Aboriginal cultural values within the activity area.
Other potential sites as yet unrepresented within the activity area, such as quarries, burials and ceremonial places may also be present, subject to special circumstances (e.g. localised rock outcrops, alluvial terrains and stony rises), however these will be very rare.
The landscapes within this area are relatively uniform plains and slopes at distances from major water
Heritage Impact Assessmentsources, with comparatively limited landform differentiation. This can make it difficult to predict specific locations of cultural places within this landscape.
7.2 Significance Assessment
Aboriginal : : A key output of the Rockbank PSP (1099) Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment is the development of specific management recommendations that will inform future urban planning within the precinct, in
1099) ways that support the retention of Aboriginal cultural heritage values. To this end, the Growth Areas (
Authority (GAA) has requested the identification of areas or landforms that can be characterised as P S P being of high significance with regard to Aboriginal cultural heritage. The present study has demonstrated that limited data is presently available identifying the nature and specific locations of Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the precinct. This data is principally derived from the unreported 2010 fieldwork undertaken by Ecology and Heritage Partners for CHMP
11154, and the limited landform field survey completed as part of the present study. However, on the R o c k b a n k basis of this work the current study has identified areas of likelihood and thus sensitivity and significance for the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage places and values. These areas are discussed in greater detail above. The area of highest likelihood and sensitivity with the Rockbank PSP are essentially restricted to the zones immediately surrounding the known wetlands. While the form of the predictive model has not allowed a clear distinction between the relative values of individual wetlands the following statements can be made: The wetlands in the central and western sections of the Rockbank PSP are relatively small and likely quite ephemeral; The large wetland occupying the eastern section of the PSP, being larger, downstream from the other wetlands and closer to Kororoit Creek is likely to have formed a more reliable and more resource rich location; On the basis of the above two points, the larger wetland in the east of the PSP is considered to be of greater sensitivity and significance than other wetlands present. This appears to be borne out by the results of assessments within the PSP to date.
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It should be noted that the Wurundjeri, Bunurong and Boon Wurrung Aboriginal communities all generally consider Aboriginal cultural heritage places to be of high cultural significance (refer to Section 3.3 and Appendix 4 for details). Further consultation with these communities will be required to determine whether or not they are prepared to consider relative degrees of traditional cultural significance for the range of stone artefact scatters and isolated stone artefacts located within the precinct. Aboriginal cultural heritage places 7822-2785 and 7822-2786 have been assessed as being of moderate scientific significance (refer to Sections 6.6 and 6.7 for details). These assessments are based on extremely limited information derived from site registration forms available via OAAV’s online Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information System (ACHRIS). A more refined assessment of the scientific significance of these places and their constituent artefact assemblages will not be possible until further details regarding the contents of the two assemblages become available. Nevertheless, it is highly unlikely that a re-evaluation of scientific significance would shift from moderate to low. Until Artefact Scatters A and B (briefly described in Section 6.9 as likely to include at least 30 and 50 artefacts respectively) are fully recorded, it is premature to formally assign a level of scientific significance to them. However, given their minimum numbers, range of raw materials and the identified presence of formal tools within each assemblage, it is highly likely that they will each be assessed as being of moderate scientific significance. The remainder of the stone artefact scatters recorded within the precinct include low artefact numbers and densities, and have been assessed as being of low scientific significance. Low density artefact distribution 7822-1395 has also been assessed as being of low scientific significance.
7.3 Implications for Development
The following sections outline the triggers and issues which will affect the proposed PSP development in relation to the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007, specifically as these relate to the need to undertake a mandatory Cultural Heritage Management Plan. When is a cultural heritage management plan required? A CHMP is required for an activity if (Regulation 6)- (a) all or part of the activity area for the activity is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity; and (b) all or part of the activity is a high impact activity.
Is the activity area an area of cultural heritage sensitivity? The Rockbank PSP, defined here as the activity area contains a number of areas of cultural heritage sensitivity principally associated with waterways and registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places. Regulation 22 Registered cultural heritage places (1) A registered cultural heritage place is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. (2) Subject to subregulation (3), land within 50 metres of a registered cultural heritage place is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity.
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(3) If part of the land within 50 metres of a registered cultural heritage place has been
subject to significant ground disturbance, that part is not an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. Regulation 23 Waterways (1) Subject to subregulation (2), a waterway or land within 200 metres of a waterway is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. (2) If part of a waterway or part of the land within 200 metres of a waterway has been subject to significant ground disturbance, that part is not an area of cultural heritage sensitivity.
Regulation 4 defines waterway as follows:
Heritage Impact Assessment waterway means— (a) a river, creek, stream or watercourse the name of which is registered under the Geographic Place Names Act 1998; or (b) a natural channel the name of which is registered under the Geographic
Place Names Act 1998 in which water regularly flows, whether or not the Aboriginal
: : flow is continuous; or
(c) a lake, lagoon, swamp or marsh, being— 1099)
( (i) a natural collection of water (other than water collected and contained in a private dam or a natural depression on private land) into or
P S P through or out of which a current that forms the whole or part of the flow of a river, creek, stream or watercourse passes, whether or not the flow is continuous; or (ii) a collection of water (other than water collected and contained in a
private dam or a natural depression on private land) that the Governor R o c k b a n k in Council declares under section 4(1) of the Water Act 1989 to be a lake, lagoon, swamp or marsh; or (d) land which is regularly or intermittently covered by water from a waterway as described in paragraph (a), (b) or (c) but does not include— (i) any artificial channel or work which diverts water away from such a waterway; or (ii) an area covered by the floodwaters of a waterway; or (iii) an area, other than the waterway, designated on a planning scheme as being a floodway or liable to flooding or as being subject to inundation; or (e) if any land described in paragraph (d) forms part of a slope rising from the waterway to a definite lip, the land up to that lip.
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In the case of the Rockbank PSP area, then, areas of cultural heritage sensitivity are restricted to registered cultural heritage places and waterways, or more specifically wetlands and land within 200m of these features. On the basis of the definition of waterway within the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 it is considered here that all of the wetlands which are present within the activity and which exert an influence on the refined predictive model are current rather than purely historical and therefore to be treated as ‘waterways’ for the purposes of r.23. This results in a substantial increase in the amount of land within the activity area which is to be considered an area of cultural heritage sensitivity when compared with the mapping of areas of cultural heritage sensitivity as supplied by OAAV (see Map 8). The mapping of areas of sensitivity supplied by OAAV, while useful, is to be treated with caution and as a guide only. Anomalies within the mapping are frequent, resulting in the mapping of manmade features such as dams or settling ponds and the absence of mapped areas of sensitivity for other features such as many wetlands. Such a situation is to be expected given the magnitude of the task of mapping areas of sensitivity for the entirety of the state. Furthermore, many features which qualify as areas of cultural heritage sensitivity exist as discrete localised occurrences (cf. dunes, wetlands) and are largely ‘un-mappable’ at the scales at which most of the Victorian Government datasets exist. In such instances the wording of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 must be treated as the default position rather than the supplied mapping. On this basis then the wetlands within the activity area (represented on Map 15) are here treated as areas of cultural heritage sensitivity for the purposes of potentially triggering a mandatory cultural heritage management plan. Has the activity area been subject to significant ground disturbance? Pursuant to subregulations 22(2) and 23(2), and in accordance with Regulation 4 – Definitions:
significant ground disturbance means disturbance of -
a. the top soil or surface rock layer of the ground; or
b. a waterway –
by machinery in the course of grading, excavating, digging or dredging. There has likely been disturbance of some sections of the activity area and more specifically of areas of cultural heritage sensitivity which would conform to the definition of significant ground disturbance as contained within the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007, however, it is considered unlikely that such disturbance will have occurred uniformly or extensively enough to effectively eliminate all areas of cultural heritage sensitivity from consideration as triggers for a mandatory cultural heritage management plan. Is the activity a high impact activity? The numerous features and components which will comprise the ultimate development of the activity area qualify as high impact activities under r.43 (Buildings and works for specified uses), r.44 (Constructing specified items of infrastructure), r.45 (Dwellings) and r.46 (Subdivision of land). The above definition defines the proposed activity as a high impact activity, as defined in Regulation 4 and Division 5 of the Regulations.
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7.4 Recommendations
1. All land within 200m of the mapped extents of wetlands and water bodies depicted in Map 15 of the present study and within 50m of registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places will likely trigger the requirement for the preparation of a cultural heritage management plan (CHMP) ahead of development as discussed above. The relative requirements for preparing a CHMP will be dependent on the results of more detailed due diligence assessments on a case by case basis to assess whether or these areas have undergone significant ground disturbance. For example the wetland straddling Leakes Road in the centre of the PSP has undergone a substantial level of modification which may have been sufficient to remove the need for a mandatory CHMP. At the very least this modification may substantially reduce the scope of any future investigations required. 2. The nature of the activity area and the Aboriginal cultural heritage present is such that there
are no significant constraints present to the future development of the PSP. Nevertheless, land Heritage Impact Assessment within 200m of the mapped extents of wetlands should be considered as areas with a higher likelihood to contain relatively higher significance Aboriginal cultural heritage places when compared with the remainder of the activity area. Where opportunities arise, such land should be identified by the GAA in future urban planning for the precinct as potential for the
reservation of non-developed open space subject to minimal ground disturbance. Aboriginal
: : 3. As noted above the wetland situated in the eastern section of the PSP is considered to have relatively higher values and thus significance associated with it.
4. Similar to the above, where opportunities arise consideration should be given to the 1099)
( reservation of non-developed open space subject to minimal ground disturbance of all or part of the extents of higher significance registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the
P S P activity area. 5. The Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council Inc., the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation and the Boon Wurrung Foundation Ltd should be consulted regarding:
conclusions about the likely nature, distribution and significance of Aboriginal cultural R o c k b a n k heritage places within the Rockbank PSP (1099) activity area contained within this report;
the report’s management recommendations; and the potential for these communities to consider an assessment of relative degrees of traditional cultural significance for the range of stone artefact scatters and isolated stone artefacts found within the Rockbank PSP (1099) activity area. 6. Stone Artefact Scatters A and B identified during the landform field survey and briefly described in the present study should be formally recorded and registered by qualified Cultural Heritage Advisors in accordance with the requirements of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic) and in line with OAAV’s Standards for recording Victorian Aboriginal heritage places and objects.8 7. The mature casuarina tree located in the northeast corner of IA 2 and identified by one Aboriginal community representative as having possibly been culturally scarred by Aboriginal
8 http://www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/52806/Standards-for-Recording-Places-and-Objects-2008.pdf
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people (see Table 8 for details) should be reassessed by a qualified Cultural Heritage Advisor with acknowledged expertise in scarred trees to determine if the scar is of Aboriginal cultural origin. 8. Future urban planning for land in the vicinity of the caravan park opposite 135-147 Westcott Parade within the Rockbank PSP (1099) activity area should consider anecdotal information provided by Aboriginal community representatives regarding the possible discovery of unidentified human remains within the grounds of the caravan park.
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Map 14: Aboriginal cultural heritage places located within the activity area, mapped against topography and water bodies, watercourses and wetlands
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Map 15: Aboriginal cultural heritage places mapped in relation to the refined Aboriginal cultural heritage predictive model
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Map 16: The refined Aboriginal cultural heritage predictive model overlaid on cadastral boundaries within the Rockbank PSP.
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8
8. References
Barwick, D. 1984. Mapping the Past: an Atlas of Victorian Clans 1835-1904. Aboriginal History Vol. 8, Part 2. Batey, I., 1907, The Pioneers of the Sunbury District. (MS) Box 26/2, La Trobe Library. Berndt, R. 1982. ‘Traditional Concepts of Aboriginal Land’, in Berndt, R. (ed.) Aboriginal Sites, Rights and Resource Development. Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, Fifth Academy Symposium, 11th November 1981, Proceedings. University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 1-11. Black, C.F.1984. Review of History of the Aboriginal People in Melbourne Area –District 1.Report to the Land Conservation Council. Cannon, M. 1982, ‘The Aborigines of Port Phillip 1835 - 1839’ in Historical Records of Victoria, Foundation Series Vol 2A. Clark, I. 1990. Aboriginal Languages and Clans: an Historical Atlas of Western and Central Victoria, 1800-1900. Monash Publications in Geography, no. 37. Clark, I. and T. Heydon. 1998. The Confluence of the Merri Creek and Yarra River: A History of the Western Port Aboriginal Protectorate and the Merri Creek Aboriginal School. Unpublished report to Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. Clark, V. and A. Noble. 2010. Sunbury Rail Electrification Project, Cultural Heritage Study. Du Cros, H. 1989. The Western Region: Melbourne Metropolitan Area. An Archaeological Survey. Victoria Archaeological Survey Occasional Report No. 27. Victoria Archaeological Survey, Albert Park. Du Cros, H. and D. Rhodes 1998. Aboriginal archaeological sensitivities study of the waterways and floodplains of Greater Melbourne. Final Report to the Melbourne Water Corporation. Ecology and Heritage Partners n.d. Incomplete Cultural Heritage Management Plan at Lot 67245 / 2 Rockbank. CHMP 11154. Information obtained from site cards registered with Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. Edmonds, V. 2007. Department of Education (DoE): Proposed Rockbank Primary School. Cultural Heritage Assessment for the Department of Education. Edmonds, V. and A. Long. 2006. Melbourne 2030: Melton-Caroline Springs Growth Area. Aboriginal Archaeological Desktop Report. A Report to The Built Environment Group – Department of Sustainability & Environment Fels, M. 1988. Good Men and True. The Aboriginal Police of the Port Phillip District 1837-1853. Longmans, Green and Co: London. Ford, A., A. Matic, J. Fiddian and H. Cekalovic. 2007. Regional Audit of Cultural Heritage Assets on Roadsides in the Metropolitan North West Region. Final Report for VicRoads. Hyett, J. 2006. An Archaeological Survey: Proposed Service Centre, Rockbank. Report Prepared for: Jayaland Corporation.
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Harcourt. Rex 2001, Southern invasion - northern conquest: story of the founding of Melbourne.
Blackburn South, Vic.: Golden Point Press, Howitt, A. 1904. The Native Tribes of South-East Australia. MacMillan, London James, K.N. 1985, Werribee The First One Hundred Years, Werribee District Historical Society. Lakic, M and R. Wrench. (eds.). 1994. Through Their Eyes: An Historical Record of Aboriginal People of Victoria as Documented by the Officials of the Port Phillip Protectorate 1839-1841. Museum of Victoria: Melbourne. Lawler, M., G. Vines and D. McKinnis. 2008. Western Highway – Rockbank to Melton Access Restoration Project Cultural Heritage Management Plan for Vic Roads. LCC. 1991. Melbourne Area District 2 Review; Descriptive Report. Land Conservation Council. Long, A., J. Allen, J. Howell-Meurs K. Buckley, N. Rosengren, M. Albrecht, K. Sheedy and S. Thomas. 2010. Growth Areas Authority. Strategic Approach to Aboriginal Heritage Management for
Melbourne’s Growth Areas. Volumes 1 and 2. Heritage Impact Assessment McBryde, I. 1979. Petrology and Prehistory: lithic evidence for exploitation of stone resources and exchange systems in Australia. In Clough T.H.McK & Cummins W.A. (eds). Stone Axe Studies: Archaeological petrological experimental and ethnographic Council for British Archaeology
Research Report No.23. pp113 126. Aboriginal Muir, S. 2002. And archaeological survey of a proposed primary school site, Rockbank, Victoria.
: : Murphy, A, 1998. An Overview of the Aboriginal and Historic Archaeology Within Department of Defence Land, Rockbank, Victoria. A Report to PPK Environment & Infrastructure Pty Ltd.
1099) Peel, L. 1974. Rural Industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880. Melbourne University Press: ( Melbourne.
P S P Presland, G. 1983. An Archaeological Survey of the Melbourne Metropolitan Area. Occasional Reports Series Number 15, Victoria Archaeological Survey. Rhodes, J., T. Debney, and M. Grist. 1999. Maribyrnong Aboriginal Heritage Study. Unpublished Report to the City of Maribyrnong. Rosengren, N.J. (1986). Sites of Geological and Geomorphological Significance in the Western Region of R o c k b a n k Melbourne. Dept. Conservation, Forests and Lands Symonds, I. 1985. Bulla Bulla. An illustrated history of the Shire of Bulla Bulla. Spectrum Publications, Melbourne. Tucker, C. 2006. Archaeological Subsurface Testing Leakes Road Interchange: Rockbank. Report for Vic Roads. Vines, G. 1993. Pastoral Properties: Grazing on the Keilor-Werribee Plains, Melbourne's Living Museum of the West, Highpoint City, Vines, G., O. Nicolson and L. Matthews. 2004. Melton East Growth Corridor Cultural Heritage Study. Final Report for Stockland. Webb, C. 1991a. A Predictive Archaeological Assessment of the Melbourne to Adelaide Telecom Optical Fibre Cable Route: The Victorian Section. A Report to Telecom Australia. Webb, C. 1991b. An Archaeological Survey of The Melbourne to Adelaide Telecom Optical Fibre Cable Route- Melbourne To Ballarat. A Report to Telecom Australia.
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Appendix 1
Appendix 1. CHA Qualifications
Dr Michael Green, Senior Project Manager Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Archaeology – Australian National University (1983) PhD (Prehistory and Biological Anthropology) – Australian National University (1990) Industry Experience – 25 years
Michael Lever, Project Archaeologist Bachelor of Arts, Archaeology – University of Sydney, McGill Canada (2005) Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Archaeology – La Trobe University (2006) Graduate Diploma of Education, University of Melbourne (2007) Industry experience – 2 years
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Appendix 2
Appendix 2. City of Melton Planning Scheme – UGZ/UFZ Permitted Uses
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Appendix 3
Appendix 3. Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Places Within 10km of the Activity Area
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VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-0018 Rees Rd. Isolated Artefact 8c 7822-0018-1 Artefact Scatter 284306 5822857
7822-0028 WERRIBEE RIVER 5 7822-0028-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 286937 5813578
7822-0029 WR/1 (WERRIBEE RIVER) DAVIS 1/2 7822-0029-1 Aboriginal Human Remains (Burial) 286962 5813604
7822-0030 WERRIBEE RIVER 2 7822-0030-1 Artefact Scatter 286912 5813615
7822-0031 Rees Rd. Isolated Artefact 3b 7822-0031-1 Artefact Scatter 284726 5822847
7822-0032 WERRIBEE RIVER 6 7822-0032-1 Artefact Scatter 287076 5813556
7822-0061 Rees Rd. Artefact Scatter 3a 7822-0061-1 Artefact Scatter 284782 5822839
7822-0071 BARRIES ROAD BURIAL 7822-0071-1 Aboriginal Human Remains (Burial) 286981 5825856
7822-0073 EYNESBURY 1 7822-0073-1 Artefact Scatter 286512 5811784
7822-0074 EYNESBURY 2 7822-0074-1 Artefact Scatter 287145 5814102
7822-0076 TODDS RIDGE 7822-0076-1 Artefact Scatter 287953 5811460
7822-0077 TODDS FIELD 7822-0077-1 Artefact Scatter 287960 5810894
7822-0078 BURNT FIELD 7822-0078-1 Artefact Scatter 287912 5814284
7822-0079 GARD 1 7822-0079-1 Artefact Scatter 286803 5812869
7822-0080 GARD 2 7822-0080-1 Artefact Scatter 286774 5812680
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-0081 WATERPUMP SCATTER 7822-0081-1 Artefact Scatter 286924 5811961
7822-0082 DAVIS DEPOSIT 7822-0082-1 Artefact Scatter 287152 5813944
7822-0083 DAVIS BANK 7822-0083-1 Artefact Scatter 287912 5814884
7822-0084 COMBEN 1 7822-0084-1 Artefact Scatter 287929 5815228
7822-0093 EYNESBURY TREE 1 7822-0093-1 Scarred Tree 287183 5815970
7822-0094 COBBLEDICK TREE 1 7822-0094-1 Scarred Tree 287290 5811410
7822-0095 COBBLEDICK TREE 2 7822-0095-1 Scarred Tree 287912 5811584
Aboriginal 7822-0096 TODD TREE 1 7822-0096-1 Scarred Tree 286595 5811692
: : 7822-0100 KOROROIT CREEK 1 7822-0100-1 Artefact Scatter 304239 5818032
7822-0101 KOROROIT CREEK 2 7822-0101-1 Artefact Scatter 304297 5818073
7822-0106 KOROROIT CREEK 7 7822-0106-1 Artefact Scatter 304312 5817984
1099) 7822-0118 KOROROIT CREEK 19 7822-0118-1 Artefact Scatter 302512 5818884
( 7822-0122 Rees Rd. Isolated Artefact 8b 7822-0122-1 Artefact Scatter 284266 5822863
7822-0178 WERRIBEE FLOODPLAIN 1 7822-0178-1 Artefact Scatter 286731 5812579
7822-0179 WERRIBEE FLOODPLAIN 2 7822-0179-1 Artefact Scatter 286753 5812769 P S P 7822-0180 WERRIBEE FLOODPLAIN 3 7822-0180-1 Artefact Scatter 286812 5812684
7822-0182 SINCLAIRS RD 7822-0182-1 Artefact Scatter 296030 5821612
7822-0183 DEANSIDE 7822-0183-1 Artefact Scatter 296819 5821983
7822-0184 TARAMEADE 1 7822-0184-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 292848 5831190
7822-0185 MT KOROROIT 7822-0185-1 Artefact Scatter 293712 5829934
7822-0186 MT KOROROIT STATION 7822-0186-1 Artefact Scatter 292362 5829454 R o c k b a n k 7822-0187 STONELEIGH KOROROIT CREEK 7822-0187-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 298076 5821108
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VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-0192 EYNESBURY ESTATE 1 7822-0192-1 Artefact Scatter 283875 5813630
7822-0193 EYNESBURY WOODLAND 1 7822-0193-1 Scarred Tree 284686 5816246
7822-0194 EYNESBURY WOODLAND 2 7822-0194-1 Scarred Tree 284705 5816229
7822-0195 EYNESBURY ESTATE 2 7822-0195-1 Artefact Scatter 285512 5815184
7822-0201 SPRING PLAINS 1 7822-0201-1 Scarred Tree 289128 5810527
7822-0202 SPRING PLAINS 2 7822-0202-1 Artefact Scatter 289056 5810554
7822-0206 MT ATKINSON 7822-0206-1 Artefact Scatter 295882 5818563
7822-0207 GREEK HILL 7822-0207-1 Artefact Scatter 292539 5812669
7822-0208 SKELETON/DRY CREEK 1 7822-0208-1 Artefact Scatter 297955 5810534
7822-0209 SKELETON/DRY CREEK 2 7822-0209-1 Artefact Scatter 297909 5810770
7822-0215 SITE 34 7822-0215-1 Artefact Scatter 287912 5811184
7822-0218 EXFORD RD 1 7822-0218-1 Artefact Scatter 286460 5821005
7822-0219 EXFORD RD 2 7822-0219-1 Artefact Scatter 286544 5821239
7822-0220 BRIDGE RD 7822-0220-1 Scarred Tree 286899 5823028
7822-0224 MELTON GOLF COURSE 1 7822-0224-1 Scarred Tree 288112 5827184
7822-0225 MELTON GOLF COURSE 2 7822-0225-1 Scarred Tree 287812 5826784
7822-0227 TARAMEADE 2 7822-0227-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 292712 5830984
7822-0230 KUBIS CITY 1 7822-0230-1 Artefact Scatter 302253 5819364
7822-0231 KUBIS CITY 2 7822-0231-1 Artefact Scatter 302301 5819342
7822-0232 KUBIS CITY 3 7822-0232-1 Artefact Scatter 302297 5819550
7822-0233 KUBIS CITY 4 7822-0233-1 Artefact Scatter 302252 5819547
7822-0234 KUBIS CITY 5 7822-0234-1 Artefact Scatter 302288 5819721
7822-0235 KUBIS CITY 6 7822-0235-1 Artefact Scatter 302494 5819994
7822-0236 KUBIS CITY 7 7822-0236-1 Artefact Scatter 302449 5820068
7822-0237 KUBIS CITY 8 7822-0237-1 Artefact Scatter 302530 5820153
7822-0238 KUBIS CITY 9 7822-0238-1 Artefact Scatter 302321 5819796
7822-0239 KUBIS CITY 10 7822-0239-1 Artefact Scatter 302325 5819855
7822-0240 KUBIS CITY 11 7822-0240-1 Artefact Scatter 302352 5819922
7822-0241 KUBIS CITY 12 7822-0241-1 Artefact Scatter 302423 5820155
7822-0242 KUBIS CITY 13 7822-0242-1 Artefact Scatter 302509 5820329
7822-0243 KUBIS CITY 14 7822-0243-1 Artefact Scatter 302663 5820664
7822-0244 KUBIS CITY 15 7822-0244-1 Artefact Scatter 302545 5820482
7822-0245 KUBIS CITY 16 7822-0245-1 Artefact Scatter 302394 5820125
7822-0246 KUBIS CITY 17 7822-0246-1 Artefact Scatter 302449 5820694
7822-0247 KUBIS CITY 18 7822-0247-1 Artefact Scatter 301936 5820364
7822-0248 KUBIS CITY 19 7822-0248-1 Artefact Scatter 302743 5820932
7822-0249 KUBIS CITY 20 7822-0249-1 Artefact Scatter 302273 5819830
7822-0250 KUBIS CITY 21 7822-0250-1 Artefact Scatter 302475 5820244
7822-0251 KUBIS CITY 22 7822-0251-1 Artefact Scatter 302559 5820398
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VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-0252 KUBIS CITY 23 7822-0252-1 Artefact Scatter 302607 5820451
7822-0253 KUBIS CITY 24 7822-0253-1 Artefact Scatter 302652 5820522
7822-0254 KUBIS CITY 25 7822-0254-1 Artefact Scatter 302665 5820591
7822-0255 REES ROAD 7822-0255-1 Artefact Scatter 285012 5822084
7822-0256 TARAMEADE 1 7822-0256-1 Artefact Scatter 293053 5831348
7822-0257 TARAMEADE 2 7822-0257-1 Artefact Scatter 292883 5831084
7822-0258 TARAMEADE 3 7822-0258-1 Artefact Scatter 292791 5831026
7822-0260 BRIDGE RD 2 7822-0260-1 Artefact Scatter 286812 5823034
7822-0261 LEAKES RD 7822-0261-1 Artefact Scatter 294112 5825784
7822-0262 MELTON CHRISTIAN SCHOOL 7822-0262-1 Artefact Scatter 285012 5824664
7822-0263 KUBIS CITY 26 7822-0263-1 Artefact Scatter 302412 5820084
7822-0287 Troups Rd AS 3 7822-0287-2 Artefact Scatter 294339 5820780
7822-0288 MELTON EAST 1 7822-0288-1 Artefact Scatter 300849 5820791
7822-0289 MELTON EAST 2 7822-0289-1 Artefact Scatter 299812 5821234
7822-0306 Rees Rd. Artefact Scatter 8a 7822-0306-1 Artefact Scatter 284348 5822897
7822-0307 MELTON EAST 3 7822-0307-1 Artefact Scatter Earth Feature Soil Deposit 299726 5821074 7822-0308 MELTON EAST 4 7822-0308-1 Artefact Scatter 302280 5826711
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-0309 MELTON EAST 5 7822-0309-1 Artefact Scatter 302656 5821017
7822-0310 MELTON EAST 6 7822-0310-1 Artefact Scatter 301799 5820423
7822-0337 ALBION 7 7822-0337-1 Artefact Scatter 304312 5817884
7822-0338 ALBION 8 7822-0338-1 Artefact Scatter 304645 5817619
7822-0339 ALBION 9 7822-0339-1 Artefact Scatter 304509 5817901
7822-0343 KOROROIT CREEK 21 7822-0343-1 Artefact Scatter 302457 5819371
7822-0377 TAYLORS CREEK 1 7822-0377-1 Artefact Scatter 303900 5824876
Aboriginal 7822-0396 TAYLORS RD 1 7822-0396-1 Artefact Scatter 302691 5821020
: : 7822-0397 TAYLORS RD 2 7822-0397-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 302436 5820878
7822-0398 TAYLORS RD 3 7822-0398-1 Artefact Scatter 302284 5820877
7822-0399 RENES LAGOON 1 7822-0399-1 Artefact Scatter 299974 5821716
1099) 7822-0400 RENES LAGOON 2 7822-0400-1 Artefact Scatter 300322 5821721
( 7822-0401 RENES LAGOON 3 7822-0401-1 Artefact Scatter 300393 5821148
7822-0402 GOURLEY RD 7822-0402-1 Artefact Scatter 300851 5823369
P S P 7822-0461 SERRANO 1 7822-0461-1 Artefact Scatter Earth Feature Hearth 286807 5811436 7822-0467 MOOROOKYLE 11 7822-0467-1 Artefact Scatter 295197 5810043
7822-0468 MOOROOKYLE 12 7822-0468-1 Artefact Scatter 295262 5810234
7822-0469 MOOROOKYLE 13 7822-0469-1 Artefact Scatter 295528 5810192
7822-0470 MOOROOKYLE 14 7822-0470-1 Artefact Scatter 295612 5810184
7822-0489 CLARKES RD 1 7822-0489-1 Artefact Scatter 299770 5821137
7822-0490 TAYLORS RD 4 7822-0490-1 Artefact Scatter 301413 5821109 R o c k b a n k 7822-0491 TAYLORS RD 5 7822-0491-1 Artefact Scatter 300173 5821825
112
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-0526 MOOROOKYLE 15 7822-0526-1 Artefact Scatter 295890 5810149
7822-0527 MOOROOKYLE 16 7822-0527-1 Artefact Scatter 295971 5810133
7822-0532 MOOROOKYLE 21 7822-0532-1 Artefact Scatter 294812 5810134
7822-0538 MOOROOKYLE 27 7822-0538-1 Artefact Scatter 294861 5809996
7822-0539 MOOROOKYLE 28 7822-0539-1 Artefact Scatter 294930 5810082
7822-0558 MOOROOKYLE 47 7822-0558-1 Artefact Scatter 296252 5810084
7822-0559 MOOROOKYLE 48 7822-0559-1 Artefact Scatter 296016 5810088
7822-0568 KUBIS CITY 27 7822-0568-1 Artefact Scatter 302108 5820232
7822-0579 SURBITON PARK 1 7822-0579-1 Artefact Scatter 286751 5817104
7822-0580 SURBITON PARK 2 7822-0580-1 Artefact Scatter 286860 5817113
7822-0581 SURBITON PARK 3 7822-0581-1 Scarred Tree 287993 5817393
7822-0582 SURBITON PARK 4 7822-0582-1 Scarred Tree 288896 5817300
7822-0583 SURBITON PARK 5 7822-0583-1 Scarred Tree 288926 5817244
7822-0584 SURBITON PARK 7 7822-0584-1 Artefact Scatter 286924 5816786
7822-0585 SURBITON PARK 8 7822-0585-1 Artefact Scatter 286990 5816626
7822-0586 SURBITON PARK 9 7822-0586-1 Artefact Scatter 287045 5816546
7822-0587 SURBITON PARK 10 7822-0587-1 Artefact Scatter 287198 5816476
7822-0588 SURBITON PARK 11 7822-0588-1 Artefact Scatter 286908 5817633
7822-0650 THE WILLOWS 1 7822-0650-1 Artefact Scatter 287062 5825893
7822-0651 SYDENHAM 1 7822-0651-1 Artefact Scatter 304062 5825196
7822-0652 SYDENHAM 2 7822-0652-1 Artefact Scatter 303625 5825503
7822-0653 SYDENHAM 3 7822-0653-1 Artefact Scatter 303776 5825251
7822-0654 SYDENHAM 4 7822-0654-1 Artefact Scatter 304039 5825010
7822-0655 SYDENHAM 5 7822-0655-1 Artefact Scatter 304252 5824971
7822-0657 MT COTTRELL RD 1 7822-0657-1 Artefact Scatter 289512 5818534
7822-0658 MT COTTRELL RD 2 7822-0658-1 Artefact Scatter 289262 5818534
7822-0659 ROCKBANK QUARRY 1 7822-0659-1 Artefact Scatter 295181 5827395
7822-0706 RAVENHALL 7822-0706-1 Artefact Scatter 302199 5815637
7822-0707 BQ 1 7822-0707-1 Artefact Scatter 297562 5817309
7822-0761 SAS 1 7822-0761-1 Artefact Scatter 300112 5821684
7822-0762 SAS 2 7822-0762-1 Artefact Scatter 300159 5821246
7822-0763 SAS 3 7822-0763-1 Artefact Scatter 301376 5821088
7822-0764 ISA 4 7822-0764-1 Artefact Scatter 301046 5820830
7822-0765 SAS 5 7822-0765-1 Artefact Scatter 300445 5820977
7822-0766 SAS 6 7822-0766-1 Artefact Scatter 301490 5820535
7822-0767 SAS 7 7822-0767-1 Artefact Scatter 300762 5820904
7822-0778 DEANSIDE DRIVE 01 7822-0778-1 Artefact Scatter 296143 5821698
7822-0779 VERE COURT 01 7822-0779-1 Artefact Scatter 296090 5821717
7822-0780 VERE COURT 02 7822-0780-1 Artefact Scatter 296112 5821784
113
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-0781 VERE COURT 03 7822-0781-1 Artefact Scatter 296112 5821889
7822-0782 VERE COURT 03 7822-0782-1 Artefact Scatter 296162 5821986
7822-0790 VERE COURT 05 7822-0790-1 Artefact Scatter 295960 5821744
7822-0791 VERE COURT 06 7822-0791-1 Artefact Scatter 295990 5821650
7822-0793 BUSH'S DAM 1 7822-0793-1 Artefact Scatter 288460 5818187
7822-0794 BUSH'S DAM 2 7822-0794-1 Artefact Scatter 288530 5818189
7822-0795 BUSH'S DAM 3 7822-0795-1 Artefact Scatter 288590 5818214
7822-0832 RAVENHALL 2 7822-0832-1 Artefact Scatter 301245 5816131
7822-0836 DEER PARK COLLECTION 1 7822-0836-1 Object Collection 302862 5820684
7822-0840 DA 1 7822-0840-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 302110 5816516
7822-0841 BA 1 7822-0841-1 Artefact Scatter 302612 5814525
7822-0858 MELTON HIGHWAY NO.2 7822-0858-1 Artefact Scatter 303536 5825724
7822-0867 WRR CONNECTION A1 7822-0867-1 Artefact Scatter 301551 5816294
7822-0868 WRR CONNECTION A2 7822-0868-1 Artefact Scatter 301532 5816814
7822-0873 WRR CONNECTION A7 7822-0873-1 Artefact Scatter 302512 5814364
7822-0874 WRR CONNECTION A8 7822-0874-1 Artefact Scatter 302729 5814302
7822-0875 WRR CONNECTION A9 7822-0875-1 Artefact Scatter 301528 5816068
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-0899 FAIRFAX CIRCUIT/ST ALBANS 1 7822-0899-1 Artefact Scatter 302636 5819793
7822-0912 POWERLINE SITE 1 7822-0912-1 Artefact Scatter 302762 5818584
7822-0913 POWERLINE SITE 2 7822-0913-1 Artefact Scatter 302770 5818539
7822-0914 POWERLINE SITE 3 7822-0914-1 Artefact Scatter 302710 5818545
7822-0915 POWERLINE SITE 4 7822-0915-1 Artefact Scatter 303012 5818784
7822-0916 ISABELLA WILLIAMS SAS 7822-0916-1 Artefact Scatter 302569 5819791
7822-0950 ROCKBANK MIDDLE ROAD 1 7822-0950-1 Artefact Scatter 302196 5819812
Aboriginal 7822-0953 ALBION EXPLOSIVES FACTORY 2 7822-0953-1 Artefact Scatter 304264 5818060
: : 7822-0955 ALBION EXPLOSIVES FACTORY 4 7822-0955-1 Artefact Scatter 304642 5817574
7822-0956 ALBION EXPLOSIVES FACTORY 5 7822-0956-1 Artefact Scatter 304684 5817687
7822-0957 ALBION EXPLOSIVES FACTORY 6 7822-0957-1 Artefact Scatter 304476 5817624
1099) 7822-0958 ALBION EXPLOSIVES FACTORY 7 7822-0958-1 Artefact Scatter 304426 5817859
( 7822-0961 KINGS ROAD 7822-0961-1 Artefact Scatter 304421 5822343
7822-0995 ROSE HEDGE 1 7822-0995-1 Artefact Scatter 303312 5824184
P S P 7822-1006 JONES CREEK 5 7822-1006-1 Artefact Scatter 305088 5819744
7822-1007 JONES CREEK 6 7822-1007-1 Artefact Scatter 305148 5819741
7822-1040 PINE FOREST 1 7822-1040-1 Artefact Scatter 301712 5816894
7822-1041 DEER PARK STATION 1 7822-1041-1 Artefact Scatter 303275 5816595
7822-1042 ROCKBANK SWAMP 7822-1042-1 Artefact Scatter 295430 5821736
7822-1045 BEATTY'S RD 1 7822-1045-1 Artefact Scatter 295235 5823694
7822-1050 METRICON 1 7822-1050-1 Artefact Scatter 302462 5822924 R o c k b a n k 7822-1054 ALBION FORD CROSSING 7822-1054-1 Artefact Scatter 304442 5818085
114
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-1058 WESTERN FREEWAY 1 7822-1058-1 Artefact Scatter 297911 5819642
7822-1060 KOROROIT CREEK NORTH 7822-1060-1 Artefact Scatter 304603 5818114
7822-1063 STRATHTULLOH 1 7822-1063-1 Artefact Scatter 286728 5819467
7822-1068 KOROROIT CREEK NORTH 1 7822-1068-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 304116 5817856
7822-1069 KOROROIT CREEK PROMONTORY 1 7822-1069-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 304605 5817952
7822-1070 KOROROIT CREEK PROMONTORY 2 7822-1070-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 304680 5817888
7822-1078 STONY HILL CREEK 1 7822-1078-1 Artefact Scatter 299936 5826608
7822-1079 STONY HILL CREEK 2 7822-1079-1 Artefact Scatter 299898 5826689
7822-1081 LEAKES RD QUARRY 7822-1081-1 Artefact Scatter 294390 5827541
7822-1088 Rees Rd. Artefact Scatter 1b 7822-1088-1 Artefact Scatter 285003 5822568
7822-1089 Rees Rd. Artefact Scatter 1a 7822-1089-1 Artefact Scatter 284029 5822459
7822-1110 TAYLORS CREEK 1 7822-1110-1 Artefact Scatter 303512 5825752
7822-1111 TAYLORS CREEK 2 7822-1111-1 Artefact Scatter 303368 5825796
7822-1115 HILLSIDE P2/1 7822-1115-1 Artefact Scatter 300212 5822884
7822-1130 KARMARDOMA PARK 1 7822-1130-1 Artefact Scatter Earth Feature Soil Deposit 301762 5820534 7822-1131 KARMARDOMA PARK 2 7822-1131-1 Artefact Scatter 301813 5822368
7822-1132 KARMARDOMA PARK 3 7822-1132-1 Artefact Scatter 301856 5821153
7822-1133 KARMARDOMA PARK 4 7822-1133-1 Artefact Scatter 301780 5822218
7822-1134 KARMARDOMA PARK 5 7822-1134-1 Artefact Scatter 301808 5822307
7822-1136 ROBINSONS RD IA 1 7822-1136-1 Artefact Scatter 302092 5813314
7822-1138 PLUMPTON SAS 1 7822-1138-1 Artefact Scatter 299719 5821682
7822-1139 PLUMPTON SAS 2 7822-1139-1 Artefact Scatter 299769 5822172
7822-1140 PLUMPTON SAS 3 7822-1140-1 Artefact Scatter 299807 5822449
7822-1141 PLUMPTON SAS 4 7822-1141-1 Artefact Scatter 299244 5821444
7822-1142 PLUMPTON SAS 5 7822-1142-1 Artefact Scatter 299111 5821233
7822-1143 PLUMPTON IA 1 7822-1143-1 Artefact Scatter 299325 5822128
7822-1144 PLUMPTON IA 2 7822-1144-1 Artefact Scatter 299298 5821756
7822-1148 GOURLAY RD WEST 1 7822-1148-1 Artefact Scatter 300556 5823354
7822-1149 GOURLAY RD WEST 2 7822-1149-1 Artefact Scatter 300272 5823750
7822-1150 GOURLAY RD WEST 3 7822-1150-1 Artefact Scatter 300229 5823905
7822-1151 GOURLAY RD WEST 4 7822-1151-1 Artefact Scatter 300218 5823949
7822-1152 GOURLAY RD WEST 5 7822-1152-1 Artefact Scatter 300200 5824004
7822-1153 GOURLAY RD WEST 6 7822-1153-1 Artefact Scatter 300201 5824033
7822-1154 GOURLAY RD WEST 7 7822-1154-1 Artefact Scatter 300227 5824065
7822-1155 GOURLAY RD WEST 8 7822-1155-1 Artefact Scatter 300217 5824102
7822-1156 GOURLAY RD WEST 9 7822-1156-1 Artefact Scatter 300444 5823006
7822-1157 GOURLAY RD WEST 10 7822-1157-1 Artefact Scatter 300467 5822988
7822-1158 GOURLAY RD WEST 11 7822-1158-1 Artefact Scatter 300167 5823740
7822-1159 GOURLAY RD WEST 12 7822-1159-1 Artefact Scatter 300173 5823484
115
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-1160 GOURLAY RD WEST 13 7822-1160-1 Artefact Scatter 300251 5823205
7822-1186 Rees Rd. Artefact Scatter 21 7822-1186-1 Artefact Scatter 284963 5822250
7822-1189 CAROLINE SPRINGS A1 7822-1189-1 Artefact Scatter 299774 5821031
7822-1190 CAROLINE SPRINGS B1 7822-1190-1 Artefact Scatter 299921 5821112
7822-1191 CAROLINE SPRINGS C1 7822-1191-1 Artefact Scatter 300162 5821198
7822-1192 CAROLINE SPRINGS D1 7822-1192-1 Artefact Scatter 300635 5820790
7822-1193 CAROLINE SPRINGS D2 7822-1193-1 Artefact Scatter 300443 5820897
7822-1194 CAROLINE SPRINGS F1 7822-1194-1 Artefact Scatter 300839 5820738
7822-1195 CAROLINE SPRINGS H1 7822-1195-1 Artefact Scatter 301415 5820717
7822-1196 CAROLINE SPRINGS J1 7822-1196-1 Artefact Scatter 300178 5821581
7822-1197 CAROLINE SPRINGS K1 7822-1197-1 Artefact Scatter 300211 5821357
7822-1198 CAROLINE SPRINGS L1 7822-1198-1 Artefact Scatter 301356 5821004
7822-1199 LEAKES RD 1 7822-1199-1 Artefact Scatter 294162 5822934
7822-1200 LEAKES RD 2 7822-1200-1 Artefact Scatter 294102 5822862
7822-1201 LEAKES RD 3 7822-1201-1 Artefact Scatter 294045 5822914
7822-1202 LEAKES RD 4 7822-1202-1 Artefact Scatter 293978 5822870
7822-1203 LEAKES RD 5 7822-1203-1 Artefact Scatter 294102 5822704
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-1204 LEAKES RD 6 7822-1204-1 Artefact Scatter 294039 5822662
7822-1205 LEAKES RD 7 7822-1205-1 Artefact Scatter 293884 5822707
7822-1206 LEAKES RD 8 7822-1206-1 Artefact Scatter 293682 5822564
7822-1207 LEAKES RD 9 7822-1207-1 Artefact Scatter 293549 5822639
7822-1208 LEAKES RD 10 7822-1208-1 Artefact Scatter 293939 5823062
7822-1211 LEAKES RD COMBINED 1 7822-1211-1 Artefact Scatter 293218 5822274
7822-1212 LEAKES RD COMBINED 2 7822-1212-1 Artefact Scatter 293167 5822305
Aboriginal 7822-1213 LEAKES RD 15 7822-1213-1 Artefact Scatter 293108 5822352
: : 7822-1214 LEAKES RD 16 7822-1214-1 Artefact Scatter 293011 5822379
7822-1221 LEAKES RD 23 7822-1221-1 Artefact Scatter 292942 5821724
7822-1222 BURNSIDE BS 1 7822-1222-1 Artefact Scatter 302308 5820807
1099) 7822-1223 BURNSIDE BS 3 7822-1223-1 Artefact Scatter 302460 5820993
( 7822-1224 BURNSIDE BS 4 7822-1224-1 Artefact Scatter 302270 5820948
7822-1225 BURNSIDE BS 8 7822-1225-1 Artefact Scatter 302266 5820837
P S P 7822-1226 BURNSIDE BS 9 7822-1226-1 Artefact Scatter 302507 5820903
7822-1227 BURNSIDE BS 12 7822-1227-1 Artefact Scatter 302803 5821058
7822-1228 BURNSIDE BS 15 7822-1228-1 Artefact Scatter 302434 5821134
7822-1229 BURNSIDE BS 21 7822-1229-1 Artefact Scatter 302174 5821005
7822-1230 BURNSIDE BS 22 7822-1230-1 Artefact Scatter 302099 5820862
7822-1231 BURNSIDE BS 23 7822-1231-1 Artefact Scatter 302364 5821780
7822-1232 BURNSIDE BS 27 7822-1232-1 Artefact Scatter 302758 5821167 R o c k b a n k 7822-1233 BURNSIDE BS 28 7822-1233-1 Artefact Scatter 302660 5821177
116
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-1234 BURNSIDE BS 29 7822-1234-1 Artefact Scatter 302486 5822004
7822-1235 BURNSIDE BS 30 7822-1235-1 Artefact Scatter 302492 5822065
7822-1236 BURNSIDE BS 33 7822-1236-1 Artefact Scatter 302852 5821752
7822-1237 BURNSIDE BS 34 7822-1237-1 Artefact Scatter 302855 5821916
7822-1238 BURNSIDE BS 35 7822-1238-1 Artefact Scatter 302773 5822129
7822-1239 BURNSIDE BS 36 7822-1239-1 Artefact Scatter 302622 5822189
7822-1240 BURNSIDE BS 37 7822-1240-1 Artefact Scatter 302668 5822013
7822-1241 BURNSIDE BS 38 7822-1241-1 Artefact Scatter 302286 5821971
7822-1242 BURNSIDE BS 39 7822-1242-1 Artefact Scatter 302280 5822031
7822-1243 BURNSIDE BS 40 7822-1243-1 Artefact Scatter 302293 5822142
7822-1268 BURNSIDE BS 41 7822-1268-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 302564 5820953
7822-1269 BURNSIDE BS 42 7822-1269-1 Earth Feature Soil Deposit 302519 5821197
7822-1290 RR-1 7822-1290-1 Artefact Scatter 284959 5822094
7822-1291 RR-2 7822-1291-1 Artefact Scatter 284925 5822129
7822-1292 RR-3 7822-1292-1 Artefact Scatter 284777 5822337
7822-1293 RR-4 7822-1293-1 Artefact Scatter 284806 5822282
7822-1294 RR-5 7822-1294-1 Artefact Scatter 284718 5822459
7822-1295 RR-6 7822-1295-1 Artefact Scatter 284299 5822438
7822-1296 RR-7 7822-1296-1 Artefact Scatter 285037 5822380
7822-1297 RR-8 7822-1297-1 Artefact Scatter 284155 5822415
7822-1298 RR-9 7822-1298-1 Artefact Scatter 283993 5822528
7822-1299 RR-10 7822-1299-1 Artefact Scatter 283843 5822667
7822-1300 RR-11 7822-1300-1 Artefact Scatter 283799 5822680
7822-1301 RR-12 7822-1301-1 Artefact Scatter 283830 5822710
7822-1320 EXFORD ESTATE 1 7822-1320-1 Artefact Scatter 286008 5819867
7822-1321 EXFORD ESTATE 2 7822-1321-1 Artefact Scatter 285887 5820417
7822-1322 EXFORD ESTATE 3 7822-1322-1 Artefact Scatter 285566 5821122
7822-1374 CAROLINE SPRINGS SCHOOL 1 7822-1374-1 Artefact Scatter 300774 5821306
7822-1393 PIONEER IA 1 7822-1393-1 Artefact Scatter 299024 5815193
7822-1395 ROCKBANK RAIL 7822-1395-1 Artefact Scatter 294377 5820914
7822-1397 WERRIBEE RIVER RAIL RESERVE 1 7822-1397-1 Artefact Scatter 283052 5822713
7822-1408 FOLEYS ROAD 1 7822-1408-1 Artefact Scatter 303334 5816121
7822-1409 LADY GEE 3 7822-1409-1 Artefact Scatter 301722 5814563
7822-1410 LADY GEE 2 7822-1410-1 Artefact Scatter 301629 5814726
7822-1412 LADY GEE 1 7822-1412-1 Artefact Scatter 301606 5815035
7822-1417 CAIRNLEA 1 7822-1417-1 Artefact Scatter 304733 5817927
7822-1419 CAIRNLEA 3 7822-1419-1 Artefact Scatter 304552 5818014
7822-1420 CAIRNLEA 4 7822-1420-1 Artefact Scatter 304612 5817864
7822-1421 CAIRNLEA 5 7822-1421-1 Artefact Scatter 304782 5817684
117
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-1439 WESTWOOD IA 1 7822-1439-1 Artefact Scatter 301743 5819967
7822-1451 WETLAND 3 7822-1451-1 Artefact Scatter 300366 5821209
7822-1452 WETLAND 4 7822-1452-1 Artefact Scatter 300400 5821067
7822-1453 WETLAND 5 7822-1453-1 Artefact Scatter 300944 5820802
7822-1470 BS 41 7822-1470-1 Artefact Scatter 302272 5821654
7822-1471 BS 42 7822-1471-1 Artefact Scatter 302189 5821488
7822-1474 ROBINSON'S ROAD SWAMP 1 7822-1474-1 Artefact Scatter 302604 5816601
7822-1485 TENTERFIELD M1 7822-1485-1 Artefact Scatter 302671 5821921
7822-1488 TENTERFIELD M3 7822-1488-1 Artefact Scatter 302744 5821972
7822-1489 TENTERFIELD M2 7822-1489-1 Artefact Scatter 302749 5821724
7822-1491 TENTERFIELD M4 7822-1491-1 Artefact Scatter 302697 5821791
7822-1492 TENTERFIELD M5 7822-1492-1 Artefact Scatter 302810 5821506
7822-1493 TENTERFIELD M6 7822-1493-1 Artefact Scatter 302841 5821624
7822-1494 TENTERFIELD M7 7822-1494-1 Artefact Scatter 302571 5821323
7822-1501 BULMANS ROAD 1 7822-1501-1 Artefact Scatter 285048 5828628
7822-1502 BULMANS ROAD 2 7822-1502-1 Artefact Scatter 285061 5828764
7822-1503 BULMANS ROAD 3 7822-1503-1 Artefact Scatter 284384 5829052
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-1504 BULMANS ROAD 4 7822-1504-1 Artefact Scatter 284453 5828623
7822-1505 BULMANS ROAD 5 7822-1505-1 Artefact Scatter 285013 5828463
7822-1506 BULMANS ROAD 6 7822-1506-1 Artefact Scatter 284392 5828618
7822-1507 BULMANS ROAD 7 7822-1507-1 Artefact Scatter 284942 5828051
7822-1511 LAVERTON CREEK MIDDLE ROAD 7822-1511-1 Artefact Scatter 302812 5814084
7822-1534 MT ATKINSON IA 1 7822-1534-1 Artefact Scatter 296746 5818174
7822-1535 MT ATKINSON IA 2 7822-1535-1 Artefact Scatter 296013 5818426
Aboriginal 7822-1536 MT ATKINSON IA 3 7822-1536-1 Artefact Scatter 297370 5818175
: : 7822-1537 MT ATKINSON IA 4 7822-1537-1 Artefact Scatter 296771 5818458
7822-1538 MT ATKINSON IA 5 7822-1538-1 Artefact Scatter 296379 5818563
7822-1539 MT ATKINSON IA 6 7822-1539-1 Artefact Scatter 296193 5818595
1099) 7822-1540 MT ATKINSON IA 7 7822-1540-1 Artefact Scatter 296480 5818749
( 7822-1541 MT ATKINSON IA 8 7822-1541-1 Artefact Scatter 296668 5819014
7822-1542 MT ATKINSON AS 1 7822-1542-1 Artefact Scatter 297399 5818032
P S P 7822-1543 MT ATKINSON AS 2 7822-1543-1 Artefact Scatter 297332 5817972
7822-1544 MT ATKINSON AS 3 7822-1544-1 Artefact Scatter 297480 5817801
7822-1545 MT ATKINSON AS 4 7822-1545-1 Artefact Scatter 296075 5816379
7822-1546 MT ATKINSON AS 5 7822-1546-1 Artefact Scatter 296051 5818636
7822-1547 MT ATKINSON AS 6 7822-1547-1 Artefact Scatter 296096 5818719
7822-1548 MT ATKINSON AS 9 7822-1548-1 Artefact Scatter 297026 5817024
7822-1549 MT ATKINSON AS 10 7822-1549-1 Artefact Scatter 296222 5817134 R o c k b a n k 7822-1550 MT ATKINSON AS 11 7822-1550-1 Artefact Scatter 295921 5817470
118
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-1551 MT ATKINSON AS 12 7822-1551-1 Artefact Scatter 296231 5816925
7822-1572 KINGS ROAD IA 1 7822-1572-1 Artefact Scatter 304481 5822198
7822-1606 EYNESBURY SAS 1 7822-1606-1 Artefact Scatter 282599 5816196
7822-1607 EYNESBURY SAS 2 7822-1607-1 Artefact Scatter 286599 5814711
7822-1608 EYNESBURY SAS 3 7822-1608-1 Artefact Scatter 286694 5813950
7822-1609 EYNESBURY SAS 4 7822-1609-1 Artefact Scatter 286098 5813826
7822-1610 EYNESBURY SAS 5 7822-1610-1 Artefact Scatter 286264 5814074
7822-1611 EYNESBURY SAS 6 7822-1611-1 Artefact Scatter 286904 5814040
7822-1612 EYNESBURY SAS 7 7822-1612-1 Artefact Scatter 287174 5814280
7822-1613 EYNESBURY SAS8 7822-1613-1 Artefact Scatter 287336 5814463
7822-1615 EYNESBURY SAS 10 7822-1615-1 Artefact Scatter 286604 5814416
7822-1618 EYNESBURY ST 3 7822-1618-1 Scarred Tree 285174 5815525
7822-1619 EYNESBURY ST 4 7822-1619-1 Scarred Tree 285449 5815945
7822-1620 EYNESBURY ST 5 7822-1620-1 Scarred Tree 285466 5815935
7822-1621 EYNESBURY ST 6 7822-1621-1 Scarred Tree 285498 5815785
7822-1622 EYNESBURY ST 7 7822-1622-1 Scarred Tree 285722 5815149
7822-1623 EYNESBURY ST 8 7822-1623-1 Scarred Tree 285842 5815201
7822-1624 EYNESBURY ST9 7822-1624-1 Scarred Tree 286677 5814937
7822-1625 EYNESBURY ST 10 7822-1625-1 Scarred Tree 286654 5815070
7822-1626 EYNESBURY ST 11 7822-1626-1 Scarred Tree 286147 5815128
7822-1627 EYNESBURY ST 12 7822-1627-1 Scarred Tree 285848 5815231
7822-1628 EYNESBURY ST 13 7822-1628-1 Scarred Tree 285842 5815273
7822-1629 EYNESBURY ST 14 7822-1629-1 Scarred Tree 285832 5815259
7822-1630 EYNESBURY ST 15 7822-1630-1 Scarred Tree 286275 5814973
7822-1631 EYNESBURY ST 16 7822-1631-1 Scarred Tree 285823 5814574
7822-1632 EYNESBURY ST 17 7822-1632-1 Scarred Tree 285793 5814538
7822-1633 EYNESBURY ST 18 7822-1633-1 Scarred Tree 285776 5814573
7822-1634 EYNESBURY ST 19 7822-1634-1 Scarred Tree 285786 5814573
7822-1635 EYNESBURY ST 20 7822-1635-1 Scarred Tree 285088 5814532
7822-1636 EYNESBURY ST 21 7822-1636-1 Scarred Tree 285077 5814525
7822-1637 EYNESBURY ST 22 7822-1637-1 Scarred Tree 285062 5814542
7822-1638 EYNESBURY ST 23 7822-1638-1 Scarred Tree 285031 5814523
7822-1639 EYNESBURY ST 24 7822-1639-1 Scarred Tree 284994 5814530
7822-1640 EYNESBURY ST 25 7822-1640-1 Scarred Tree 284994 5814529
7822-1641 EYNESBURY ST 26 7822-1641-1 Scarred Tree 286331 5814293
7822-1642 EYNESBURY ST 27 7822-1642-1 Scarred Tree 286353 5814313
7822-1643 EYNESBURY ST 28 7822-1643-1 Scarred Tree 286483 5814298
7822-1644 EYNESBURY ST 29 7822-1644-1 Scarred Tree 286510 5814354
7822-1645 SURBITON SAS 1 7822-1645-1 Artefact Scatter 287352 5816261
119
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-1665 Rees Rd. Artefact Scatter 20 7822-1665-1 Artefact Scatter 284753 5822429
7822-1696 EYNESBURY IA 2 7822-1696-1 Artefact Scatter 286221 5814914
7822-1697 EYNESBURY IA 3 7822-1697-1 Artefact Scatter 286156 5815059
7822-1698 EYNESBURY IA 4 7822-1698-1 Artefact Scatter 286255 5814997
7822-1699 EYNESBURY IA 5 7822-1699-1 Artefact Scatter 286700 5814308
7822-1700 EYNESBURY IA 6 7822-1700-1 Artefact Scatter 286046 5813703
7822-1701 EYNESBURY IA 7 7822-1701-1 Artefact Scatter 286510 5814354
7822-1702 EYNESBURY IA 8 7822-1702-1 Artefact Scatter 286539 5814547
7822-1703 EYNESBURY IA 9 7822-1703-1 Artefact Scatter 286239 5814339
7822-1726 TENTERFIELD M9 7822-1726-1 Artefact Scatter 302734 5821595
7822-1731 TOOLERN CREEK SCAR TREE 1 7822-1731-1 Scarred Tree 286768 5823548
7822-1732 TOOLERN CREEK SCAR TREE 2 7822-1732-1 Scarred Tree 286765 5823520
7822-1733 TOOLERN CREEK SCAR STUMP 7822-1733-1 Scarred Tree 286785 5823474
7822-1741 EYNESBURY IA 10 7822-1741-1 Artefact Scatter 285238 5814962
7822-1742 EYNESBURY IA 11 7822-1742-1 Artefact Scatter 284483 5814678
7822-1743 EYNESBURY IA 12 7822-1743-1 Artefact Scatter 284359 5814221
7822-1744 EYNESBURY IA 13 7822-1744-1 Artefact Scatter 285446 5814239
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-1745 EYNESBURY SAS 11 7822-1745-1 Artefact Scatter 285534 5816233
7822-1746 EYNESBURY SAS 12 7822-1746-1 Artefact Scatter 286136 5816173
7822-1747 EYNESBURY SAS 13 7822-1747-1 Artefact Scatter 286041 5813461
7822-1748 EYNESBURY SAS 15 7822-1748-1 Artefact Scatter 286311 5814827
7822-1749 EYNESBURY SAS 16 7822-1749-1 Artefact Scatter 286430 5813752
7822-1750 EYNESBURY ST 30 7822-1750-1 Scarred Tree 285790 5816182
7822-1751 EYNESBURY ST 31 7822-1751-1 Scarred Tree 286339 5816078
Aboriginal 7822-1752 EYNESBURY ST 32 7822-1752-1 Scarred Tree 286026 5814505
: : 7822-1753 EYNESBURY ST 33 7822-1753-1 Scarred Tree 285969 5814610
7822-1754 EYNESBURY SAS 14 7822-1754-1 Artefact Scatter 286712 5813809
7822-1765 EYNESBURY SAS 17 7822-1765-1 Artefact Scatter 287597 5815424
1099) 7822-1766 EYNESBURY SAS 18 7822-1766-1 Artefact Scatter 287392 5815541
( 7822-1767 EYNESBURY ST 34 7822-1767-1 Scarred Tree 285968 5814887
7822-1768 EYNESBURY ST 35 7822-1768-1 Scarred Tree 285395 5816739
P S P 7822-1787 INVESTA IA 7 7822-1787-1 Artefact Scatter 304063 5815753
7822-1791 EYNESBURY SAS 19 7822-1791-1 Artefact Scatter 284761 5813818
7822-1812 EYNESBURY SAS 21 7822-1812-1 Artefact Scatter 285306 5814481
7822-1813 EYNESBURY SAS 22 7822-1813-1 Artefact Scatter 284901 5814356
7822-1814 EYNESBURY SAS 23 7822-1814-1 Artefact Scatter 284740 5814371
7822-1815 EYNESBURY SAS 24 7822-1815-1 Artefact Scatter 284633 5814288
7822-1816 EYNESBURY SAS 25 7822-1816-1 Artefact Scatter 285016 5814133 R o c k b a n k 7822-1817 EYNESBURY SAS 26 7822-1817-1 Artefact Scatter 285070 5814393
120
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-1827 PALM SPRINGS 1 7822-1827-1 Artefact Scatter 300542 5817814
7822-1828 PALM SPRINGS 2 7822-1828-1 Artefact Scatter 300432 5818264
7822-1829 PALM SPRINGS 3 7822-1829-1 Artefact Scatter 300006 5818596
7822-1830 PALM SPRINGS 4 7822-1830-1 Artefact Scatter 299347 5819113
7822-1832 EYNESBURY SAS 27 7822-1832-1 Artefact Scatter 284641 5813784
7822-1833 EYNESBURY SAS 28 7822-1833-1 Artefact Scatter 284794 5813756
7822-1834 EYNESBURY SAS 29 7822-1834-1 Artefact Scatter 284779 5813659
7822-1835 EYNESBURY SAS 30 7822-1835-1 Artefact Scatter 284734 5813560
7822-1836 EYNESBURY SAS 31 7822-1836-1 Artefact Scatter 285295 5814190
7822-1855 ROBINSONS ROAD IA 1 7822-1855-1 Artefact Scatter 302796 5813822
7822-1856 ROBINSONS ROAD IA 2 7822-1856-1 Artefact Scatter 302296 5813554
7822-1865 COBBLEDICKS RESERVE ARTEFACT SCATTER 7822-1865-1 Artefact Scatter 287486 5811787
7822-1889 KINGS ROAD IA 2 7822-1889-1 Artefact Scatter 304518 5822243
7822-1890 KINGS ROAD IA 3 7822-1890-1 Artefact Scatter 304440 5822514
7822-1891 KINGS ROAD IA 4 7822-1891-1 Artefact Scatter 304293 5825026
7822-1915 TARNEIT RISE 2 7822-1915-1 Artefact Scatter 295100 5810105
7822-1916 TARNEIT RISE 3 7822-1916-1 Artefact Scatter 294610 5810235
7822-1921 EYNESBURY HAUL ROAD 1 7822-1921-1 Artefact Scatter 284017 5818438
7822-1922 CHRISTIES ROAD 2 7822-1922-1 Artefact Scatter 300850 5817963
7822-1926 MELTON STH PRIMARY SCHOOL CARPARK 1 7822-1926-1 Artefact Scatter 286290 5823800
7822-1928 EYNESBURY ST 36 7822-1928-1 Scarred Tree 283820 5817949
7822-1929 EYNESBURY ST 37 7822-1929-1 Scarred Tree 283743 5818424
7822-1930 GREEN HILL 1 7822-1930-1 Artefact Scatter 284269 5813663
7822-1931 GREEN HILL 2 7822-1931-1 Artefact Scatter 284393 5813674
7822-1932 GREEN HILL 3 7822-1932-1 Artefact Scatter 284551 5813534
7822-1933 GREEN HILL 4 7822-1933-1 Artefact Scatter 284803 5813532
7822-1934 GREEN HILL 5 7822-1934-1 Artefact Scatter 284314 5813507
7822-1935 GREEN HILL 6 7822-1935-1 Artefact Scatter 284209 5813547
7822-1936 GREEN HILL 7 7822-1936-1 Artefact Scatter 283965 5813535
7822-1937 GREEN HILL 8 7822-1937-1 Artefact Scatter 283746 5813549
7822-1938 GREEN HILL 9 7822-1938-1 Artefact Scatter 283639 5813552
7822-1941 EYNESBURY RD 1 7822-1941-1 Artefact Scatter 285648 5819063
7822-1942 EXFORD RD 1 7822-1942-1 Artefact Scatter 286172 5819323
7822-1943 MT MARY RD 1 7822-1943-1 Artefact Scatter 284124 5813831
7822-1944 MT MARY RD 2 7822-1944-1 Artefact Scatter 284119 5813563
7822-1945 SPRING HILL RD 1 7822-1945-1 Artefact Scatter 284978 5813566
7822-1946 SPRING HILL RD 2 7822-1946-1 Artefact Scatter 285289 5813593
7822-1947 SPRING HILL RD 3 7822-1947-1 Artefact Scatter 285429 5813544
7822-1948 EYNESBURY SAS 32 7822-1948-1 Artefact Scatter 286305 5813951
121
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-1949 EYNESBURY SAS 33 7822-1949-1 Artefact Scatter 286159 5814075
7822-1950 EYNESBURY SAS 34 7822-1950-1 Artefact Scatter 285104 5814719
7822-1951 EYNESBURY SAS 35 7822-1951-1 Artefact Scatter 284371 5814709
7822-1952 EYNESBURY SAS 36 7822-1952-1 Artefact Scatter 284443 5814768
7822-1953 EYNESBURY SAS 37 7822-1953-1 Artefact Scatter 284394 5814999
7822-1954 EYNESBURY SAS 38 7822-1954-1 Artefact Scatter 285285 5814742
7822-1955 EYNESBURY SAS 39 7822-1955-1 Artefact Scatter 285164 5814869
7822-1956 EYNESBURY SAS 40 7822-1956-1 Artefact Scatter 285178 5814720
7822-1957 EYNESBURY SAS 41 7822-1957-1 Artefact Scatter 285151 5814879
7822-1958 EYNESBURY SAS 42 7822-1958-1 Artefact Scatter 285153 5814793
7822-1959 EYNESBURY SAS 43 7822-1959-1 Artefact Scatter 285270 5814651
7822-1960 EYNESBURY SAS 44 7822-1960-1 Artefact Scatter 285293 5814860
7822-1961 EYNESBURY SAS 45 7822-1961-1 Artefact Scatter 285335 5814458
7822-1962 EYNESBURY SAS 46 7822-1962-1 Artefact Scatter 284536 5814783
7822-1963 EYNESBURY SAS 47 7822-1963-1 Artefact Scatter 284685 5815065
7822-1964 EYNESBURY SAS 48 7822-1964-1 Artefact Scatter 284528 5814974
7822-1965 EYNESBURY SAS 49 7822-1965-1 Artefact Scatter 284738 5814823
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-1966 EYNESBURY SAS 50 7822-1966-1 Artefact Scatter 284440 5814356
7822-1967 EYNESBURY SAS 51 7822-1967-1 Artefact Scatter 284792 5814743
7822-1968 EYNESBURY SAS 52 7822-1968-1 Artefact Scatter 284957 5814743
7822-1991 ACADIA ESTATE 1 7822-1991-1 Artefact Scatter 284870 5823653
7822-1992 ACADIA ESTATE 2 7822-1992-1 Artefact Scatter 284887 5823509
7822-1993 ACADIA ESTATE 3 7822-1993-1 Artefact Scatter 284702 5823349
7822-1994 ROBINSONS RD 1 7822-1994-1 Artefact Scatter 302203 5816513
Aboriginal 7822-2029 ACADIA ESTATE 4 7822-2029-1 Artefact Scatter 284410 5823246
: : 7822-2030 ACADIA ESTATE 5 7822-2030-1 Artefact Scatter 284212 5822992
7822-2031 ACADIA ESTATE 6 7822-2031-1 Artefact Scatter 284599 5823011
7822-2032 ACADIA ESTATE 7 7822-2032-1 Artefact Scatter 284943 5822938
1099) 7822-2039 Rees Rd. Artefact Scatter 19 7822-2039-1 Artefact Scatter 284761 5822509
( 7822-2045 SHANAHANS RD 1 7822-2045-1 Artefact Scatter 290478 5811618
7822-2046 OAKBANK 1 7822-2046-1 Artefact Scatter 289322 5810201
P S P 7822-2048 RRP 1 7822-2048-1 Artefact Scatter 301870 5813411
7822-2049 RRP 2 7822-2049-1 Artefact Scatter 301922 5813736
7822-2078 EYENSBURY SAS 53 7822-2078-1 Artefact Scatter 285821 5814735
7822-2079 EYNESBURY SAS 54 7822-2079-1 Artefact Scatter 285637 5814502
7822-2080 EYNESBURY SAS 55 7822-2080-1 Artefact Scatter 285696 5814553
7822-2081 WERRIBEE WILLOWS 1 7822-2081-2 Artefact Scatter 286434 5819219
7822-2082 WERRIBEE WILLOWS 2 7822-2082-1 Artefact Scatter 286482 5819090 R o c k b a n k 7822-2083 WERRIBEE WILLOWS 3 7822-2083-1 Artefact Scatter 286416 5819190
122
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-2084 WERRIBEE WILLOWS 4 7822-2084-1 Scarred Tree 286469 5819225
7822-2085 WERRIBEE WILLOWS 5 7822-2085-1 Artefact Scatter 286582 5819079
7822-2086 WERRIBEE WILLOWS 6 7822-2086-2 Artefact Scatter 286526 5818936
7822-2087 TOOLERN CREEK 1 7822-2087-1 Artefact Scatter 286964 5822467
7822-2089 TOOLERN CREEK 3 7822-2089-1 Artefact Scatter 286674 5821630
7822-2090 TOOLERN CREEK 4 7822-2090-1 Artefact Scatter 286750 5821756
7822-2092 TOOLERN CREEK 6 7822-2092-1 Artefact Scatter 286655 5821768
7822-2100 TOOLERN CREEK 14 7822-2100-1 Scarred Tree 286928 5819882
7822-2101 WERRIBEE WILLOWS 7 7822-2101-1 Artefact Scatter 286453 5819268
7822-2102 Rees Rd. Artefact Scatter 1c 7822-2102-1 Artefact Scatter 284904 5822535
7822-2103 WERRIBEE WILLOWS 8 7822-2103-1 Scarred Tree 286517 5818964
7822-2104 WERRIBEE WILLOWS 9 7822-2104-1 Scarred Tree 286420 5819230
7822-2118 EYNESBURY HAUL ROAD 2 7822-2118-1 Artefact Scatter 283950 5818976
7822-2119 EYNESBURY HAUL ROAD 3 7822-2119-1 Artefact Scatter 283886 5818341
7822-2120 EYNESBURY SAS 56 7822-2120-1 Artefact Scatter 284139 5814837
7822-2121 EYNESBURY SAS 57 7822-2121-1 Artefact Scatter 285665 5814549
7822-2123 MK 1 7822-2123-1 Artefact Scatter 289230 5826058
7822-2124 MK 2 7822-2124-1 Artefact Scatter 288915 5825493
7822-2125 BOUNDARY AS 1 7822-2125-1 Artefact Scatter 301405 5813081
7822-2126 BOUNDARY IA 1 7822-2126-1 Artefact Scatter 301220 5813076
7822-2127 BOUNDARY IA 2 7822-2127-1 Artefact Scatter 301227 5813190
7822-2128 BOUNDARY IA 3 7822-2128-1 Artefact Scatter 301297 5813400
7822-2129 BOUNDARY IA 4 7822-2129-1 Artefact Scatter 301584 5813278
7822-2130 BOUNDARY IA 5 7822-2130-1 Artefact Scatter 301578 5813115
7822-2131 BOUNDARY IA 6 7822-2131-1 Artefact Scatter 301673 5813345
7822-2132 BOUNDARY IA 7 7822-2132-1 Artefact Scatter 301723 5813284
7822-2133 BOUNDARY IA 8 7822-2133-1 Artefact Scatter 301793 5813141
7822-2148 DEER PARK BYPASS 1 7822-2148-1 Artefact Scatter 301449 5817287
7822-2168 WESTWOOD DRIVE 1 7822-2168-1 Artefact Scatter 301698 5819955
7822-2172 DEER PARK BYPASS 4 7822-2172-1 Artefact Scatter 301867 5814851
7822-2173 DEER PARK BYPASS 2 7822-2173-1 Artefact Scatter 302092 5814358
7822-2175 DEER PARK BYPASS 5 7822-2175-1 Artefact Scatter 301326 5817388
7822-2219 MELTON SEWERAGE UPGRADE AS1 7822-2219-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 286721 5823249
7822-2233 BOTANICA SPRINGS 1 7822-2233-1 Artefact Scatter 283040 5824857
7822-2234 BOTANICA SPRINGS 2 7822-2234-1 Artefact Scatter 283659 5825038
7822-2235 BOTANICA SPRINGS 3 7822-2235-1 Artefact Scatter 283146 5824878
7822-2251 TROUPS ROAD NORTH AS1 7822-2251-1 Artefact Scatter 294842 5820964
7822-2252 HUME DRIVE 1 7822-2252-1 Artefact Scatter 300618 5823900
7822-2255 BEATTYS ROAD PLUMPTON 1 7822-2255-1 Artefact Scatter 298728 5824193
123
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-2256 BEATTYS ROAD PLUMPTON 2 7822-2256-1 Artefact Scatter 298637 5824295
7822-2257 KOROROIT CREEK SEWER WEST BRANCH 7822-2257-1 Artefact Scatter 300396 5821335
7822-2261 PALMERS ROBINSONS BOUNDARY 1 7822-2261-1 Artefact Scatter 301986 5812895
7822-2262 MELTON SEWER PUMP STATION 1 7822-2262-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 285276 5824421
7822-2265 CLARKES ROAD MELTON 1 7822-2265-1 Artefact Scatter 283776 5825348
7822-2272 STERLING DRIVE DERRIMUT 1 7822-2272-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 303103 5815228
7822-2273 STERLING DRIVE DERRIMUT 2 7822-2273-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 303174 5815203
7822-2289 BORONIA DRIVE 7822-2289-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 300258 5824913
7822-2297 MINNS ROAD 1 7822-2297-1 Artefact Scatter 285352 5829788
7822-2299 CLARKES ROAD 1 7822-2299-1 Artefact Scatter 283840 5823624
7822-2300 CLARKES ROAD 2 7822-2300-1 Artefact Scatter 283739 5823502
7822-2301 CLARKES ROAD 3 7822-2301-1 Artefact Scatter 283826 5823650
7822-2314 THE LANDING 1 7822-2314-1 Artefact Scatter 301462 5821069
7822-2329 BOTANICA SPRINGS 4 7822-2329-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 282936 5824739
7822-2330 BOTANICA SPRINGS 5 7822-2330-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 283624 5824619
7822-2356 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 1 7822-2356-1 Artefact Scatter 286795 5824761
7822-2357 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 2 7822-2357-1 Artefact Scatter 286840 5824932
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-2358 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 13 7822-2358-1 Artefact Scatter 286832 5825007
7822-2367 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 3 7822-2367-1 Artefact Scatter 286920 5825105
7822-2368 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 4 7822-2368-1 Artefact Scatter 287030 5825236
7822-2369 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 5 7822-2369-1 Artefact Scatter 286982 5825182
7822-2370 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 6 7822-2370-1 Artefact Scatter 286986 5825097
7822-2371 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 7 7822-2371-1 Artefact Scatter 286883 5824371
7822-2372 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 8 7822-2372-1 Artefact Scatter 287044 5825103
Aboriginal 7822-2373 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 9 7822-2373-1 Artefact Scatter 286850 5825055
: : 7822-2374 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 10 7822-2374-1 Artefact Scatter 286959 5825018
7822-2375 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 11 7822-2375-1 Artefact Scatter 286993 5824943
7822-2376 TOOLERN CREEK, WESTERN FWY 12 7822-2376-1 Artefact Scatter 286879 5825028
1099) 7822-2402 TOOLERN CREEK REGIONAL PARK CREEK FLAT 1 7822-2402-1 Artefact Scatter 286860 5822913
( 7822-2403 TOOLERN CREEK REGIONAL PARK CREEK FLAT 2 7822-2403-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 286892 5822705
7822-2404 TOOLERN CREEK REGIONAL PARK CREEK FLAT 3 7822-2404-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 286970 5822547
P S P 7822-2405 TOOLERN CREEK REGIONAL PARK CREEK FLAT 9 7822-2405-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 286519 5820958
7822-2406 TOOLERN CREEK REGIONAL PARK CREEK FLAT 10 7822-2406-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 286732 5820605
7822-2407 TOOLERN CREEK REGIONAL PARK SCARRED TREE 1 7822-2407-1 Scarred Tree 286770 5820740
7822-2409 CALDER PARK DRIVE RAIL RESERVE 1 7822-2409-1 Artefact Scatter 302074 5827598
7822-2423 SYDENHAM RAIL RESERVE 1 7822-2423-1 Artefact Scatter 303274 5825813
7822-2424 HOLDEN ROAD RAIL RESERVE 1 7822-2424-1 Artefact Scatter 301448 5828546
7822-2425 HOLDEN ROAD RAIL RESERVE 2 7822-2425-1 Artefact Scatter 301546 5828432 R o c k b a n k 7822-2453 KOROROIT CREEK 23 7822-2453-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 302878 5818428
124
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-2454 KOROROIT CREEK 24 7822-2454-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 302953 5818468
7822-2455 KOROROIT CREEK 25 7822-2455-1 Artefact Scatter 302665 5818675
7822-2456 KOROROIT CREEK 26 7822-2456-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 302602 5818845
7822-2457 KOROROIT CREEK 27 7822-2457-1 Artefact Scatter 302572 5818962
7822-2458 KOROROIT CREEK 28 7822-2458-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 302401 5819043
7822-2459 KOROROIT CREEK 29 7822-2459-1 Artefact Scatter 302400 5819165
7822-2460 KOROROIT CREEK 30 7822-2460-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 302451 5819316
7822-2461 OAKWOOD 1 7822-2461-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 303162 5819776
7822-2463 WERRIBEE PLAINS 2 7822-2463-1 Artefact Scatter 285379 5811857
7822-2464 WERRIBEE PLAINS 3 7822-2464-1 Artefact Scatter 285557 5812010
7822-2465 WERRIBEE PLAINS 4 7822-2465-1 Artefact Scatter 285757 5812000
7822-2466 WERRIBEE PLAINS 5 7822-2466-1 Artefact Scatter 286462 5812292
7822-2467 WERRIBEE PLAINS 6 7822-2467-1 Artefact Scatter 286545 5812437
7822-2503 HILLSIDE - MELTON 1 7822-2503-1 Artefact Scatter 291728 5827203
7822-2528 MELBOURNE-GEELONG INTERCONNECTOR 22 7822-2528-1 Artefact Scatter 289080 5812555
7822-2529 MELBOURNE-GEELONG INTERCONNECTOR 23 7822-2529-1 Artefact Scatter 289154 5812369
7822-2533 MELBOURNE-GEELONG INTERCONNECTOR 24 7822-2533-1 Artefact Scatter 289845 5812212
7822-2534 MELBOURNE-GEELONG INTERCONNECTOR 25 7822-2534-1 Artefact Scatter 289884 5812212
7822-2535 MELBOURNE-GEELONG INTERCONNECTOR 26 7822-2535-1 Artefact Scatter 289989 5812205
7822-2536 MELBOURNE-GEELONG INTERCONNECTOR 27 7822-2536-1 Artefact Scatter 290023 5812160
7822-2537 MELBOURNE-GEELONG INTERCONNECTOR 28 7822-2537-1 Artefact Scatter 293443 5811821
7822-2571 MELBOURNE-GEELONG INTERCONNECTOR 21 7822-2571-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 287145 5811396
7822-2575 YUILLE STREET 1 7822-2575-1 Artefact Scatter 287807 5827049
7822-2576 YUILLE STREET 2 7822-2576-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 287714 5827056
7822-2582 MELBOURNE-GEELONG INTERCONNECTOR 20 7822-2582-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 286986 5811322
7822-2588 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 02 7822-2588-1 Artefact Scatter 284897 5822830
7822-2590 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 04 7822-2590-1 Artefact Scatter 284620 5822851
7822-2591 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 05 7822-2591-1 Artefact Scatter 284551 5822795
7822-2592 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 06 7822-2592-1 Artefact Scatter 284471 5822742
7822-2593 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 07 7822-2593-1 Artefact Scatter 284444 5822883
7822-2595 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 09 7822-2595-1 Artefact Scatter 284342 5822815
7822-2596 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 10 7822-2596-1 Artefact Scatter 284018 5822774
7822-2597 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 11 7822-2597-1 Artefact Scatter 284035 5822923
7822-2598 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 12 7822-2598-1 Artefact Scatter 283921 5822863
7822-2599 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 13 7822-2599-1 Artefact Scatter 283946 5822769
7822-2600 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 14 7822-2600-1 Artefact Scatter 283947 5822688
7822-2601 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 15 7822-2601-1 Artefact Scatter 284166 5822593
7822-2602 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 16 7822-2602-1 Artefact Scatter 284209 5822541
7822-2603 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 17 7822-2603-1 Artefact Scatter 284562 5822496
125
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-2618 REES RD. ARTEFACT SCATTER 18 7822-2618-1 Artefact Scatter 284658 5822451
7822-2643 Sunbury Electrification 02 7822-2643-1 Artefact Scatter 303221 5825894
7822-2655 Sunbury Electrification 04 7822-2655-1 Artefact Scatter 302104 5827545
7822-2656 Sunbury Electrification 01 7822-2656-1 Artefact Scatter 303240 5825866
7822-2664 Sunbury Electrification 3 7822-2664-1 Artefact Scatter 302127 5827533
7822-2672 Transmission Easement 1 7822-2672-1 Artefact Scatter 302497 5818338
7822-2673 Transmission Easement 2 7822-2673-1 Artefact Scatter 302547 5818377
7822-2674 Regional Rail Link 28 7822-2674-1 Artefact Scatter 299663 5811325
7822-2675 Regional Rail Link 30 7822-2675-1 Artefact Scatter 300292 5812857
7822-2676 Regional Rail Link 29 7822-2676-1 Artefact Scatter 300072 5812300
7822-2678 Regional Rail Link 31 7822-2678-1 Artefact Scatter 300469 5813571
7822-2682 Sunbury Electrification 69 7822-2682-1 Artefact Scatter 303129 5826048
7822-2697 Sunbury Electrification 68 7822-2697-1 Artefact Scatter 303137 5826029
7822-2712 Regional Rail Link 18 7822-2712-1 Artefact Scatter 291392 5809831
7822-2726 Regional Rail Link 22 7822-2726-1 Artefact Scatter 293063 5810854
7822-2727 Regional Rail Link 24 7822-2727-1 Artefact Scatter 296743 5810371
7822-2737 Regional Rail Link 19 7822-2737-1 Artefact Scatter 291406 5809873
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-2738 Regional Rail Link 20 7822-2738-1 Artefact Scatter 291435 5809847
7822-2739 Regional Rail Link 23 7822-2739-1 Artefact Scatter 296726 5810447
7822-2741 Regional Rail Link 32 7822-2741-1 Artefact Scatter 300489 5813812
7822-2778 Troups Rd AS 6 7822-2778-1 Artefact Scatter 293956 5820407
7822-2779 Troups Rd AS 2 7822-2779-1 Artefact Scatter 294208 5820899
7822-2784 Troups Rd AS 1 7822-2784-1 Artefact Scatter 294005 5820925
7822-2785 Troups Rd AS 4 7822-2785-1 Artefact Scatter 294581 5820685
Aboriginal 7822-2786 Troups Rd AS 5 7822-2786-1 Artefact Scatter 294564 5820350
: : 7822-2787 Kurunjang 1 7822-2787-1 Artefact Scatter 286489 5829367
7822-2790 Green Hill Access 4 7822-2790-1 Artefact Scatter 284142 5813988
7822-2813 Grima 4 7822-2813-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 301184 5813928
1099) 7822-2814 Grima 3 7822-2814-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 301205 5813649
( 7822-2824 Regional Rail Link 21i 7822-2824-1 Artefact Scatter 291817 5810168
7822-2825 Regional Rail Link 21g 7822-2825-1 Artefact Scatter 291827 5810152
P S P 7822-2826 Regional Rail Link 21d 7822-2826-1 Artefact Scatter 291872 5810131
7822-2827 Regional Rail Link 21c 7822-2827-1 Artefact Scatter 291878 5810161
7822-2828 Regional Rail Link 21b 7822-2828-1 Artefact Scatter 291882 5810182
7822-2829 Regional Rail Link 21j 7822-2829-1 Artefact Scatter 291819 5810182
7822-2830 Regional Rail Link 21k 7822-2830-1 Artefact Scatter 291856 5810203
7822-2831 Regional Rail Link 21h 7822-2831-1 Artefact Scatter 291801 5810155
7822-2832 Regional Rail Link 21f 7822-2832-1 Artefact Scatter 291837 5810133 R o c k b a n k 7822-2833 Regional Rail Link 21e 7822-2833-1 Artefact Scatter 291850 5810147
126
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-2834 Regional Rail Link 21a 7822-2834-1 Artefact Scatter 291860 5810238
7822-2863 Green Hill Access 5 7822-2863-1 Artefact Scatter 283825 5813795
7822-2864 Grima 1 7822-2864-1 Artefact Scatter 300951 5813550
7822-2865 Grima 2 7822-2865-1 Artefact Scatter 300956 5813768
7822-2866 Grassy Point 1 7822-2866-1 Artefact Scatter 304448 5818117
7822-2869 Green Hill Access 3 7822-2869-1 Artefact Scatter 283847 5813766
7822-2871 Exford Estate 6 7822-2871-1 Artefact Scatter 286339 5819457
7822-2875 Boundary Rd Truganina 1 7822-2875-1 Artefact Scatter 300463 5813089
7822-2876 Boundary Rd Truganina 2 7822-2876-1 Artefact Scatter 300499 5813046
7822-2878 Shanahans Road 3 7822-2878-1 Artefact Scatter 290199 5809906
7822-2880 Stony Hill Creek 3 7822-2880-1 Artefact Scatter 299955 5826525
7822-2881 Stony Hill Creek 4 7822-2881-1 Artefact Scatter 299980 5826360
7822-2917 kororoit creek surface scatter 1 7822-2917-1 Artefact Scatter 298200 5821102
7822-2919 Stony Hill Creek 5 7822-2919-1 Artefact Scatter 300160 5826420
7822-2920 Stony Hill Creek 6 7822-2920-1 Artefact Scatter 300205 5826275
7822-2921 Stony Hill Creek 7 7822-2921-1 Artefact Scatter 300120 5826400
7822-2922 Stony Hill Creek 8 7822-2922-1 Artefact Scatter 300180 5826360
7822-2933 Stony Hill Creek 9 7822-2933-1 Artefact Scatter 300105 5826320
7822-2983 Bridge Rd Toolern 3 7822-2983-1 Artefact Scatter 287117 5823192
7822-2990 Bridge Rd Toolern 7 7822-2990-1 Artefact Scatter 287603 5823359
7822-2993 Bridge Rd Toolern 4 7822-2993-1 Artefact Scatter 287156 5823432
7822-2994 Bridge Rd Toolern 5 7822-2994-1 Artefact Scatter 287179 5823225
7822-2998 Bridge Rd Toolern 6 7822-2998-1 Artefact Scatter 287426 5823249
7822-3024 Sunbury Electrification 73 7822-3024-1 Artefact Scatter 302140 5827522
7822-3151 Exford Road 3 7822-3151-1 Artefact Scatter Object Collection 286783 5821868
7822-3152 Exford Road 2 7822-3152-1 Artefact Scatter 286558 5821914
7822-3153 Exford Road 1 7822-3153-2 Artefact Scatter 286291 5821823
7822-3316 Holden Road, Plumpton 1 7822-3316-2 Artefact Scatter 301186 5828458
7822-3317 Holden Road, Plumpton 2 7822-3317-2 Artefact Scatter 300810 5828599
7822-3318 Holden Road, Plumpton 3 7822-3318-1 Artefact Scatter 300611 5828466
7822-3319 Holden Road, Plumpton 4 7822-3319-2 Artefact Scatter 300562 5828483
7822-3322 Atherstone South 1 IA 7822-3322-1 Artefact Scatter 288592 5821594
7822-3323 Atherstone South 2 IA 7822-3323-1 Artefact Scatter 288365 5821612
7822-3324 Atherstone South 3 IA 7822-3324-1 Artefact Scatter 288295 5821474
7822-3325 Atherstone South 4 IA 7822-3325-1 Artefact Scatter 288148 5821156
7822-3326 Atherstone South 5 IA 7822-3326-1 Artefact Scatter 288013 5821207
7822-3328 Atherstone South 6 7822-3328-1 Artefact Scatter 287143 5821247
7822-3328 Atherstone South 6 7822-3328-4 Artefact Scatter 287190 5821273
7822-3328 Atherstone South 6 7822-3328-3 Artefact Scatter 287352 5822897
127
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-3346 Lot 1B Waterford Estate 1 7822-3346-1 Artefact Scatter 286018 5820546
7822-3347 Lot 1B Waterford Estate 2 7822-3347-1 Artefact Scatter 286246 5820493
7822-3348 Lot 1B Waterford Estate 3 7822-3348-1 Artefact Scatter 286096 5820461
7822-3349 Lot 1B Waterford Estate 7 7822-3349-1 Artefact Scatter 286178 5820204
7822-3350 Lot 1B Waterford Estate 8 7822-3350-1 Artefact Scatter 286128 5820190
7822-3352 Lot 1B Waterford Estate 4 IA 7822-3352-1 Artefact Scatter 285838 5820405
7822-3353 Lot 1B Waterford Estate 6 IA 7822-3353-1 Artefact Scatter 285901 5820216
7822-3354 Lot 1B Waterford Estate 5 7822-3354-1 Artefact Scatter 285872 5820301
7822-3364 Mt Mary Rd 3 7822-3364-1 Artefact Scatter 284075 5813137
7822-3375 Rees Road 2 IA 7822-3375-1 Artefact Scatter 285095 5822686
7822-3376 Lot 1b Waterford Estate 9 7822-3376-1 Artefact Scatter 286104 5820424
7822-3377 Rees Road 1 7822-3377-1 Artefact Scatter 285047 5822097
7822-3451 Rees Road Isolated Artefact 7a 7822-3451-2 Artefact Scatter 284495 5822881
7822-3474 Tarneit 10 Artefact Scatter 7822-3474-1 Artefact Scatter 297768 5810876
7822-3475 Kororoit Creek AS1 7822-3475-1 Artefact Scatter 300046 5821601
7822-3476 Kororoit Creek AS7 7822-3476-1 Artefact Scatter 303099 5818100
7822-3477 Kororoit Creek AS10 7822-3477-1 Artefact Scatter 303306 5817778
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-3478 Kororoit Creek AS11 7822-3478-1 Artefact Scatter 303144 5818170
7822-3479 Kororoit Creek AS14 7822-3479-1 Artefact Scatter 301242 5821019
7822-3481 Coburns Road 1 IA 7822-3481-1 Artefact Scatter 286011 5829732
7822-3485 Kororoit Creek AS9 7822-3485-1 Artefact Scatter 303287 5817736
7822-3486 Kororoit Creek AS12 7822-3486-1 Artefact Scatter 302509 5818738
7822-3487 Kororoit Creek AS15 7822-3487-1 Artefact Scatter 301038 5820858
7822-3488 Kororoit Creek IA5 7822-3488-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 303002 5818344
Aboriginal 7822-3488 Kororoit Creek IA5 7822-3488-3 Low Density Artefact Distribution 302669 5818590
: : 7822-3488 Kororoit Creek IA5 7822-3488-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 302674 5818650
7822-3489 Kororoit Creek IA6 7822-3489-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 303455 5817808
7822-3490 Kororoit Creek IA8 7822-3490-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 302404 5819231
1099) 7822-3490 Kororoit Creek IA8 7822-3490-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 302437 5819420
( 7822-3490 Kororoit Creek IA8 7822-3490-3 Low Density Artefact Distribution 302438 5819575
7822-3490 Kororoit Creek IA8 7822-3490-4 Low Density Artefact Distribution 302418 5819746
P S P 7822-3490 Kororoit Creek IA8 7822-3490-5 Low Density Artefact Distribution 302600 5819972
7822-3491 Kororoit Creek IA 13 7822-3491-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 302886 5820801
7822-3492 Kororoit Creek IA1 7822-3492-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 300026 5821193
7822-3492 Kororoit Creek IA1 7822-3492-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 299931 5821253
7822-3495 Kororoit Creek AS8 7822-3495-1 Artefact Scatter 303225 5817845
7822-3496 Kororoit Creek AS2 7822-3496-1 Artefact Scatter 300195 5821719
7822-3498 Tarneit 9 Isolated Artefact 7822-3498-1 Artefact Scatter 291053 5809914 R o c k b a n k 7822-3499 Tarneit 12 Isolated Artefact 7822-3499-1 Artefact Scatter 297598 5811153
128
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-3500 Tarneit 13 Artefact Scatter 7822-3500-1 Artefact Scatter 297583 5811117
7822-3501 Tarneit 15 Artefact Scatter 7822-3501-1 Artefact Scatter 297505 5811170
7822-3502 Tarneit 16 Isolated Artefact 7822-3502-1 Artefact Scatter 297403 5811178
7822-3503 Tarneit 18 Artefact Scatter 7822-3503-1 Artefact Scatter 297745 5810853
7822-3504 Tarneit 20 Artefact Scatter 7822-3504-1 Artefact Scatter 297617 5810941
7822-3505 Tarneit 21 Artefact Scatter 7822-3505-1 Artefact Scatter 297579 5810960
7822-3506 Tarneit 24 Artefact Scatter 7822-3506-1 Artefact Scatter 297452 5810995
7822-3507 Tarneit 22 Artefact Scatter 7822-3507-1 Artefact Scatter 297529 5810980
7822-3508 Tarneit 23 Isolated Artefact 7822-3508-1 Artefact Scatter 297509 5810983
7822-3509 Tarneit 25 Artefact Scatter 7822-3509-1 Artefact Scatter 297509 5811062
7822-3510 Tarneit 27 Isolated Artefact 7822-3510-1 Artefact Scatter 299325 5812071
7822-3512 Atherstone North 1 7822-3512-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286900 5823283
7822-3512 Atherstone North 1 7822-3512-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286900 5823283
7822-3512 Atherstone North 1 7822-3512-3 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286900 5823283
7822-3512 Atherstone North 1 7822-3512-4 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286900 5823283
7822-3512 Atherstone North 1 7822-3512-5 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286900 5823283
7822-3513 Atherstone North 2 7822-3513-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286890 5823330
7822-3513 Atherstone North 2 7822-3513-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286889 5823456
7822-3515 Atherstone North 3 7822-3515-1 Artefact Scatter 287055 5823228
7822-3522 Tarneit 11 Artefact Scatter 7822-3522-1 Artefact Scatter 297803 5810860
7822-3523 Tarneit 14 Artefact Scatter 7822-3523-1 Artefact Scatter 297525 5811154
7822-3524 Tarneit 17 Isolated Artefact 7822-3524-1 Artefact Scatter 297414 5811138
7822-3525 Tarneit 19 Artefact Scatter 7822-3525-1 Artefact Scatter 297691 5810888
7822-3526 Tarneit 26 Artefact Scatter 7822-3526-1 Artefact Scatter 298059 5810725
7822-3527 Tarneit 28 Isolated Artefact 7822-3527-1 Artefact Scatter 297314 5811427
7822-3528 Tarneit 29 Isolated Artefact 7822-3528-1 Artefact Scatter 297281 5811427
7822-3529 Tarneit 30 Artefact Scatter 7822-3529-1 Artefact Scatter 297366 5811393
7822-3530 Tarneit 31 Artefact Scatter 7822-3530-1 Artefact Scatter 297381 5811343
7822-3531 Tarneit 32 Artefact Scatter 7822-3531-1 Artefact Scatter 297391 5811307
7822-3532 Tarneit 33 Artefact Scatter 7822-3532-1 Artefact Scatter 297397 5811225
7822-3533 Tarneit 34 Artefact Scatter 7822-3533-1 Artefact Scatter 297408 5811212
7822-3534 Tarneit 35 Artefact Scatter 7822-3534-1 Artefact Scatter 297334 5811265
7822-3535 Tarneit 36 Isolated Artefact 7822-3535-1 Artefact Scatter 297329 5811285
7822-3536 Tarneit 37 Artefact Scatter 7822-3536-1 Artefact Scatter 296998 5811323
7822-3537 Tarneit 39 Isolated Artefact 7822-3537-1 Artefact Scatter 296488 5811549
7822-3538 Tarneit 41 Isolated Artefact 7822-3538-1 Artefact Scatter 297552 5810778
7822-3539 Tarneit 42 Artefact Scatter 7822-3539-1 Artefact Scatter 297940 5810746
7822-3540 Tarneit 43 Artefact Scatter 7822-3540-1 Artefact Scatter 298025 5810732
7822-3541 Tarneit 45 Artefact Scatter 7822-3541-1 Artefact Scatter 297868 5810848
129
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-3542 Lot 3 Waterford Estate 1 7822-3542-1 Artefact Scatter 285295 5821477
7822-3543 Lot 3 Waterford Estate 2 7822-3543-1 Artefact Scatter 285257 5822036
7822-3544 Lot 3 Waterford Estate 3 7822-3544-1 Artefact Scatter 285598 5821993
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-37 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286458 5819799
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-38 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286458 5819799
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-39 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286458 5819799
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-36 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286164 5819863
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-35 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286123 5819986
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-7 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286375 5820114
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-8 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286375 5820114
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-13 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286186 5820153
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-11 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286307 5820180
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-12 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286307 5820180
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-10 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286358 5820191
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-9 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286368 5820196
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-30 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285851 5820604
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-27 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286397 5820739
Heritage Impact Assessment7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-28 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286397 5820739
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-29 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286394 5820744
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-32 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285740 5820830
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-33 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285740 5820830
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-34 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285740 5820830
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-26 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285817 5820850
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-25 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285740 5820887
Aboriginal 7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-31 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286286 5820966
: : 7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-18 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285407 5821381
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285342 5821415
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285331 5821419
1099) 7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-17 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285706 5821447
( 7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-14 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285861 5821483
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-15 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285861 5821483
P S P 7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-16 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285861 5821483
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-3 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285280 5821520
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-20 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285663 5821544
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-4 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285275 5821555
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-19 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285314 5821811
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-22 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285395 5821812
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-24 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285876 5821812 R o c k b a n k 7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-21 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286036 5821813
130
VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-5 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285189 5821895
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-6 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285154 5821924
7822-3546 Waterford Estate LDAD 7822-3546-23 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285413 5821976
7822-3547 Robinsons Road 7822-3547-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 301808 5813605
7822-3547 Robinsons Road 7822-3547-3 Low Density Artefact Distribution 301991 5813679
7822-3547 Robinsons Road 7822-3547-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 301953 5813897
7822-3548 Leakes Road LDAD 7822-3548-4 Low Density Artefact Distribution 293028 5810076
7822-3549 Ravenhall artefact 1 7822-3549-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 299553 5818772
7822-3549 Ravenhall artefact 1 7822-3549-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 299447 5818920
7822-3550 Tarneit 40 Artefact Scatter 7822-3550-1 Artefact Scatter 297603 5810780
7822-3552 Lot 3 Waterford Estate 4 7822-3552-1 Artefact Scatter 285244 5821769
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-9 Low Density Artefact Distribution 284869 5823646
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-10 Low Density Artefact Distribution 284869 5823646
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-4 Low Density Artefact Distribution 284950 5823650
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-6 Low Density Artefact Distribution 284867 5823653
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-7 Low Density Artefact Distribution 284867 5823653
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-8 Low Density Artefact Distribution 284867 5823653
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-5 Low Density Artefact Distribution 285060 5823665
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-3 Low Density Artefact Distribution 284852 5823700
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 284890 5823731
7822-3558 Albert Drive 1 7822-3558-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 284894 5823734
7822-3573 Toolam Toolern 1 7822-3573-1 Artefact Scatter 286889 5823065
7822-3574 Toolam Toolern 2 7822-3574-1 Artefact Scatter 286711 5823154
7822-3575 Toolam Toolern 3 7822-3575-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286770 5823019
7822-3575 Toolam Toolern 3 7822-3575-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286791 5823044
7822-3575 Toolam Toolern 3 7822-3575-3 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286791 5823046
7822-3575 Toolam Toolern 3 7822-3575-4 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286803 5823097
7822-3575 Toolam Toolern 3 7822-3575-5 Low Density Artefact Distribution 286839 5823097
7822-3576 Toolam Toolern 4 7822-3576-1 Artefact Scatter 286724 5823063
7822-3587 Tarneit 38 Artefact Scatter 7822-3587-1 Artefact Scatter 296963 5811288
7822-3597 Skeleton Creek Escarpment Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3597-1 Artefact Scatter 298030 5810829
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-15 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298030 5810442
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-14 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298039 5810519
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-19 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298142 5810647
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-17 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298148 5810652
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-18 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298144 5810658
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-8 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298052 5810784
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-9 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298052 5810784
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-10 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298052 5810784
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VAHR Name Comp PrimType SecType CompType Easting Northing 7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-11 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298052 5810784
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-12 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298052 5810784
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-13 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298052 5810784
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-16 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298012 5810840
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-2 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298017 5810845
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-3 Low Density Artefact Distribution 297986 5810874
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-1 Low Density Artefact Distribution 297960 5810908
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-4 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298111 5811192
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-5 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298111 5811192
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-6 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298111 5811192
7822-3602 Skeleton Creek Low Density Artefact Scatter 1 7822-3602-7 Low Density Artefact Distribution 298111 5811192
8221-0188 Nambrok Artefact Scatter 7 8221-0188-2 Object Collection 302798 5820109
Heritage Impact Assessment
Aboriginal
: :
1099)
(
P S P R o c k b a n k
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Appendix 4
Appendix 4. Heritage Significance Assessment Criteria
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ABORIGINAL SITES – ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
The assessment of cultural heritage value or ‘significance’ is a fundamental component of the heritage management process, in that it assists in determining which sites, places, landscapes, environments and items are of sufficient importance that they require preservation. As such, the significance assessment process underpins the legislative framework for heritage site protection by establishing a framework within which various types (assessment criteria) and levels (significance ratings) of heritage value can be defined. The effective assessment of these values will in turn facilitate the formulation of appropriate management decisions for a specific heritage item, whether a building, archaeological site, place or landscape. Section 4 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 defines ‘cultural heritage significance’ as including: archaeological, anthropological, contemporary, historical, scientific, social or spiritual significance; and
Significance in accordance with Aboriginal tradition. Heritage Impact Assessment Note that Aboriginal tradition is not static and unchanging from a distant ‘authentic past’. ‘Tradition’ is the handing down of beliefs from one generation to the next but that does not mean that significance in accordance with Aboriginal tradition’ requires an immutable value from ‘time immemorial’. A scatter of discarded waste flakes from a one-off utilitarian task may acquire ‘significance in accordance with Aboriginal tradition’ with the passage of time and cultural change.
Aboriginal A statement of the significance of the Aboriginal cultural heritage found, discovered and/or subject to : : investigation in terms of this definition of ‘cultural heritage significance’ is an essential step in the process of developing cultural heritage management recommendations. All Aboriginal cultural heritage
may have ‘cultural heritage significance’, but the preservation of all Aboriginal cultural heritage is not 1099) ( possible. Therefore, a process of assessing significance is necessary to determine which elements of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in an activity area require management. In this context, ‘management’ is 9 P S P not synonymous with ‘preservation’, but may involve salvage or controlled excavation. A process for establishing cultural significance is outlined in the Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, otherwise known as ‘The Burra Charter’ (Marquis-Kyle & Walker 1992). The Burra Charter is, in turn, based on preceding international charters formulated by
ICOMOS (the International Council on Monuments and Sites). R o c k b a n k The revised Burra Charter defines cultural heritage significance as the aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations. The Burra Charter, and its associated documents define the basics principles, processes and practices upon which statutory assessments of heritage significance are based. In most cases the wording of the various sets of criteria will differ slightly: for example, the criteria used by the Victorian Heritage Council are worded differently to those used by the Australian Heritage Commission. All, however, are based on the same principles and incorporate general criteria such as the following: Association with special events, developments or phases. Rarity due to its association with a distinctive way of life, custom, process, land use, function or design no longer practised. Importance for demonstrating principal characteristics of a particular type or class of human activities (for example stating a stone quarry is a classic example of its type as it has all the features typically associated with utilised stone sources in good condition). Aesthetic value to the local community (for example as a landmark).
9Source: Guide to preparing Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Management Plans (AAV May 2007)
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Value for demonstrating a particular technical or creative process. Strong or special association with a particular community or ethnic group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Special association with a famous person or group of people. Generally these criteria can be grouped into three main categories: social (I), scientific (II) and historical (III), depending on the nature of a given place or item. It should be noted that the approach advocated here is specifically designed for the assessment of archaeological sites, and may not necessarily apply to the assessment of other types of cultural heritage. Cultural Heritage Significance Assessment As required in the project brief, an assessment of the significance of the cultural heritage associations recorded during this project, and relocated previously recorded sites has been made. Assessment of archaeological site significance can be complex and encompass a range of heritage values. The heritage values of a site or place are broadly defined as the “aesthetic, historic, scientific or social values for past, present or future generations” (Marquis-Kyle & Walker 1992, 69). The assessment of the significance of Aboriginal sites is a complex process, and involves the consideration of both scientific value and cultural value to the local Aboriginal community. It should be noted that Aboriginal cultural significance may reflect Aboriginal community values not only in regard to individual sites and groups of sites but also in terms of the general landscape. Aboriginal values do not necessarily correspond to the scientific values placed on individual sites, but will reflect the social, educational and aesthetic values of such locations. These values may include ancestral or traditional associations, concern over environmental issues, possible uses of sites for interpretation and education and the importance of highly visible sites as tangible markers of Aboriginal occupation in a region. Criteria for Assessing Scientific Significance The following evaluation is used to assess the scientific significance of the archaeological sites recorded. Scientific significance is assessed by examining the research potential and representativeness of archaeological sites recorded. Research potential is in turn assessed by examining site contents and site condition. Site contents refers to all cultural materials and organic remains associated with human activity at a site. Site contents also refers to the site structure - the size of the site, the patterning of cultural materials within the site and the presence of any stratified deposits. Site condition refers to the degree of disturbance to the contents of a site at the time it was recorded. Ratings for site contents and condition are given below. 1. The site contents ratings used for Aboriginal archaeological sites are: 0 No cultural materials remaining. 1 Site contains a small number (e.g. 0-10 artefacts) or limited range of cultural materials with no evident stratification. 2 Site contains: (a) a larger number, but limited range of cultural materials: and/or (b) some intact stratified deposit remains. 3 Site contains: (a) a large number and diverse range of cultural materials; and/or (b) largely intact stratified deposit; and/or (c) surface spatial patterning of cultural materials that still reflect the way in which the cultural materials were laid down.
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2. The site condition ratings used for Aboriginal archaeological sites are:
0 Site destroyed. 1 Site in a deteriorated condition with a high degree of disturbance; some cultural materials remaining. 2 Site in a fair to good condition, but with some disturbance. 3 Site in an excellent condition with little or no disturbance. For surface artefact scatters this may mean that the spatial patterning of cultural materials still reflects the way in which the cultural materials were laid down. Representativeness refers to the regional distribution of a particular site type. It is assessed on whether the site is common, occasional or rare in a given region. Assessments of representativeness are subjectively biased by current knowledge of the distribution and numbers of archaeological sites in a region. This varies from place to place depending on the extent of previous archaeological research. Consequently, a site, which is assigned low significance values for contents and condition, but a high significance value for representativeness, can only be regarded as significant in terms of current
Heritage Impactknowledge Assessment of the regional archaeology. Any such site should be subject to further re-assessment as additional archaeological research is carried out. Assessment of representativeness also takes into account the contents and condition of a particular site. For example, in any region, there may only be a limited number of sites of any type which have suffered minimal disturbance. Such sites would therefore be given a high significance rating for
representativeness, although they may occur commonly within the region. Aboriginal
: : The representativeness rating used for Aboriginal archaeological sites are: 1 Common occurrence
2 Occasional occurrence 1099) ( 3 Rare occurrence
P S P Overall scientific significance ratings for sites, based on a cumulative score for site contents, site integrity and representativeness are given as follows: 1-4 Low scientific significance 5-7 Moderate scientific significance
8-9 High scientific significance R o c k b a n k Aboriginal Traditional Significance Assessment These significance determinations were developed by the traditional owner representatives of the Wurundjeri, the Bunurong and the Boon Wurrung during informal discussions which took place during the landform field survey for this report. The groups indicated that all Aboriginal cultural heritage places are of high value to the community as they represent a past occupation and connection to the land.
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