DOCSLIB.ORG

Scale, Pattern and Process in Biological Invasions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scale, Pattern and Process in Biological Invasions SCALE, PATTERN, AND PROCESS IN BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS By CRAIG R. ALLEN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1997 Copyright 1997 by Craig R. Allen ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work presented in this dissertation would not have been possible without the cooperation and encouragement of many. Foremost is the understanding of my immediate family, that is my wife Patty and now three-year-old son, Reece. Reece, while generally confused about what I was doing, nonetheless supported my effort to "write a book" in order to become a "doctor." Conflicts arose only when he needed my computer for dinosaur games. My co-advisors, W. M. Kitchens and C. S. Holling, encouraged my investigations and provided me with intellectual support and opportunity. For the same reasons, I extend my appreciation to my committee members, S. Humphrey, M. Moulton and D. Wojcik. Numerous friends and colleagues provided me with intellectual support and acted as a sounding board for ideas. Foremost are E. A. Forys, G. Peterson M. P. Moulton and J. Sendzemir as well as the entire "gang" of the Arthur Marshal Ecology Laboratory. I wish to thank all for their support and friendship. II! TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT viii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTERS 1. TRADITIONAL HYPOTHESES: INVASIONS AND EXTINCTIONS IN THE EVERGLADES ECOREGION 5 Introduction 5 Body-mass difference hypothesis 6 Diet difference hypothesis 7 Species replacement hypothesis 7 Phylogenetic hypothesis 8 Methods 8 Results 11 Discussion 14 2. LUMPY PATTERNS OF BODY MASS PREDICT INVASIONS AND EXTINCTIONS IN TRANSFORMING LANDSCAPES 18 Introduction 18 Methods and analysis 21 Species lists 21 Analysis 22 Results 26 Discussion 31 3. UNSUCCESSFUL NON-INDIGENOUS AVIFAUNA IN SOUTH FLORIDA 37 Introduction 37 Community- level variables 41 iv Landscape- level variables 43 Methods 45 Data 45 Analysis 46 Results 47 Discussion 49 4. THE SOUTH FLORIDA VERTEBRATE COMMUNITY THROUGH TIME 54 Introduction 54 Methods 56 Changes over time 56 Annual changes 57 Results 58 Changes over time 58 Annual changes 61 Discussion 62 5. PATTERNS IN STRUCTURE AND INVASION IN MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE ECOSYSTEMS 64 Introduction 64 Methods 66 Data sources 66 Body mass estimates 68 Analysis of mediterranean-climate vertebrate community structure .... 69 Invasions in mediterranean-climate ecosystems 70 Results 71 Analysis of mediterranean-climate vertebrate community structure .... 71 Invasions in mediterranean-climate ecosystems 76 Discussion 77 6. RARITY, ABUNDANCE AND NOMADISM IN RELATION TO SCALE BREAKS IN MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE ECOSYSTEMS 81 Introduction 81 Methods 83 Data 83 Rare and declining species analysis 84 Analysis of abundance 84 Analysis of nomadic birds 84 Results 85 Rare and declining species 85 Analysis of abundance 86 Analysis of nomadic birds 86 Discussion 87 7. VERTEBRATE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE WITHIN RANGES OF SCALE 89 Introduction -. 89 Methods 93 Sources of biological data 93 Description of study sites 93 Statistical analyses 96 Simulations with a null model 97 Meta-analysis 98 Community-level simulations 99 Results 99 Simulated and observed trends in segment length variance 100 Binomial test for over-dispersion of segment lengths 101 Tests for potential bias or artifact 102 Community-level simulations 102 Discussion 105 8. CONCLUSIONS AND SYNTHESIS: A HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY 108 Introduction 108 Rules imposed by the landscape template 1 09 Rules partitioning species within feeding guilds 110 Rules for morphological overdispersion Ill A hierarchical model 112 Invasions and extinctions 115 APPENDICES A. DIET, FORAGING STRATA, AND BODY MASS OF VERTEBRATE SPECIES IN SOUTH FLORIDA 117 B. BODY MASSAND LUMP STRUCTURE OF VERTEBRATES IN SOUTH FLORIDA 128 C. SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCSESSFUL AVIAN INTRODUCTIONS IN SOUTH FLORIDA 139 D. AVIFAUNA INTRODUCED INTO SOUTH FLORIDA WITH AN INADEQUATE PROPAGULE 144 VI E. BIRDS OF MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE ECOSYSTEMS 145 F. MAMMALS OF MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE ECOSYSTEMS 172 G. ABUNDANCE, DECLINE AND NOMADISM IN THE FAUNA OF MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE ECOSYSTEMS 184 LITERATURE CITED 193 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 206 Vll Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy SCALE, PATTERN, AND PROCESS IN BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS By Craig R. Allen December 1997 Chairman: W. M. Kitchens CoChair: C. S. Holling Major Department: Wildlife Ecology and Conservation The phenomenon of biological invasion and extinction are central foci of the field of conservation biology. Extinctions decrease diversity, and the loss of ecological function following extinctions jeopardizes other species and the continued function of ecosystems, as well as the services that they provide. Invasions may increase local diversity, but this is at the loss of global diversity. Much effort has been made to determine the processes underlying invasions and extinctions. This has primarily resulted in long lists of characteristics of invasive and declining species. These lists are usually generated by single species studies or studies of isolated communities, and have little predictive value. Similarly, the association between invasions and "disturbance" is so vague as to be of little value. Disturbance is a scale-bound measure, and association made between invasions and disturbance is of little value as long as it remains scale invariant. viii Landscape pattern is scale dependent and different sized animals living upon the same landscape perceive their environment at different scales. Increasing evidence suggests that ecosystems are structured by relatively few key processes operating at specific temporal and spatial scales. The distinct temporal frequencies and spatial scale characterizing these key processes creates hierarchical landscape structures with scale specific pattern. The scale-specific effect of key processes leads to a discontinuous distribution of ecological structure and pattern which in turn entrains attributes of animals residing on the landscape. This entrainment reflects adaptations to a discontinuous pattern of resource distribution acting on animal community assembly and evolution both by sorting species and by providing a specific set of evolutionary opportunities and constraints and leads to a discontinuous distribution of animal body masses. I tested several traditional hypotheses concerning invasions and extinctions. These hypotheses were based on body size, niche and phylogeny, and all were rejected. However, invasions and extinctions were predictable in the context of scale- specific community structure, and tended to occur at scale breaks. Additional biological variability at scale breaks was documented, including an association with abundance and nomadism. An understanding of the scale-specific nature of animals, ecological processes, and structure led to a hierarchical model of vertebrate community assembly. INTRODUCTION Several years ago I was requested to find ten 200 to 400-hectare study areas that consisted of a single habitat-type and supported relatively homogenous populations of red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta), Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). It took but few trips to the landscape in question, covering tens of thousands of square kilometers, to reach the conclusion that such a task was not possible. Although the desired study area size was small and the broad landform extensive, ten sites supporting homogenous populations of those species could not be found. The eventual solution was to pair study sites to remove the inherent variability among sites. Although now seemingly obvious, the reason for my difficulties were not 2 apparent at the time. A fire ant colony may exploit an area of no more than 2,500 m while a deer may operate in an area in the order of 1,000,000 m\ Fire ants, bobwhite, and deer all exploit their environment at grossly different scales. What may be relatively homogenous habitat for bobwhite, and thus support comparable populations on 200-ha study areas, is too small to capture the repeated patterns in deer density, and too large for fire ants. Because these species differ greatly in body size, their environmental perception also is grossly different. The habitat structure that each 1 2 species perceives differs, and thus their pattern of spatial distribution also differs, although the landscape is the same at a very broad scale. I have continued to study fire ants as a case study of the ecological impacts of non-indigenous species. The red imported fire ant is an ecologically disruptive non- indigenous species that has invaded most of the southeastern United States. As with many invasive species, the fire ant has been associated with "disturbed" habitats (Tschinkel 1988). One of the earliest recognized associations of invasive species was a predilection for disturbed habitats (Elton 1958). However, like many of the other suggested traits of invasive species and invaded habitats (see Chapter 1), the association with disturbed habitats has been implicitly scale- invariant. A disturbance large enough to be exploited by fire ants, for example the 1-rrr spoil pile from mosquito-ditching operations, is far too small-scale for a larger invasive species such as an armadillo {Dasypus novemcinctus). My goal for this document is to first briefly review traits of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 5 HOME RANGE and MOVEMENT of INDIVIDUAL 5.1
    Chapter 5 HOME RANGE AND MOVEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL MELITHREPTUS WITH A FOCUS ON SHORT TIME SCALES 5.1 Introduction Movements of individual birds have received little attention in the ornithological literature. This lack of information on the movements of individual birds is even more surprising when considered against the backdrop of declining bird populations across Australia, and in particular the declining woodland birds of south eastern Australia. The use of current landscapes by birds is being inferred almost solely through survey techniques (e.g. Saunders 1989; Lynch and Saunders 1991; Saunders and de Rebeira 1991; Bentley and Catterall 1997; Mac Nally and Watson 1997; Wilson and Recher 2001; Fischer and Lindenmayer 2002; Mac Nally and Horrocks 2002; Olsen et al. 2003; Westphal et al. 2003). This is particularly true of nectarivore populations whose movements are often inferred from changes in abundance, usually in relation to nectar availability (e.g. Paton 1979; Collins and Briffa 1982; Collins et al. 1984; Collins 1985; Ford and Paton 1985; Paton 1985; Collins and Newland 1986; McFarland 1986c; Pyke and Recher 1988; Pyke et al. 1993; Mac Nally 1995; McGoldrick and Mac Nally 1998; Paton et al. 1999; Mac Nally and Horrocks 2000; Paton et al. 2004b). Work based on changes in abundance usually results in the movements of honeyeaters described in terms of ‘resident’ or ‘nomad’ (e.g. Keast 1968b; Carpenter and Reid 1988; Simpson and Day 1999; Higgins et al. 2001), rather than quantitative measures of home range or life-time range. Further annotation, such as ‘local nomad’ is often included. However, this gives very little detail about the actual scale over which individuals move, information that is essential to the effective management of populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammals of the California Desert
    MAMMALS OF THE CALIFORNIA DESERT William F. Laudenslayer, Jr. Karen Boyer Buckingham Theodore A. Rado INTRODUCTION I ,+! The desert lands of southern California (Figure 1) support a rich variety of wildlife, of which mammals comprise an important element. Of the 19 living orders of mammals known in the world i- *- loday, nine are represented in the California desert15. Ninety-seven mammal species are known to t ':i he in this area. The southwestern United States has a larger number of mammal subspecies than my other continental area of comparable size (Hall 1981). This high degree of subspeciation, which f I;, ; leads to the development of new species, seems to be due to the great variation in topography, , , elevation, temperature, soils, and isolation caused by natural barriers. The order Rodentia may be k., 2:' , considered the most successful of the mammalian taxa in the desert; it is represented by 48 species Lc - occupying a wide variety of habitats. Bats comprise the second largest contingent of species. Of the 97 mammal species, 48 are found throughout the desert; the remaining 49 occur peripherally, with many restricted to the bordering mountain ranges or the Colorado River Valley. Four of the 97 I ?$ are non-native, having been introduced into the California desert. These are the Virginia opossum, ' >% Rocky Mountain mule deer, horse, and burro. Table 1 lists the desert mammals and their range 1 ;>?-axurrence as well as their current status of endangerment as determined by the U.S. fish and $' Wildlife Service (USWS 1989, 1990) and the California Department of Fish and Game (Calif.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Endangered Buena Vista Lake Shrews
    CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED BUENA VISTA LAKE SHREWS (SOREX ORNATUS RELICTUS) THROUGH INVESTIGATION OF TAXONOMIC STATUS, DISTRIBUTION, AND USE OF NON-INVASIVE SURVEY METHODS Prepared by: Brian Cypher1, Erin Tennant2, Jesus Maldonado3, Larry Saslaw1, Tory Westall1, Jacklyn Mohay2, Erica Kelly1, and Christine Van Horn Job1 1California State University, Stanislaus Endangered Species Recovery Program 2California Department of Fish and Wildlife Region 4 3Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park June 16, 2017 Buena Vista Lake Shrew Conservation CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED BUENA VISTA LAKE SHREWS (SOREX ORNATUS RELICTUS) THROUGH INVESTIGATION OF TAXONOMIC STATUS, DISTRIBUTION, AND USE OF NON-INVASIVE SURVEY METHODS Prepared by: Brian Cypher, Erin Tennant, Jesus Maldonado, Lawrence Saslaw, Tory Westall, Jacklyn Mohay, Erica Kelly, and Christine Van Horn Job California State University-Stanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Region 4 Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park CONTENTS Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... ii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods .........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Fishes
    WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE state oF BIODIVERSITY 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 2 Methods 17 Chapter 3 Freshwater fishes 18 Chapter 4 Amphibians 36 Chapter 5 Reptiles 55 Chapter 6 Mammals 75 Chapter 7 Avifauna 89 Chapter 8 Flora & Vegetation 112 Chapter 9 Land and Protected Areas 139 Chapter 10 Status of River Health 159 Cover page photographs by Andrew Turner (CapeNature), Roger Bills (SAIAB) & Wicus Leeuwner. ISBN 978-0-620-39289-1 SCIENTIFIC SERVICES 2 Western Cape Province State of Biodiversity 2007 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Andrew Turner [email protected] 1 “We live at a historic moment, a time in which the world’s biological diversity is being rapidly destroyed. The present geological period has more species than any other, yet the current rate of extinction of species is greater now than at any time in the past. Ecosystems and communities are being degraded and destroyed, and species are being driven to extinction. The species that persist are losing genetic variation as the number of individuals in populations shrinks, unique populations and subspecies are destroyed, and remaining populations become increasingly isolated from one another. The cause of this loss of biological diversity at all levels is the range of human activity that alters and destroys natural habitats to suit human needs.” (Primack, 2002). CapeNature launched its State of Biodiversity Programme (SoBP) to assess and monitor the state of biodiversity in the Western Cape in 1999. This programme delivered its first report in 2002 and these reports are updated every five years. The current report (2007) reports on the changes to the state of vertebrate biodiversity and land under conservation usage.
    [Show full text]
  • Diet and Microhabitat Use of the Woodland Dormouse Graphiurus Murinus at the Great Fish River Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa
    Diet and microhabitat use of the woodland dormouse Graphiurus murinus at the Great Fish River Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa by Siviwe Lamani A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (ZOOLOGY) in the Faculty of Science and Agriculture at the University of Fort Hare 2014 Supervisor: Ms Zimkitha Madikiza Co-supervisor: Prof. Emmanuel Do Linh San DECLARATION I Siviwe Lamani , student number 200604535 hereby declare that this dissertation titled “Diet and microhabitat use of the woodland dormouse Graphiurus murinus at the Great Fish River Reserve , Eastern Cape, South Africa” submitted for the award of the Master of Science degree in Zoology at the University of Fort Hare, is my own work that has never been submitted for any other degree at this university or any other university. Signature: I Siviwe Lamani , student number 200604535 hereby declare that I am fully aware of the University of Fort Hare policy on plagiarism and I have taken every precaution on complying with the regulations. Signature: I Siviwe Lamani , student number 200604535 hereby declare that I am fully aware of the University of Fort Hare policy on research ethics and have taken every precaution to comply with the regulations. The data presented in this dissertation were obtained in the framework of another project that was approved by the University Ethics committee on 31 May 2013 and is covered by the ethical clearance certificate # SAN05 1SGB02. Signature: ii SUPERVISOR’S FOREWORD The format of this Master’s dissertation (abstract, general introduction and two independent papers) has been chosen with two purposes in mind: first, to train the MSc candidate to the writing of scientific papers, and second, to secure and allow for a quicker dissemination of the scientific knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • A Palaeoecological and Taphonomic Analysis of the Micromammals from a Marine Isotope Stage 5 Layer at Klasies River, Southern Cape, South Africa
    A PALAEOECOLOGICAL AND TAPHONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MICROMAMMALS FROM A MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE 5 LAYER AT KLASIES RIVER, SOUTHERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA. By: Nompumelelo Maringa 717230 Supervisor: Prof Sarah Wurz Co-Supervisor: Dr Jerome Reynard A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2020, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. DIVISION OF ARCHAEOLOGY SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES. Declaration I declare that this dissertation is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Master of Science in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. Name: Nompumelelo Maringa Student number: 717230 Date: 6 July 2020 Signature: i Abstract This research investigated the palaeoecology at Klasies River main site during Marine Isotope Stage 5d by analysing the micromammal remains excavated from the BOS Three layer in Cave 1 during the 2017 excavation season. During this time, Cave 1 was inhabited by anatomically modern humans with complex modern behaviour. The taphonomic analysis shows that light and moderate digestion on the cranials and post-cranials are common, with the majority of specimens displaying moderate breakage. These modifications are associated with Tyto alba (Barn owl) and Bubo africanus (Spotted eagle-owl) as the accumulators of the assemblage. Encrustation and soil staining are the most prevalent post-depositional modifications in both cranial and post-cranial assemblages. This relates to the presence of tufa, speleothem material and the presence of water. The taxonomic analysis on the cranial elements (mandibles, maxillae and teeth) identified the most prominent species as Otomys irroratus (Southern African vlei rat), Myosorex varius (Forest shrew) and Crocidura flavescens (Greater red musk shrew).
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Lethal Foraging by Bell Miners on a Herbivorous Insect
    Austral Ecology (2010) 35, 444–450 Non-lethal foraging by bell miners on a herbivorous insect: Potential implications for forest healthaec_2099 444..450 KATHRYN M. HAYTHORPE1,2 AND PAUL G. McDONALD2* 1School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, New South Wales, and 2Department of Brain, Behaviour and Evolution, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia (Email: [email protected]) Abstract Tree health is often negatively linked with the localized abundance of parasitic invertebrates. One group, the sap-sucking psyllid insects (Homoptera: Psyllidae) are well known for their negative impact upon vegetation, an impact that often culminates in the defoliation and even death of hosts. In Australia, psyllid-infested forest in poor health is also frequently occupied by a native honeyeater, the bell miner (Manorina melanophrys; Meliphagidae), so much so that the phenomenon has been dubbed ‘bell miner-associated dieback’ (BMAD). Bell miners are thought to be the causative agent behind BMAD, in part because the species may selectively forage only upon the outer covering (lerp) exuded by psyllid nymphs, leaving the insect underneath to continue parasitizing hosts. As bell miners also aggressively exclude all other avian psyllid predators from occupied areas, these behavioural traits may favour increases in psyllid populations. We examined bell miner foraging behaviour to determine if non-lethal foraging upon psyllid nymphs occurred more often than in a congener, the noisy miner (M. melanocephala; Meliphagidae). This was indeed the case, with bell miners significantly more likely to remove only the lerp covering during feeding, leaving the insect intact underneath. This arose from bell miners using their tongue to pry off the lerp cases, whereas noisy miners used their mandibles to snap at both the lerp and insect underneath.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Report: Kafa Biosphere Reserve and Adjacent Protected Areas
    Site report: Kafa Biosphere Reserve and adjacent Protected Areas Part of the NABU / Zoo Leipzig Project ‘Field research and genetic mapping of large carnivores in Ethiopia’ Hans Bauer, Alemayehu Acha, Siraj Hussein and Claudio Sillero-Zubiri Addis Ababa, May 2016 Contents Implementing institutions and contact persons: .......................................................................................... 3 Preamble ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Objective ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Description of the study site ......................................................................................................................... 5 Kafa Biosphere Reserve ............................................................................................................................ 5 Chebera Churchura NP .............................................................................................................................. 5 Omo NP and the adjacent Tama Reserve and Mago NP .......................................................................... 6 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 56 AVAILABLE FOOD and ANTS' RESPONSE.Pdf
    [Naskar, 4(4): April, 2015] ISSN: 2277-9655 Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 3.449 (ISRA), Impact Factor: 2.114 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE FOOD AND ANTS’ RESPONSE Khokan Naskar*, Srimanta K. Raut * Ecology and Ethology Laboratory , Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata - 700019, India Ecology and Ethology Laboratory , Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata - 700019, India ABSTRACT Ants are habituated to search food here and there in their foraging ground. To note their response in respect to available foods various types of foods in different sizes and numbers were offered at certain sites of their foraging ground in Garia, Kolkata, India. It is observed that both the ant species Pheidole roberti and Paratrechina longicornis started carrying the food particles instantly to the nest when they came across the sugar cubes 10 in number, offered at the site. But, in cases of availability of sugar cubes or biscuit fragments or dry fish fragments or nut particles or freshly dead mosquitoes or rice grains or papad fragments either separately or together more than 10 in number they were seen to examine the food particles at the offered sites and then moved quickly to the nest to invite the nest-mates with a view to procure these food particles. KEYWORDS: ants, foods, response, foraging INTRODUCTION It is known that ants’ move here and there in the ground. The behavioural responses noted by as are foraging ground in search of food ( Orians and worth reporting. Pearson, 1979 ; Goss et al.
    [Show full text]
  • An Update of Wallacels Zoogeographic Regions of the World
    REPORTS To examine the temporal profile of ChC produc- specification of a distinct, and probably the last, 3. G. A. Ascoli et al., Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 557 (2008). tion and their correlation to laminar deployment, cohort in this lineage—the ChCs. 4. J. Szentágothai, M. A. Arbib, Neurosci. Res. Program Bull. 12, 305 (1974). we injected a single pulse of BrdU into pregnant A recent study demonstrated that progeni- CreER 5. P. Somogyi, Brain Res. 136, 345 (1977). Nkx2.1 ;Ai9 females at successive days be- tors below the ventral wall of the lateral ventricle 6. L. Sussel, O. Marin, S. Kimura, J. L. Rubenstein, tween E15 and P1 to label mitotic progenitors, (i.e., VGZ) of human infants give rise to a medial Development 126, 3359 (1999). each paired with a pulse of tamoxifen at E17 to migratory stream destined to the ventral mPFC 7. S. J. Butt et al., Neuron 59, 722 (2008). + 18 8. H. Taniguchi et al., Neuron 71, 995 (2011). label NKX2.1 cells (Fig. 3A). We first quanti- ( ). Despite species differences in the develop- 9. L. Madisen et al., Nat. Neurosci. 13, 133 (2010). fied the fraction of L2 ChCs (identified by mor- mental timing of corticogenesis, this study and 10. J. Szabadics et al., Science 311, 233 (2006). + phology) in mPFC that were also BrdU+. Although our findings raise the possibility that the NKX2.1 11. A. Woodruff, Q. Xu, S. A. Anderson, R. Yuste, Front. there was ChC production by E15, consistent progenitors in VGZ and their extended neurogenesis Neural Circuits 3, 15 (2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Climate, Crypsis and Gloger's Rule in a Large Family of Tropical Passerine Birds
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.032417; this version posted April 9, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Climate, crypsis and Gloger’s rule in a large family of tropical passerine birds 2 (Furnariidae) 3 Rafael S. Marcondes 1,2,3, Jonathan A. Nations 1,3, Glenn F. Seeholzer1,4 and Robb T. Brumfield1 4 1. Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological 5 Sciences. Baton Rouge LA, 70803. 6 2. Corresponding author: [email protected] 7 3. Joint first authors 8 4. Current address: Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, 9 Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA 10 11 Author contributions: RSM and JAN conceived the study, conducted analyses and wrote the 12 manuscript. RSM and GFS collected data. All authors edited the manuscript. RTB provided 13 institutional and financial resources. 14 Running head: Climate and habitat type in Gloger’s rule 15 Data accessibility statement: Color data is deposited on Dryad under DOI 16 10.5061/dryad.s86434s. Climatic data will be deposited on Dryad upon acceptance for 17 publication. 18 Key words: Gloger’s rule; Bogert’s rule; climate; adaptation; light environments; Furnariidae, 19 coloration; melanin; thermal melanism. 20 21 22 23 24 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.032417; this version posted April 9, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder.
    [Show full text]
  • Bauxite Mining Restoration with Natural Soils and Residue Sands: Comparison of the Recovery of Soil Ecosystem Function and Ground-Dwelling Invertebrate Diversity
    School of Molecular and Life Sciences Bauxite Mining Restoration with Natural Soils and Residue Sands: Comparison of the Recovery of Soil Ecosystem Function and Ground-dwelling Invertebrate Diversity Dilanka Madusani Mihindukulasooriya Weerasinghe This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University May 2019 Author’s Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature………………………………………………… Date………………………………………………………... iii Statement of authors’ contributions Experimental set up, data collection, data analysis and data interpretation for Chapter 2, 3,4 and 5 was done by D. Mihindukulasooriya. Experimental set up established by Lythe et al. (2017) used for experimental chapter 6. Data collection, data analysis and data interpretation for long term effect of woody debris addition was done by D. Mihindukulasooriya. iv Abstract Human destruction of the natural environment has been identified as a global problem that has triggered the loss of biodiversity. This degradation and loss has altered ecosystem processes and the resilience of ecosystems to environmental changes. Restoration of degraded habitats forms a significant component of conservation efforts. Open cut mining is one activity that can dramatically alter local communities, and successful vascular plant restoration does not necessarily result in restoration of other components of flora and fauna or result in a fully functioning ecosystem. Therefore, restoration studies should focus on improving ecological functions such as nutrient cycling and litter decomposition, seed dispersal and/ or pollination, and assess community composition beyond vegetation to attain fully functioning systems.
    [Show full text]