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Air Pollution and Cancer Edited by Kurt Straif, Aaron Cohen, and Jonathan Samet AIR POLLUTION AND CANCER EDITED BY KURT STRAIF, AARON COHEN, AND JONATHAN SAMET IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION NO. 161 AIR POLLUTION AND CANCER EDITED BY KURT STRAIF, AARON COHEN, AND JONATHAN SAMET IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION NO. 161 Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France ©International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2013 Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate IARC publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to the IARC Communications Group, at: [email protected]. Cover photograph: © Associated Press IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Air pollution and cancer / editors, K. Straif, A. Cohen, J. Samet (IARC Scientific Publications; 161) 1. Air Pollutants 2. Environmental Pollutants 3. Air Pollution, Indoor 4. Carcinogens, Environmental 5. Inhalation exposure – adverse effects I. K. Straif II. A. Cohen III. J. Samet IV. Series I. Straif, Kurt; Cohen, Aaron; Samet, Jonathan II. Series ISBN 978-92-832-2166-1 (NLM Classification: W1) ISSN 0300-5085 CONTENTS Contributors . 1 Preface . 5 Chapter 1 . Introduction . 7 Jonathan M. Samet Chapter 2 . Geographical distribution of air pollutants . 13 Klea Katsouyanni Chapter 3 . Characterizing exposures to atmospheric carcinogens . 29 Barbara Turpin Chapter 4 . Combustion emissions . 37 Armistead (Ted) Russell Chapter 5 . Sources of air pollution: gasoline and diesel engines . 49 Daniel S. Greenbaum Chapter 6 . Household use of biomass fuels . 63 Isabelle Romieu and Astrid Schilmann Chapter 7 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air and cancer . 75 Erik Dybing, Per E. Schwarze, Per Nafstad, Katarina Victorin, and Trevor M. Penning Chapter 8 . Hazardous air pollutants: approaches and challenges in identifying assessment priorities . 95 John J. Vandenberg III IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION – 161 Chapter 9 . Household air pollution . 101 Nigel Bruce, Imran Choudhury, Mukesh Dherani, Heather Adair-Rohani, and Dan Pope Chapter 10 . Using experimental data to evaluate the carcinogenicity of mixtures in air pollution . 111 Joe Mauderly Chapter 11 . Mechanistic considerations for air pollution and lung cancer: genotoxicity and molecular biomarker data from experimental and human studies . .. 123 Kirsti Husgafvel-Pursiainen Chapter 12 . Biomarkers of air pollution: DNA and protein adducts . 149 Paolo Vineis Chapter 13 . Combined effect of air pollution with other agents . 165 Jonathan M. Samet IV CONTRIBUTORS Editors Kurt Straif Tony Fletcher International Agency for Research on Cancer Public and Environmental Health Research Lyon, France Unit London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Aaron Cohen London, United Kingdom Health Effects Institute Daniel S. Greenbaum Boston, MA, USA Health Effects Institute Boston, MA, USA Jonathan M. Samet University of Southern California Uwe Heinrich Los Angeles, CA, USA Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research Hannover, Germany Advisory Group participants 1 Kirsti Husgafvel-Pursiainen Erik Dybing Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicolog y Division of Environmental Medicine Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Helsinki, Finland Oslo, Norway 1 Most of the Advisory Group participants provided a manuscript expanding on their presentation, updated their manuscript again before final publication of the book, and also contributed to the Advisory Group’s recommendations regarding the development of a series of Monographs on air pollution. 1 IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION – 161 Klea Katsouyanni Kirk R. Smith Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology Environmental Health Sciences University of Athens Medical School University of California Athens, Greece Berkeley, CA, USA Daniel Krewski Barbara Turpin McLaughlin Centre for Population Health New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Risk Assessment Rutgers University University of Ottawa New Brunswick, NJ, USA Ottawa, Canada John J. Vandenberg Joe Mauderly National Center for Environmental National Environmental Respiratory Center Assessment Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute United States Environmental Protection Albuquerque, NM, USA Agency Washington, DC, USA Isabelle Romieu Paolo Vineis Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Department of Epidemiology and Public Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico Health Imperial College, St Mary’s Campus London, United Kingdom Armistead (Ted) Russell School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Representative Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA Kyriakoula Ziegler-Skylakakis Jonathan M. Samet (Meeting Chair) European Commission Department of Epidemiology Luxembourg Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA 2 Air pollution and cancer IARC Secretariat Christiana Demetriou School of Public Health Robert A. Baan Imperial College Paolo Boffetta London, United Kingdom Paul Brennan Vincent James Cogliano (Head of Programme) Mukesh Dherani Fatiha El Ghissassi Yann Grosse Department of Public Health and Policy Béatrice Secretan University of Liverpool Liverpool, United Kingdom Kurt Straif Andreas Ullrich, WHO Geneva Per Nafstad Division of Epidemiology Other contributors 2 Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo, Norway Heather Adair-Rohani Trevor M. Penning Department of Public Health and Environment Perelman School of Medicine World Health Organization University of Pennsylvania Geneva, Switzerland Philadelphia, PA, USA Nigel Bruce Dan Pope Department of Public Health and Policy Department of Public Health and Policy University of Liverpool University of Liverpool Liverpool, United Kingdom Liverpool, United Kingdom Imran Choudhury Astrid Schilmann Brent and Harrow Primary Health Care Trust Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional London, United Kingdom Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico 2 The following people updated original manuscripts before final publication of the book or are co-authors of original manuscripts, but were not present at the Advisory Group meeting. 3 IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION – 161 Per E. Schwarze Department of Air Pollution and Noise Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo, Norway Katarina Victorin Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden Production team Jennifer Brandt (Technical Editor) Karen Müller (English Editor) Sylvia Lesage (Editorial Assistant) Solène Quennehen (Editorial Clerk) Elisabeth Elbers (Publications Technician) 4 PREFACE Emissions from motor vehicles, industrial focused Advisory Group to plan a series of IARC processes, power generation, the household Monographs on air pollution. combustion of solid fuel, and other sources pollute In December 2004, this special Advisory the ambient air across the globe. The precise Group meeting was convened in Lyon. chemical and physical features of ambient air Participants provided a state-of-the-art overview pollution, which comprise a myriad of individual on topics related to exposure characterization, chemical constituents, vary around the world atmospheric and engineering sciences, epidemi- due to differences in the sources of pollution, ological studies on cancer, results of pertinent climate, and meteorology, but the mixtures of cancer bioassays, and data elucidating potential ambient air pollution invariably contain specific mechanisms of carcinogenicity of compounds chemicals known to be carcinogenic to humans. related to air pollution. These presentations were Recent estimates suggest that the disease followed by discussions in subgroups estab- burden due to air pollution is substantial. lished according to the structure of the IARC Exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) was Monographs (exposure, cancer in humans, recently estimated to have contributed 3.2 million cancer in experimental animals, and other rele- premature deaths worldwide in 2010, due largely vant data) and plenary sessions to identify all to cardiovascular disease, and 223 000 deaths major issues that were critical for the develop- from lung cancer. More than half of the lung ment of the series of Monographs. Specifically, cancer deaths attributable to ambient PM2.5 were the participants were tasked with the following: estimated to have been in China and other East • Develop
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