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Tend and Befriend: a Bio-Behavioural Construction of Women’S Responses to Stress

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Tend and Befriend: a Bio-Behavioural Construction of Women’S Responses to Stress TEND AND BEFRIEND: A BIO-BEHAVIOURAL CONSTRUCTION OF WOMEN’S RESPONSES TO STRESS. By DANIËL FRANCOIS JOUBERT Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree MAGISTER ARTIUM Counselling Psychology in the FACULTY OF HUMANITIES of the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA Supervisor: Ms Ilse Ruane August 2010 DECLARATION I, Daniël Francois Joubert, hereby declare that the work presented here Tend and Befriend: A bio-behavioural construction of women’s responses to stress is original and my own. All sources used in this research have been referenced appropriately and according to the required guidelines. _______________ ___________________ Mr. D. F. Joubert Date Student number 24240428 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you God for giving me the ability to do this, the strength to complete the process and the coincidences which coincided with my requests. I would like to thank Delene, Gideon and Maria, Jeanne, and Willie for all the support whether it was ad hoc, intermittently or throughout in flesh or spirit. To my Participants without whom I would not have gained this insight or have been able to do this research in this way, thank you. To Ilse Ruane, my supervisor, thank you for your patience in my journey down the social constructionism rabbit hole, supervision and your ability to motivate, inspire and give me hope each time we had a meeting. A big thank you to the Directorate of Student Development and Support and to the Directorate of Higher Education Development and Support of Tshwane University of Technology. As employers, thank you to both the directorates for making my working environment research-friendly and for the additional funding to my research. To my predominantly women fellow staff members for ad hoc advice and your help to check for gender bias and help in actively deconstructing gender (Noorjehan, Lynne and Shafeeka). To Debbie Walton my language editor, thank you for your friendly service. iii ABSTRACT The Tend and Befriend stress response model suggests that women have, through natural selection, evolved a different stress response reaction to that of men. It thus offers a collective, gender stereotypical reality of women’s responses to stress. In this research the Tend and Befriend model is thus viewed as a dominant public discourse which informs or influences the private narratives or stories of women. It is this interaction between public (dominant) discourses and private narratives which are investigated through using the Tend and Befriend model as a discursive landscape. If gender or gender roles are flexible, there is a concern that individual women might be misrepresented and not given a voice by the dominant discourse which supports gender stereotypical models like the Tend and Befriend model. This qualitative exploration was done by exploring the socially constructed stress responses of five professional women. To investigate this, as researcher I explored the narratives of these women in face-to-face individual interviews. The constructions explored include: How these women understand the way they respond to stress; how they view the Tend and Befriend model; and the influence of the model on them. Through the lenses of social constructionism a broader insight into the stress responses of women may be obtained. From the data analysis, I uncovered very little ‘evidence’ for tending or befriending behaviour as described by Taylor, Klein, Lewis, Gruenewald, Gurung and Updegraff (2000), with the participants. In the exploration the closest response to the model which the participants reported was befriending, however in their construction of befriending they employed it as a workplace strategy. The only form of tending co-constructed in the interview process was a secondary response to stress and a unique outcome to this study: Self-tending. Additionally, as social constructionist research predicts, these participants illustrated that for them stress responses are not concrete, as models would like to suggest, rather they employed an alternate multifaceted stress response approach which was another significant unique outcome to this study. Key terms: Delaying pregnancy, gender, power, qualitative research, social constructionism, socialisation, stress, stress response, stress response approach, tend and befriend, self-tending. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. iv CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1. Rationale ......................................................................................................................... 2 2. Research problem ............................................................................................................ 3 3. Justification, aim and objectives ..................................................................................... 3 4. The outline to rest of this dissertation ............................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................. 6 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM .............................................................................................. 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6 1. Modernism ...................................................................................................................... 6 2. Post modernism ............................................................................................................... 7 3. Social constructionism .................................................................................................... 8 3.1. Characteristics of social constructionism ................................................................ 9 3.2. Discourse ............................................................................................................... 11 4. Gender ........................................................................................................................... 12 5. Evolutionary psychology .............................................................................................. 13 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 15 RESEARCH OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................... 15 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15 1. A gender-specific stress response model ...................................................................... 16 2. Niche construction ........................................................................................................ 17 3. Constructing a stress response reality for women ......................................................... 19 3.1. Gender stress difference ........................................................................................ 20 3.2. Construction of a gender-specific stress response model ...................................... 22 4. A difference of view ..................................................................................................... 24 5. Power ............................................................................................................................ 25 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 27 v CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................ 29 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 29 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 29 1. Research design ............................................................................................................ 29 1.1. Quantitative versus Qualitative ............................................................................. 29 1.2. Why qualitative methodology? .............................................................................. 29 2. Data collection strategies .............................................................................................. 30 2.1. Sample ................................................................................................................... 30 2.2. Sampling ...............................................................................................................
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