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Thesis Reference Thesis Description and modeling of phytoplankton with an emphasis of cyanobacteria in deep peri-Alpine lakes under warmer climatic conditions GALLINA, Nicole Abstract The aim was to investigate the impacts of climate change on the behavior of phytoplankton, with a special emphasis on harmful cyanobacteria in the peri-Alpine region. It was hypothesized that in this highly sensitive region more important episodes of harmful cyanobacteria outbreaks under warmer climatic conditions could lead to negative impacts on water quality. The objectives were i) to analyze if air temperature is able to influence the cyanobacteria community, ii) to define the main drivers for the phytoplankton/cyanobacteria community, iii) to predict the cyanobacteria biomass under warmer climatic. Multivariate analysis and statistical modeling were applied on data from seven peri-Alpine lakes. Air temperature significantly influences the phytoplankton community, which is mainly driven by nutrients and temperature. Oscillatoriales, may be favored with increased water temperature and a longer stratification period. Planktothrix rubescens biomass was projected to increase in abundance and frequency thus potentially could induce a community function change. Reference GALLINA, Nicole. Description and modeling of phytoplankton with an emphasis of cyanobacteria in deep peri-Alpine lakes under warmer climatic conditions. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2012, no. Sc. 4467 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-258603 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:25860 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:25860 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES Institut des sciences de l’environnement Professeur Martin Beniston Description and modeling of phytoplankton with an emphasis of cyanobacteria in deep peri-Alpine lakes under warmer climatic conditions THÈSE Présentée à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès Sciences, mention interdisciplinaire par Nicole Gallina de Littau (LU) Thèse N° XXXX GENÈVE Ateliers d’impression ReproMail 2012 0 On fait la science avec des faits, comme on fait une maison avec des pierres: mais une accumulation de faits n'est pas plus une science qu'un tas de pierres n'est une maison. Henri Poincaré Pour mes enfants Elias et Liv, qui illuminent ma vie à chaque instant. 1 Remerciements Une thèse est un travail scientifique, une œuvre artistique, qui se crée et s’accomplit avec l’aide et les réflexions de plusieurs personnes. Je tiens à remercier en tout premier lieu mes deux directeurs de thèse, Martin Beniston et Nico Salmaso. Merci à vous deux pour votre confiance sans faille pendant ces quelques années, votre aide et votre appui, ainsi que vos conseils que ce soit pour former ma réflexion ou pour me donner les moyens de travailler et accomplir cette recherche. Vous m’avez également et précieusement formé en tant que chercheuse. J’ai eu la chance d’avoir pu être à vos cotées, ce qui m’a permis d’enrichir considérablement mes connaissances scientifiques, tout comme vous étiez d’une grande valeur sur le plan humain et personnel. Merci Martin, tu étais présent à tout moment quand il le fallait. Merci Nico, tu m’as appris énormément sur le phytoplancton et je ne vais jamais oublier les moments de grandes réfections philosophiques que l’on a eu sur le sujet de ma thèse. Mes éternels remerciements vont également à Orlane Anneville, avec qui j’ai pu avoir des échanges forts intéressants sur le comportement du phytoplancton. J’ai apprécié ces moments de Brainstorming qui ont non seulement nourri ma compréhension mais aussi mon aptitude à faire de la recherche. J’ai beaucoup estimé ton humour et ta modestie. Ensuite, j’aimerais remercier l’équipe du Service de l’Ecologie d’Eau, de l’Etat de Genève, notamment Jean Perfetta, Arielle Cordonier, Sophie Lavigne et Vincent Ebener. C’est vous qui m’avait planté la graine pour que je puisse m’épanouir dans la limnologie et découvrir le monde merveilleux du phytoplancton. Je vous remercie aussi pour votre amitié qui m’est devenue chère. Le groupe climat, incluant mes collègues proches mais aussi les collaborateurs et les secrétaires, est, et on ne peut pas mieux le dire, une équipe fine de choc. J’ai pu travailler dans une magnifique ambiance, avec des personnes de grandes valeurs. Je tiens à spécialement remercier Kri in da Yourte, Thierry, Charly, Margot, Marjorie, Anna, Maura, Bastienne, Stéphane, Denis, Enrique, Francis et Anthony. C’était toujours un plaisir de venir travailler, car je savais que vous étiez présents. Une grande pensée et un éternel et profond remerciement à mes amis. Vous étiez là, c’est sûr, et comment. Sans vous, cette thèse n’aura jamais abouti de la même façon. Merci pour vos soutiens et les moments de grande joie que l’on a pu partager ensemble. Merci Pascale, Anne la Conj, Chanti, Ceska, Albertine, Lidia, Neyda, Nat, Sonja, Aline, Anne E., Anneso, Claudia, Lionel, Gregiboy, Pascal, Stroumpf, Alex, Pablo et Genti. Merci aussi à Mealy, à Oussa et à Kétia, ça fait du bien de vous savoir si purs et proches. Merci à ma famille qui me donne un amour inconditionnel, à ma mère qui m’a toujours fait confiance, à mon père qui m’a appris la persévérance, à mon frère qui veille toujours sur moi, à ma sœur qui est avec moi. Et surtout merci Elias et Liv, vous êtes mes rayons de soleil, vous me donnez le sourire chaque jour, je suis fière de vous. 2 Résumé Les écosystèmes lacustres s’avèrent être particulièrement vulnérables aux changements climatiques, de façon telle que même de petits changements dans certains paramètres climatiques ont la capacité d’avoir des effets disproportionnés, non seulement sur leur composition chimique mais également sur leurs compartiments biologiques. Les lacs possèdent une valeur écologique, économique mais aussi sociale inestimable. Par conséquent, les effets du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes aquatiques, plus précisément sur la qualité et la disponibilité de l'eau, ont été déclarés menace majeure par l’Union européenne, soulignant l'urgence et la nécessité de pouvoir évaluer les impacts possibles liés à ces changements. En Europe centrale, les modèles climatiques régionaux prévoient une augmentation de la température de l'air jusqu’à 6 °C pour la période à venir de 2071 à 2100. Une attention particulière doit toutefois être portée sur la région alpine, car elle symbolise non seulement une région écologique importante, souvent qualifiée de ''château d'eau'' de l'Europe, mais elle représente également une région caractéristique face aux changements climatiques. Pour cette région distincte, les modèles climatiques ont prévu des températures plus élevées que la moyenne mondiale avec des réponses particulièrement sensibles à des modifications des conditions météorologiques à court terme. Le phytoplancton est constitué par les organismes photosynthétiques capables de vivre en suspension dans la colonne d'eau et il occupe un rôle central dans l’écosystème lacustre. Il est largement utilisé comme indicateur de la qualité de l'eau en raison de sa réponse rapide aux changements environnementaux. Parmi le phytoplancton, les cyanobactéries sont le seul groupe phytoplanctonique d’eau douce capable de produire des substances toxique qui ont le potentiel de contaminer non seulement l’eau potable, mais également de nuire à l'écosystème lacustre entière et de ce fait représentent une menace particulière. En outre, les cyanobactéries ont long histoire de vie sur terre étaient les premiers organismes répertoriés ayant la capacité de produire de l’oxygène et sont par conséquence responsables de l’évolution de la vie sur terre. Leur longue histoire leur a permis d'acquérir des traits éco-physiologiques adaptés qui leur attribuent la capacité d’être potentiellement compétitifs par rapport aux autres groupes phytoplanctoniques, en condition de changement et de stress environnementaux. Par conséquent, face aux changements climatiques, des efflorescences cyanobactériennes ont été présumées et déclarées se produire avec une biomasse et une fréquence plus élevées, ce qui provoque aujourd’hui pour les autorités de gestion de la qualité des eaux un problème considérable. En outre, l’étude de l'effet des changements climatiques sur la composante biologique lacustre présente des interactions très complexes et difficiles à isoler d'autres influences. Le but de cette thèse était d'étudier les impacts du changement climatique sur le comportement du phytoplancton, avec un accent particulier sur les cyanobactéries potentiellement nuisibles dans la région péri-Alpine. L’hypothèse formulée était que, dans cette région, les épisodes d’efflorescence de cyanobactéries sous conditions climatiques plus chaudes pourraient entraîner des impacts négatifs sur la qualité de l'eau et la santé publique. Les objectifs à atteindre étaient d'analyser, premièrement, si la température de l'air est capable d'influencer la communauté cyanobactérienne des lacs péri-Alpins, deuxièmement, de définir les principaux facteurs capables d’influencer significativement le phytoplancton et les cyanobactéries, et, troisièmement, de prédire la biomasse des cyanobactéries sous les conditions climatiques plus chaudes prévues pour les décennies à venir. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, une matrice a été construite, dérivée des sept lacs péri-Alpins et profonds suivants: le Lac de Constance, le Lac de Zürich (Haut et Bas), le Lac de Walen, le Lac de Lucerne, le Léman (Petit et Grand), le Lac Majeur et le Lac de Garde. Les variables environnementales et les données du phytoplancton à différentes périodes ont été fournies en vue d'obtenir une matrice couvrant le gradient trophique comprenant des lacs allant de l'état oligotrophe à l’état eutrophe. En outre, un gradient de 3 température de l'eau associé à un gradient altitudinal était inclus par rapports à la position des lacs qui sont situés dans la même région géographique et climatologique. Ces conditions ont permis une évaluation de la communauté phytoplanctonique d'une manière synoptique.
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