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Moscas Pequeñas Posición Sistematica » MOSCAS PEQUEÑAS POSICIÓN SISTEMATICA Pertenecen al: • Filo Artrópodos • Subfilo Mandibulados • Superclase Insectos • Clase Euentomata • Subclase Endopterigotos • Infraclase Neópteros • Orden Dípteros • Familias Drosophilidae / Psychodidae / Phoridae Fungivoridae / Sciaridae / Sphaeroceridae. GENERALIDADES Este grupo, que queremos denominar “moscas pequeñas” comprende 7 familias de dípteros, con importantes diferencias morfológicas y fisiológicas pero, todas tienen en común, que pueden convertirse en un gran fastidio en viviendas, restaurantes, mercados de frutas y verduras, fábricas de conservas y en general no discrimina cualquier tipo de local procesador de alimentos. www.lamarcaacme.com.ar [email protected] En la Argentina están presentes las siguientes especies: • Drosophila melanogaster (familia drosofílidos) • Drosophila funebris (familia drosofílidos) • Psychoda spp. (Ej.: Psychoda alternata) (familia psicódidos) • Megaselia scalaris (familia fóridos) • Megaselia nigra (familia fóridos) • Megaselia halterata (familia fóridos) • Aphiochaeta rufipes (familia fóridos) • Sciara fenestralis (familia sciáridos) • Sciara coprophila (familia sciáridos) • Leptocera caenosa (familia esfaerocéridos) • Phthitia empirica (familia esfaerocéridos) • Thoracochaeta sp. (familia esfaerocéridos) • Pullimosina sp. (familia esfaerocéridos) • Caprioca sp. (familia esfaerocéridos) IMPORTANCIA COMO PLAGA Son una plaga característica en locales gastronómicos e industria alimentaria. Pueden contaminar, transportando gran cantidad de gérmenes patógenos como: Eschericha coli y Salmonella enteriditis, causantes de enfermedades de transmisión www.lamarcaacme.com.ar / [email protected] Son potenciales transmisoras de diarreas, fiebre tifoidea, disentería, cólera, lepra, poliomielitis y helmintos parásitos. Son un estorbo y generan gran nerviosismo en las personas cuando se las ve revoloteando en los interiores de locales y viviendas. Estos dípteros no pican y tienen relativa importancia económica aunque es una plaga preocupante cuando se encuentra presente en centros de salud y establecimientos elaboradores de alimentos. Drosophila spp. está considerada la plaga más importante en establecimientos de procesamiento y conservación de alimentos, en enlatadoras y en la industria del vino. Se han encontrado larvas de Megaselia scalaris en heridas abiertas de pacientes en establecimientos de cuidados médicos. El número abundante de adultos de Sciara sp que habitúan juntarse, suelen dejar deposiciones fecales sobre hojas de plantas de interior y sobre distintas superficies dejando una pobre estética del lugar y dando la oportunidad para que prosperen bacterias y hongos sobre las mismas. A las mosquitas del estiércol, como Leptocera caenosa, se las asocia a los ambientes húmedos y a la materia vegetal en proceso de descomposición. www.lamarcaacme.com.ar / [email protected] ASPECTO En realidad, en cuanto a su aspecto, son bastante disímiles pero todas son de pequeña talla. Dorosophila sp. parece una mosca doméstica en miniatura, es de aspecto frágil, su coloración va del canela al marrón oscuro. Su característica diferencial son sus ojos rojos. Psychoda sp. es fácil de reconocer, cuando está en reposo, por la posición de sus alas,en forma de corazón. Tienen apariencia de velludas y al igual que los lepidópteros (mariposas y polillas) sus alas se encuentran cubiertas de escamas. Su coloración va del gris, pasando por el café hasta el negro. Su talla va de 1,6 a 6,0 mm de longitud. La moscas fóridas (Megaselia sp – Aphiochaeta sp) son muy pequeñas (3 a 4 mm de largo). Su coloración es café oscuro, a veces claro, inclusive amarillentas. Tienen un característico aspecto de jorobadas porque su tórax se encuentra arqueado y su cabeza resulta pequeña en relación a este. Otra característica distintiva son sus fémures, los cuales se encuentran algo engrosados. Algunos las confunden con la mosca de las frutas pero esta no tiene los ojos rojos. Una forma rápida de diferenciar una drosófila de un fórido es cuando se las espanta con la mano, la primera volará inmediatamente y el fórido dará 2 o 3 saltitos antes de volar. Frecuentemente, el observador no experto, las confunde con mosquitos (culícidos). www.lamarcaacme.com.ar / [email protected] Las mosquitas micetófagas, Sciara sp. son delgadas y muy pequeñas, su talla promedio es de 4 mm, de coloración muy oscura o negra con alas de color gris claro. Sus patas son finas y largas al igual que sus antenas; esto las hace parecer a los mosquitos negros. Las mosquitas del estiércol son semejantes a las drosófilas, pero robustas y oscuras (negras o amarronadas). Su tamaño oscila entre 1,5 a 5 mm de longitud. Son fáciles de reconocer porque tienen el fémur de su tercer par de patas marcadamente engrosado dispuesto para el salto. CICLO DE VIDA El ciclo de vida de todos los dípteros es completo, con cuatro fases o estadios: huevo – larva – pupa - adulto. Los ciclos biológicos de todas las especies que citamos son muy breves y dependen de gran manera de la temperatura y de la humedad. www.lamarcaacme.com.ar / [email protected] El siguiente cuadro muestra algunas diferencias biológicas de las distintas familias: Drosofílidos Psicódidos Fóridos Sciáridos Esfaerocéridos Ciclo de vida 8 a 20 8 a 20 14 a 26 21 a 28 28 a 200 (duración en días) Cantidad de 500 200 500 200 1300 huevos/hembra Maduración del 30 48 24 36 36 huevo ( en horas) Período larval 5 a 7 14 8 a 16 14 a 21 4 a 12 (duración en días) Vida media del 15 a 20 7 a 14 7 a 30 7 a 14 40 a 60 adulto (en días) HABITAT Y COMPORTAMIENTO Son cosmopolitas, es decir, están ampliamente distribuidas, razón por la cual pueden ser encontradas en diversidad de climas, altitudes y latitudes. Se las puede encontrar dentro de las casas atraídas por materia orgánica en descomposición como trampas de desagües sin agua, floreros con flores de varios días, mopas, sistemas de condensación de acondicionadores de aire, etc. Se crían en cañerías donde se contaminan con bacterias u otros patógenos, resultando peligrosas cuando entran en contacto con alimentos o cuando penetran en áreas estériles. www.lamarcaacme.com.ar / [email protected] Aparecen comúnmente en establecimientos elaboradores de alimentos, cocinas industriales, restaurantes, locales gastronómicos en general y en nuestras casas. En general su presencia se debe a que, en algún lugar del inmueble han detectado un sustrato conveniente para la oviposición (puesta de huevos). Las preferencias alimentarias varían con cada especie, pero todas requieren materia orgánica en fermentación o descomposición. Los drosofílidos suelen localizarse en áreas donde se encuentran frutas sobre-maduras o azúcares en fermentación, pero también donde hay materiales relativamente frescos como un cítrico o los restos de una verdura de hoja húmedos o en el cesto de residuos. Estas mosquitas son atraídas por los residuos que quedan de las máquinas expendedoras de gaseosas. También son atraídas por alimentos con alto contenido de ácido acético. También los restos de harina o comida, que luego de una limpieza inadecuada, quedan en intersticios y comienzan a fermentar, atraen a las hembras para depositar sus huevos. Pueden recorrer hasta 20 kilómetros en tan sólo 24 horas. En interiores están activas todo el año y en exteriores (para la latitud de Buenos Aires) de noviembre a mayo. Los psicódidos, cuando aparecen en viviendas, suelen posarse en las paredes de baños, lavaderos y cocinas. La mosca de las letrinas puede encontrarse en las trampas de agua de las rejillas de baños, lavaderos y cocinas. Se crían bien a los lados de los drenajes sobre las sustancias gelatinosas que suelen formarse sobre ellas. www.lamarcaacme.com.ar / [email protected] En exteriores se las ve en la materia vegetal en descomposición y en la hojarasca. En general se las localiza en materia orgánica muy descompuesta. Las larvas se encuentran en hendiduras, grietas y juntas de pisos y sanitarios. Sus vuelos son cortos, de apenas unos metros, y se las observa caminando o corriendo por las paredes. Su actividad se incrementa en el crepúsculo. Durante el día descansan en áreas sombreadas o a los lados de bachas y piletas de lavar. Se alimentan de algas, hongos y bacterias, y desempeñan un papel muy importante en la purificación de las aguas servidas. Las larvas pueden vivir en el agua jabonosa y caliente. Los adultos pueden ser atraídos por las luces nocturnas artificiales. Las moscas fóridas tienen un vuelo característico y errático, aunque son grandes voladoras, pudiendo recorrer hasta 9 km en 24 horas. Tienen una gama muy diversa de hábitos según la especie. Pueden aparecer en las casas, en establecimientos elaboradores de alimentos, cocinas industriales y en restaurantes. La mayoría de las larvas son saprófagas y se las suele ver en la materia orgánica en descomposición que queda como residuo de la industria alimentaria. Pero también son parasitoides de otros insectos como la hormiga argentina de fuego (Pseudacteum curvatus y P. tricuspis), de termites y de huevos de arañas y de moluscos. Las moscas fóridas tienen una importante fuente de multiplicación en las tarimas que se utilizan en cocinas y detrás de las barras de locales gastronómicos. Estas maderas suelen estar húmedas y salpicadas de sustancias orgánicas que luego entran en descomposición. No son atraídas por vegetales o frutas sobremaduras, ni por residuos (basura). Las moscas fóridas no muerden al hombre ni a los animales domésticos. www.lamarcaacme.com.ar / [email protected] En exteriores se las ve en la materia vegetal en descomposición y en la hojarasca. En general se las localiza en materia orgánica muy descompuesta. Las larvas se encuentran en hendiduras, grietas y juntas de pisos y sanitarios. Sus vuelos son cortos, de apenas unos metros, y se las observa caminando o corriendo por las paredes. Su actividad se incrementa en el crepúsculo. Durante el día descansan en áreas sombreadas o a los lados de bachas y piletas de lavar. Se alimentan de algas, hongos y bacterias, y desempeñan un papel muy importante en la purificación de las aguas servidas. Las larvas pueden vivir en el agua jabonosa y caliente. Los adultos pueden ser atraídos por las luces nocturnas artificiales.
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