marion 00 FMTCX 4thF 10/29/13 2:45 PM Page iii
The Medical Marijuana Maze
Policy and Politics
Nancy E. Marion University of Akron
Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina marion 00 FMTCX 4thF 10/29/13 2:45 PM Page iv
Copyright © 2014 Nancy E. Marion All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marion, Nancy E. The medical marijuana maze : policy and politics / Nancy Marion. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61163-283-5 (alk. paper) 1. Marijuana--Therapeutic use--Political aspects. 2. Marijuana--Therapeu- tic use--United States. I. Title.
RM666.C266M376 2013 362.29'5--dc23 2013030665
Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com
Printed in the United States of America marion 00 FMTCX 4thF 10/29/13 2:45 PM Page v
Contents
Chapter 1 · Introduction 3 Introduction 3 Terms 3 Types of Marijuana 4 Medical Marijuana 6 Ingesting Marijuana 8 Medical Uses of Marijuana 9 AIDS Wasting Syndrome (Cachexia) 9 Alcohol Dependence/Withdrawals 10 Alzheimer’s Disease 10 Anorexia 10 Cancer 10 Crohn’s Disease 11 Depression 11 Diabetes 11 Fibromyalgia 12 Glaucoma 12 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 12 Insomnia 12 Migraines 13 Multiple Sclerosis 13 Nausea/Vomiting 13 Pain 13 Seizures/Epilepsy 14 Other Diseases/Symptoms 14 Legal Status 14
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Current Book 18 Review/Discussion Questions 19 Key Terms 19
Chapter 2 · History 21 Introduction 21 Early Medical Marijuana Use 21 Medical Marijuana in America 22 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act 24 1914 Harrison Tax Act 24 The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 26 1938 U.S. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act 27 Boggs Act of 1951 27 Narcotic Control Act of 1956 28 1960s 28 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 29 1970s 31 1980s 32 Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988 32 1990s 33 2000s 35 2010s 37 Conclusion 38 Review/Discussion Questions 38 Key Terms 39
Chapter 3 · States with Medical Marijuana Laws 41 Introduction 41 Alaska 44 Arizona 44 California 46 Colorado 48 Connecticut 50 Delaware 51 Hawaii 52 Maine 53 Massachusetts 54 Michigan 55 Montana 57 marion 00 FMTCX 4thF 10/29/13 2:45 PM Page vii
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Nevada 58 New Jersey 59 New Mexico 61 Oregon 62 Rhode Island 63 Vermont 65 Washington 67 District of Columbia 68 Conclusion 70 Review/Discussion Questions 70 Key Terms 71
Chapter 4 · States Considering Medical Marijuana Laws 73 Introduction 73 Alabama 73 Florida 75 Idaho 75 Illinois 75 Indiana 76 Iowa 76 Kansas 78 Kentucky 78 Maryland 79 Minnesota 81 Mississippi 81 Missouri 81 New Hampshire 82 New York 83 North Carolina 84 Ohio 84 Oklahoma 84 Pennsylvania 85 South Dakota 87 Tennessee 87 Texas 88 West Virginia 88 Wisconsin 89 Conclusion 89 Review/Discussion Questions 90 marion 00 FMTCX 4thF 10/29/13 2:45 PM Page viii
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Key Terms 90
Chapter 5 · Executive Branch 91 Introduction 91 Presidents 92 Johnson 93 Nixon 93 Ford 94 Carter 95 Reagan 95 G.H.W. Bush 96 Clinton 96 G.W. Bush 98 Obama 98 Other Federal Action 106 White House Commission 108 Presidents: Summary 109 States 109 Arizona 109 Colorado 110 Connecticut 110 Delaware 110 Maine 111 Maryland 111 New Hampshire 111 New Jersey 111 New Mexico 112 New York 113 Rhode Island 113 Vermont 113 Washington 114 Other State Action 114 Mayors 115 San Francisco 116 Los Angeles 117 Newark 117 Seattle 118 Monrovia, CA 118 Woodbridge, NJ 118 marion 00 FMTCX 4thF 10/29/13 2:45 PM Page ix
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LA City Council 118 Conclusion 119 Review/Discussion Questions 119 Key Terms 119
Chapter 6 · Congressional Legislation 121 Introduction 121 Recent Legislation on Medical Marijuana 123 104th Congress (1995– 96) 123 105th Congress (1997– 98) 124 106th Congress (1999– 2000) 126 107th Congress (2001– 02) 127 108th Congress (2003– 04) 127 109th Congress (2005– 06) 129 110th Congress (2007– 08) 130 111th Congress (2009– 10) 131 112th Congress (2011– 12) 132 113th Congress (2013– 14) 133 Conclusion 134 Review/Discussion Questions 139 Key Terms 139
Chapter 7 · Court Decisions 141 Introduction 141 U.S. Supreme Court 142 United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyer’s Cooperative, 532 US 483 (2001) 142 Conant v. Walters (309 F. 3d 629) 144 Raich v. Ashcroft 145 Oregon: Cynthia Willis 147 San Diego County 147 Lower Federal Courts 148 Todd McCormick 148 Kuromiya v. United States 148 State Court Decisions 149 Michigan 149 California 150 Pack v. City of Long Beach 151 People v. Patrick Kelly 152 marion 00 FMTCX 4thF 10/29/13 2:45 PM Page x
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People v. Solis 152 County of Los Angeles v. Alternative Medicinal Cannabis Collective (AMCC) 153 Florida 153 Colorado 153 Washington 154 Conclusion 154 Review/Discussion Questions 155 Key Terms 155
Chapter 8 · Interest Groups 157 Introduction 157 Alabama Medical Marijuana Coalition 158 Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics 158 American Alliance for Medical Cannabis 159 American Medical Marijuana Association (Michigan) 159 Americans for Safe Access 160 Arkansans for Compassionate Care 161 Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis 161 Common Sense for Drug Policy 163 Drug Policy Alliance 163 Law Enforcement Against Prohibition (LEAP) 163 Marijuana Policy Project 164 NORML 164 Ohio Medical Cannabis Association 165 Pennsylvanians for Medical Marijuana 166 People United for Medical Marijuana (Florida) 166 Sensible Colorado 167 Students for Sensible Drug Policy 167 Other Organizations 168 Medical-Related Interest Groups 168 American Medical Association 169 American College of Physicians 169 Conclusion 171 Review/Discussion Questions 171 Key Terms 171
Chapter 9 · Bureaucracies 173 Introduction 173 marion 00 FMTCX 4thF 10/29/13 2:45 PM Page xi
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Early History 173 Federal Bureau of Narcotics 174 Drug Enforcement Agency 176 Budget 178 Office of National Drug Control Policy 178 Surgeon Generals 181 Conclusion 182 Review/Discussion Questions 182 Key Terms 183
Chapter 10 · Campaigns and Elections 185 Introduction 185 Public Opinion 186 2010 186 2011 187 2012 189 2013 190 Medical Marijuana in Campaigns and Elections 190 Political Parties 191 Republican Party 191 Democratic Party 192 Grassroots Party: Minnesota 192 Grassroots Party: Vermont 193 Marijuana Party 193 Marijuana Reform Party 194 Federal Campaigns 194 Barack Obama 195 Herman Cain 195 John McCain 195 Gary Johnson 195 Mitt Romney 196 Michelle Bachman 197 John Kerry 197 Rick Perry 197 Ron Paul 197 Hillary Clinton 198 Dennis Kucinich 198 Rudy Giuliani 198 Jill Stein 199 marion 00 FMTCX 4thF 10/29/13 2:45 PM Page xii
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Newt Gingrich 199 Conclusion 200 Review/Discussion Questions 200 Key Terms 200
Chapter 11 · The Cannabis Industry 203 Introduction 203 BG Medical Technologies 204 Cannabis Science, Inc. 205 Cannavest Corp 205 GWPharmaceuticals 205 Medical Marijuana Inc. 206 Others 209 Conclusion 210 Review/Discussion Questions 210 Key Terms 210
Chapter 12 · Conclusion 213 Endnotes 217 Index 247