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Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience

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Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Wikibooks.org March 18, 2013 On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 293. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page 287. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page 301, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. 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Contents 1 Cognitive Psychology and the Brain 3 1.1 Introduction . 3 1.2 History of Cognitive Psychology . 3 1.3 What is Cognitive Psychology? . 5 1.4 Relations to Neuroscience . 6 1.5 Conclusion . 7 2 Problem Solving from an Evolutionary Perspective 9 2.1 Introduction . 9 2.2 Restructuring - The Gestalt Approach . 11 2.3 Problem Solving as a Search Problem . 17 2.4 How do Experts Solve Problems? . 22 2.5 Creative Cognition . 23 2.6 Neurophysiological Background . 24 2.7 The Evolutionary Perspective . 26 2.8 Summary and Conclusion . 26 2.9 References . 27 2.10 Links . 27 2.11 Organizational Stuff . 27 3 Evolutionary Perspective on Social Cognitions 29 3.1 Introduction . 29 3.2 Social Cognition . 30 3.3 Evolutionary perspective on Social Cognition . 33 3.4 Conclusion . 38 3.5 References . 38 4 Behavioural and Neuroscience Methods 39 4.1 Introduction . 39 4.2 Lesion method . 41 4.3 Techniques for Assessing Brain Anatomy / Physiological Function . 43 4.4 Electromagnetic Recording Methods . 50 4.5 Techniques for Modulating Brain Activity . 55 4.6 Behavioural Methods . 57 4.7 Modeling Brain-Behaviour . 60 4.8 References . 61 5 Motivation and Emotion 63 5.1 Introduction . 63 5.2 Motivation . 63 III Contents 5.3 Emotions . 67 5.4 Disorders . 73 5.5 Summary . 76 5.6 References . 76 6 Memory 79 7 Introduction 81 8 Types of Memory 83 8.1 Sensory Memory . 83 8.2 Short Term Memory . 86 8.3 Working Memory . 89 8.4 Long Term Memory . 93 9 Forgetting and False Memory 97 9.1 Biases in memory . 99 9.2 Repressed and Recovered Memories . 101 10 Some neurobiological facts about memory 103 10.1 Information storage . 103 10.2 Amygdala . 103 10.3 Hippocampus . 105 10.4 Amnesia . 106 11 Links 109 12 References 111 13 Memory and Language 115 13.1 Introduction . 115 13.2 Basics . 116 13.3 Acquisition of language . 117 13.4 Disorders and Malfunctions . 120 13.5 References and Resources . 122 14 Imagery 125 14.1 Introduction & History . 125 14.2 The Imagery Debate . 126 14.3 Neuropsychological approach . 136 14.4 Imagery and memory . 138 14.5 References . 141 14.6 Links & Further Reading . 142 15 Comprehension 143 15.1 Introduction . 143 15.2 Historical review on Psycholinguistics & Neurolinguistics . 144 15.3 Characteristic features . 144 15.4 Physiological Approach . 149 IV Contents 15.5 Behavioristic Approach – Parsing a Sentence . 151 15.6 The Interactionist Approach of Parsing . 152 15.7 Situation Model . 153 15.8 Using Language . 153 15.9 Language, Culture and Cognition . 154 15.10 Culture and Language . 154 15.11 What is the connection between language and cognition? . 155 15.12 Is thought dependent on, or even caused by language? . 156 15.13 Introduction . 156 15.14 Language as a cognitive ability . 157 15.15 Non-Human Language - Animal Communication . 159 15.16 Language Comprehension & Production . 162 15.17 Using Language . 168 15.18 Language, Culture and Cognition . 168 15.19 References . 172 15.20 Links & Further reading . 172 16 Neuroscience of Text Comprehension 173 16.1 Introduction . 173 16.2 Lateralization of language . 173 16.3 Auditory Language Processing . 181 16.4 Visual Language Processing . 187 16.5 Other symbolic systems . 195 16.6 Outlook . 200 16.7 References & Further Reading . 200 17 Situation Models and Inferencing 203 17.1 Introduction . 203 17.2 Why do we need situation models? . 204 17.3 Multidimensionality of Situation Models . 207 17.4 Processing Frameworks . 209 17.5 Levels of Representation in Language and Text Comprehension . 212 17.6 Inferencing . 215 17.7 Important Topics of current research . 217 17.8 References . 218 17.9 Links . 221 18 Knowledge Representation and Hemispheric Specialisation 223 18.1 Introduction . 223 18.2 Knowledge Representation in the Brain . 224 18.3 Computational Knowledge Representation . 234 18.4 Hemispheric Distribution . 237 18.5 References . ..
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