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Black-Eared Miner (Manorina Melanotis)

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Black-Eared Miner (Manorina Melanotis) #26 This Action Statement was first published in 1992 and remains current. This Black-eared Miner version has been prepared for web publication. It Manorina melanotis retains the original text of the action statement, although contact information, the distribution map and the illustration may have been updated. © The State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2003 Published by the Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria. Black-eared Miner (Manorina melanotis) Distribution in Victoria (DSE 2002) 8 Nicholson Street, (Illustration by John Las Gourgues) East Melbourne, south-western New South Wales and eastern Victoria 3002 Australia Description and Distribution South Australia (Blakers et al. 1984), an area The Black-eared Miner (Manorina melanotis This publication may be of collectively referred to as the Murray Mallee assistance to you but the Wilson 1911) is one of four species in this (LCC 1987). State of Victoria and its genus of medium-sized (about 20 cm long) The distribution of the Black-eared Miner is employees do not guarantee colonial honeyeaters. The main plumage now centred on the Murray-Sunset and that the publication is characters that distinguish this species from Wyperfield National Parks in north-western without flaw of any kind or other members of the genus include an Victoria (Starks 1987, McLaughlin 1990, is wholly appropriate for extensive black face 'mask' and an overall 1992). Although no confirmed sightings of your particular purposes dark colour, particularly a wholly dark the Black-eared Miner have been made in and therefore disclaims all rump and tail. The Black-eared Miner has liability for any error, loss New South Wales in recent years, some large or other consequence which significantly shorter wings, tail and legs areas of apparently suitable habitat remain in may arise from you relying than its close relative, the Yellow-throated which Black-eared Miner hybrids have been on any information in this Miner (M. flavigula). These morphological observed (McAllan & Bruce 1988). Joseph publication. differences may be related to habitat (1986) stated that the Black-eared Miner was preferences as the Black-eared Miner probably extinct in South Australia, but also ISSN 1448-9902 occupies much denser mallee (McLaughlin noted that areas of potential habitat remain 1990). Several other fine morphological and unsearched. In late 1991, Black-eared Miner- plumage details which distinguish the like hybrids were recorded near Berri in the Black-eared Miner from the Yellow- South Australian Murray Mallee (J. throated Miner and hybrids between the McLaughlin pers. obs.). two species have been listed by The Black-eared Miner inhabits long-unburnt McLaughlin (1990). (>60 years) 4.5-8 m tall 'chenopod/shallow- The historical distribution of the Black- sand mallee' or 'red-swale/loamy-sand eared Miner included the denser mallee mallee', usually with an understorey of small eucalypt scrub of north-western Victoria, bushes, shrubs or Porcupine Grass (Triodia irritans) (Starks 1987, McLaughlin 1990). In addition to reducing the available suitable habitat, the These vegetation communities are found on some of the clearance of vegetation has promoted an expansion of the most fertile soils in the Murray Mallee and therefore have range of the Yellow-throated Miner because, in contrast to the been selectively cleared for agriculture (Blakers & Black-eared Miner, the Yellow-throated Miner favours open MacMillan 1988). habitats (Blakers et al. 1984). Though normally isolated through Like other species of miner, the Black-eared Miner eats their occupation of different habitats (Joseph 1986), clearing mainly invertebrates (Dow 1986, McLaughlin 1990). It vastly increased the area and number of points of contact searches for insects on the ground, on foliage and under between the two species with the result that widespread bark, with greatest emphasis on the trunks and limbs of introgressive hybridisation occurred between the Black-eared mallees. Black-eared Miners also take nectar. and Yellow-throated Miner (Schodde 1981). Consequently, the Species of miner which inhabit forests and woodlands are much more numerous Yellow-throated Miner is genetically characteristically noisy, pugnaciously territorial and occur 'swamping' the Black-eared Miner. at high densities (Dow 1977, Clarke 1984). In contrast, the In its final recommendations, the Scientific Advisory Black-eared Miner is shy, quiet, does not defend a feeding Committee (1991) determined that the Black-eared Miner is: territory and, where present, is found at very low densities • in a demonstrable state of decline that is likely to result in in mallee (Starks 1987, McLaughlin 1990). The Black-eared extinction; Miner breeds between September and December in nests 2- • significantly prone to future threats which are likely to 4 m above the ground in mallees. It breeds cooperatively in result in extinction; and colonies of fewer than ten birds (Considine 1986, • extremely rare in terms of abundance and distribution. McLaughlin 1990). The Black-eared Miner breeds between September and Major Conservation Objective December in nests 2-4 m above the ground in mallees. It The major conservation objective, starting in 1992, is to halt the breeds cooperatively in colonies of fewer than ten birds decline of the species by ensuring that the Black-eared Miner's (Considine 1986, McLaughlin 1990). critical habitat is identified and that works are undertaken to ensure that this habitat is neither degraded nor lost to wildfire; Conservation Status and by implementing the research phase of the Australian Current Status National Parks and Wildlife Service Recovery Plan over the ANZECC (1991) Endangered next five years. DCE (1991) Endangered Thereafter, the long-term aim will be to attain a total population of at least 1000 Black-eared Miners. A population of The Black-eared Miner has been listed as a threatened taxon this size is likely to be secure in the long term (Franklin 1980, on Schedule 2 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Shaffer 1981). These birds will need to be in colonies sufficiently dispersed so that they cannot all be eliminated in a Reasons for Conservation Status single catastrophe such as a major wildfire, and yet not so The Black-eared Miner is one of Australia's rarest endemic isolated that colony members cannot interbreed. species of bird (Brouwer & Garnett 1990), and is in imminent danger of extinction (Schodde 1981, McLaughlin Management Issues 1990). Early authors indicated that in Victoria the Black- eared Miner was always a comparatively rare mallee Ecological Issues Specific to the Taxon honeyeater, though it was locally common in some areas Prior to land clearing, a very low level of hybridization was (Wilson 1912, Chandler 1913, Howe & Tregellas 1914, Jones present in at least one of the few restricted areas where Black- 1952, Favaloro 1966). eared and Yellow-throated Miners occupied adjacent habitats. No confirmed sightings of 'pure' Black-eared Miners have Clearing of mallee increased substantially after 1945 and been made in South Australia or New South Wales for subsequently the number of hybrids in Black-eared Miner several years, though hybrids exist in both. Surveys in colonies increased markedly (Joseph 1986). McLaughlin (1990) Victoria (Starks 1987, McLaughlin 1990) located eight and summarised previous hypotheses which proposed that as long 11 pure-bred individuals at three and five sites respectively. as large areas of suitable Black-eared Miner habitat remained, In 1990 there were about ten times as many Black-eared gene-flow between Black-eared Miner colonies probably Miner 3 Yellow-throated Miner hybrids as pure Black-eared swamped any Yellow-throated Miner genes that entered the Miners in Victoria (J. McLaughlin pers. obs.). The Black- population. Land clearing selectively removed Black-eared eared Miner has continued to decline in Victoria to the Miner habitat (Blakers & McMillan 1988) and allowed the point where only 4-6 pure-bred birds could be located in Yellow-throated Miner to expand its range substantially. In 1991 (McLaughlin 1992). addition to a severe reduction in gene flow between colonies of The primary factor implicated in the decline of the Black- Black-eared Miners (caused by habitat fragmentation), many eared Miner is the loss and modification of suitable habitat new situations where the two species existed side by side were (Favaloro 1966, Schodde 1981, Joseph 1986, Starks 1987, created (through an increase in the edge to area ratio of McLaughlin 1990), mainly through clearing native remaining Black-eared Miner habitat). As a result many more vegetation from vast areas deemed appropriate for wheat miners hybridized and, being behaviourally intermediate, production (LCC 1987). 2 these hybrids were able to move further into other Black- whether low breeding success and poor recruitment is eared Miner colonies (McLaughlin 1990). hindering recolonisation of vacant habitat. Any necessary The taxonomic history of the Black-eared Miner has been works can then be undertaken to improve breeding success. characterised by uncertainty. It has been recognised as a The chenopod/shallow-sand and red-swale/loamy-sand mallee species (Condon 1951, Schodde 1975, Joseph 1986), but that Black-eared Miners inhabit comprises 13 per cent of the Schodde (in prep.) now considers the Black-eared Miner to uncleared land in the Victorian mallee (Blakers & MacMillan be a subspecies of the Yellow-throated Miner. McLaughlin 1988). Although clearing has now stopped, a large proportion (1992) has provided compelling evidence for marked of the remaining uncleared habitat has until very recently been ecological separation between Black-eared, hybrid and licensed for grazing by domestic stock (Blakers & MacMillan Yellow-throated Miners which strongly supports the 1988), with unknown effects on its present and future hypothesis that the two miners are separate species. suitability for the Black-eared Miner. Hybrids occupy a separate niche to Black-eared and Black-eared Miners usually inhabit mallee that has not been Yellow-throated Miners (McLaughlin 1992). burnt for more than 60 years.
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