DOCSLIB.ORG

01 Excipients Prelims 1..9

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
01 Excipients Prelims 1..9 96 Calcium Phosphate, Dibasic Dihydrate 15 Handling Precautions 3 Schmidt PC, Herzog R. Calcium phosphates in pharmaceutical tableting 2: comparison of tableting properties. Pharm World Sci Observe normal precautions appropriate to the circumstances and 1993; 15(3): 116–122. quantity of material handled. The fine-milled grades can generate 4 Hwang R-C, Peck GR. A systematic evaluation of the compression and nuisance dusts and the use of a respirator or dust mask may be tablet characteristics of various types of lactose and dibasic calcium necessary. phosphate. Pharm Technol 2001; 25(6): 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68. 5 Schlack H et al. Properties of Fujicalin, a new modified anhydrous C 16 Regulatory Status dibasic calcium phosphate for direct compression: comparison with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001; 27(8): GRAS listed. Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the 789–801. FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral capsules and tablets). 6 Weiner M, Bernstein IL. Adverse Reactions to Drug Formulation Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in Europe. Included in Agents: A Handbook of Excipients. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989; the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. 93–94. 7 Dulin WA. Degradation of bisoprolol fumarate in tablets formulated 17 Related Substances with dicalcium phosphate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1995; 21(4): 393–409. 8 Glombitza BW et al. Surface acidity of solid pharmaceutical excipients I. Calcium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate; calcium phosphate, tribasic; Determination of the surface acidity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1994; calcium sulfate. 40(5): 289–293. 9 Kiyoshi T et al. Novel preparation of free-flowing spherically 18 Comments granulated dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous for direct tabletting. Chem Pharm Bull 1996; 44(4): 868–870. Anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate is one of the materials that 10 Ayorinde JO et al. The survival of B. subtilis spores in dicalcium have been selected for harmonization by the Pharmacopeial phosphate, lactose, and corn starch. Pharmaceutical Technology 2005; Discussion Group. For further information see the General 29(12): 56–67. Information Chapter <1196> in the USP32–NF27, the General ‘ ’ Chapter 5.8 in PhEur 6.0, along with the State of Work document 20 General References on the PhEur EDQM website, and also the General Information Chapter 8 in the JP XV. Bryan JW, McCallister JD. Matrix forming capabilities of three calcium Grades of anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate available for diluents. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1992; 18(19): 2029–2047. direct compression include A-TAB (Innophos), Di-Cafos AN Carstensen JT, Ertell C. Physical and chemical properties of calcium phosphates for solid state pharmaceutical formulations. Drug Dev Ind (Chemische Fabrik Budenheim), Emcompress Anhydrous (JRS Pharm 1990; 16(7): 1121–1133. Pharma LP), and Fujicalin (Fuji Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.). A European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare study has examined the use of calcium phosphate in reducing (EDQM). European Pharmacopoeia – State Of Work Of International (10) microbial contamination during direct compression in tableting. Harmonisation. Pharmeuropa 2009; 21(1): 142–143. http://www.edq- The EINECS number for calcium phosphate is 231-837-1. The m.eu/site/-614.html (accessed 3 February 2009). PubChem Compound ID (CID) for anhydrous dibasic calcium Fuji Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. Technical literature: Fujicalin, 1998. phosphate is 24441. Innophos Inc. Product datasheet: Calcium Phosphates, 2008. 19 Specific References 21 Author 1 Fischer E. Calcium phosphate as a pharmaceutical excipient. Manuf RC Moreton. Chem 1992; 64(6): 25–27. 2 Schmidt PC, Herzog R. Calcium phosphates in pharmaceutical 22 Date of Revision tableting 1: physico-pharmaceutical properties. Pharm World Sci 1993; 15(3): 105–115. 3 February 2009. Calcium Phosphate, Dibasic Dihydrate 1 Nonproprietary Names 3 Chemical Name and CAS Registry Number BP: Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate [7789-77-7] JP: Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Hydrate PhEur: Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate 4 Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight USP: Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate CaHPO4Á2H2O 172.09 2 Synonyms 5 Structural Formula Calcii hydrogenophosphas dihydricus; calcium hydrogen orthopho- See Section 4. sphate dihydrate; calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate; Di- Cafos; dicalcium orthophosphate; DI-TAB; E341; Emcompress; phosphoric acid calcium salt (1 : 1) dihydrate; secondary calcium 6 Functional Category phosphate. Tablet and capsule diluent. Calcium Phosphate, Dibasic Dihydrate 97 7 Applications in Pharmaceutical Formulation or SEM 1: Excipient: dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, coarse grade; Technology manufacturer: JRS Pharma LP; lot no.: W28C; magnification: 100Â. Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate is widely used in tablet formulations both as an excipient and as a source of calcium and phosphorus in nutritional supplements.(1–8) It is one of the more widely used materials, particularly in the nutritional/health food sectors. It is also used in pharmaceutical products because of its C compaction properties, and the good flow properties of the coarse- grade material. The predominant deformation mechanism of dibasic calcium phosphate coarse-grade is brittle fracture and this reduces the strain-rate sensitivity of the material, thus allowing easier transition from the laboratory to production scale. However, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate is abrasive and a lubricant is required for tableting, for example about 1% w/w of magnesium stearate or about 1% w/w of sodium stearyl fumarate is commonly used. Two main particle-size grades of dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate are used in the pharmaceutical industry. The milled material is typically used in wet-granulated, roller-compacted or slugged formulations. The ‘unmilled’ or coarse-grade material is typically used in direct-compression formulations. Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate is nonhygroscopic and stable at room temperature. However, under certain conditions of temperature and humidity, it can lose water of crystallization below 1008C. This has implications for certain types of packaging and aqueous film coating since the loss of water of crystallization appears to be initiated by high humidity and by implication high SEM 2: Excipient: dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, coarse grade; manufacturer: JRS Pharma LP; lot no.: W28C; magnification: 300Â. moisture vapor concentrations in the vicinity of the dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate particles.(8) Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate is also used in toothpaste and dentifrice formulations for its abrasive properties. 8 Description Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate is a white, odorless, tasteless powder or crystalline solid. It occurs as monoclinic crystals. 9 Pharmacopeial Specifications See Table I. See also Section 18. Table I: Pharmacopeial specifications for calcium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate. Test JP XV PhEur 6.4 USP 32 Identification þþ þ Characters þþ — Loss on ignition — 24.5–26.5% 24.5–26.5% Loss on drying 19.5–22.0% — — Acid-insoluble substances 40.05% 40.2% 40.2% Heavy metals 431 ppm 440 ppm 40.003% Chloride 40.248% 40.25% 40.25% Fluoride — 4100 ppm 40.005% Sulfate 40.160% 40.5% 40.5% Carbonate þþ þ Barium þþ þ Arsenic 42 ppm 410 ppm 43 mg/g Moisture content Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate contains Iron — 4400 ppm — two molecules of water of crystallization, which can be lost at Assay 598.0% 98.0–105.0% 98.0–105.0% temperatures well below 1008C. NIR spectra see Figure 1. Particle size distribution DI-TAB: average particle diameter 180 mm; fine powder: average particle diameter 9 mm. 10 Typical Properties Solubility Practically insoluble in ethanol, ether, and water; Acidity/alkalinity pH = 7.4 (20% slurry of DI-TAB) soluble in dilute acids. 8 (9) Angle of repose 28.3 for Emcompress. Specific surface area 0.44–0.46 m2/g for Emcompress. Density (bulk) 0.915 g/cm3 Density (tapped) 1.17 g/cm3 Density (true) 2.389 g/cm3 11 Stability and Storage Conditions Flowability 27.3 g/s for DI-TAB;11.4 g/s for Emcompress.(9) Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate is a nonhygroscopic, relatively Melting point Dehydrates below 1008C. stable material. However, under certain conditions the dihydrate 98 Calcium Phosphate, Dibasic Dihydrate SEM 3: Excipient: dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate; manufacturer: 1.5 0.8 Innophos; lot no.: 16A-1 (89); magnification: 120Â. 1945 1911 1969 1408 1514 0.0 1499 1994 C 1425 1475 1956 log(1/R) [2nd deriv. log(1/R)] × 1930 1000 −3.0 −0.2 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 Wavelength/nm Figure 1: Near-infrared spectrum of dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate measured by reflectance. 13 Method of Manufacture Calcium phosphates are usually manufactured by reacting very pure phosphoric acid with calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 obtained from limestone, in stoichiometric ratio in aqueous suspension followed SEM 4: Excipient: dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, coarse grade; by drying at a temperature that will allow the correct hydration manufacturer: Innophos; lot no.: 16A-1 (89); magnification: 600Â. state to be achieved. After drying, the coarse-grade material is obtained by means of a classification unit; the fine particle-size material is obtained by milling. 14 Safety Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate is widely used in oral pharmaceutical products, food products, and toothpastes, and is generally regarded as a nontoxic and nonirritant material. How- ever, oral ingestion of large quantities
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effect of the Addition of Alginate And/Or Tetracycline on Brushite Cement Properties
    molecules Article Effect of the Addition of Alginate and/or Tetracycline on Brushite Cement Properties Claudia Morilla 1,2,3, Elianis Perdomo 4, Ana Karla Hernández 1, Ramcy Regalado 1, Amisel Almirall 1, Gastón Fuentes 1,2,* , Yaima Campos Mora 1,2, Timo Schomann 2,3 , Alan Chan 3 and Luis J. Cruz 2 1 Biomaterials Center, University of Havana, La Habana 10400, Cuba; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (A.K.H.); [email protected] (R.R.); [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (Y.C.M.) 2 Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (L.J.C.) 3 Percuros B.V., 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Automatic and Biomedical Engineering, Technological University of Havana, La Habana 11300, Cuba; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Calcium phosphate cements have the advantage that they can be prepared as a paste that sets in a few minutes and can be easily adapted to the shape of the bone defect, which facilitates its clinical application. In this research, six formulations of brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrated) cement were obtained and the effect of the addition of sodium alginate was analyzed, such as its capacity as a tetracycline release system. The samples that contain sodium alginate set in 4 or 5 min Citation: Morilla, C.; Perdomo, E.; and showed a high percentage of injectability (93%).
    [Show full text]
  • Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: a Review of Their History, Structure, Properties, Coating Technologies and Biomedical Applications
    Review Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: A Review of Their History, Structure, Properties, Coating Technologies and Biomedical Applications Noam Eliaz * and Noah Metoki Biomaterials and Corrosion Lab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +972-3-640-7384 Academic Editor: Patrice Laquerriere Received: 11 February 2017; Accepted: 22 March 2017; Published: 24 March 2017 Abstract: Calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics are widely used in the field of bone regeneration, both in orthopedics and in dentistry, due to their good biocompatibility, osseointegration and osteoconduction. The aim of this article is to review the history, structure, properties and clinical applications of these materials, whether they are in the form of bone cements, paste, scaffolds, or coatings. Major analytical techniques for characterization of CaPs, in vitro and in vivo tests, and the requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and international standards from CaP coatings on orthopedic and dental endosseous implants, are also summarized, along with the possible effect of sterilization on these materials. CaP coating technologies are summarized, with a focus on electrochemical processes. Theories on the formation of transient precursor phases in biomineralization, the dissolution and reprecipitation as bone of CaPs are discussed. A wide variety of CaPs are presented, from the individual phases to nano-CaP, biphasic and triphasic CaP formulations, composite CaP coatings and cements, functionally graded materials (FGMs), and antibacterial CaPs. We conclude by foreseeing the future of CaPs. Keywords: bioceramics; biomineralization; bone cement; calcium phosphate; coating; composites; drug delivery; electrochemical deposition; functionally graded materials; nano-hydroxyapatite 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Strontium on the Crystallization of Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate (CHPD)
    Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering , Vol. 10, No.7, pp.625-636, 2011 jmmce.org Printed in the USA. All rights reserved Role of Strontium on the Crystallization of Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate (CHPD) K. Suguna 1, 2 , C. Sekar 3* 1 Department of Physics, Sri Sarada College for Women, Salem -636 016, TN, India. 2 Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, TN, India. 3 Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003, TN, India. *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD, CaHPO 4· 2H2O) or brushite is found quite frequently in urinary calculi (stones) . Crystallization of brushite has been carried out in sodium metasilicate (SMS) gel with and without adding ‘Sr’ as additive. In pure system, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA, CaHPO 4) or monetite and hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 5(PO 4)3(OH)) grew along with brushite. The presence of Sr suppressed the formation of HA and enhanced the number and size of monetite crystals and changed the morphology of brushite crystals from needle shape to octopus-like shape. The samples were characterized by powder & single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X- ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analyses (TG-DTA) . Keywords: Brushite , Crystal growth, Sr additive, SEM. 1. INTRODUCTION Calcium phosphates have been studied extensively because of their occurrence in normal and pathological calcifications. Due to their excellent biocompatibility, it is a well-known bioactive material suitable for bone and hard tissue replacement [1] . Hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 5(PO 4)3(OH), octacalcium phosphate (OCP,Ca 8H2(PO 4)6·5(H 2O)), tricalcium phosphate ( β- TCP, Ca 3(PO 4)2), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate or calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD, CaHPO 4·2H 2O), dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA, CaHPO4), tetracalcium [2] phosphate (TTCP, Ca 4(PO 4)2O) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) are different 625 626 K.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibitors and Promoters of Stone Formation
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Kidney International, Vol. 13 (1978), pp. 361—3 71 Inhibitors and promoters of stone formation HERBERT FLEISCH Department of Pathophysiology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland Currently, three main mechanisms are thought to Crystal growth and crystal aggregation be important in the formation of urinary stones: 1) In the past, attention was devoted mostly to the the relationship between the concentration of the formation and growth of crystals. Recently, interest precipitating substances in urine and the solubility of has been directed to an area which, until now, had the mineral phase formed, 2) the role of promoters of been neglected: the crystal aggregation. This term crystallization and aggregation, and 3) the part describes the process of crystals binding one to an- played by inhibitors of crystal formation and aggre- other, resulting in the formation of larger clusters. In gation (Fig. 1). vitro, aggregation of both calcium oxalate [16, 17] Saturation of urine and calcium phosphate crystals [18] occurs readily when the solution is supersaturated. Aggregation It is now widely accepted that even in normal could be the mechanism which distinguishes simple people, urine is ordinarily supersaturated with re- crystalluria, which occurs in most normal people, spect to calcium oxalate [1—6], octocalcium phos- from stone formation. This line of thought is phate [2, 3], hydroxyapatite [1, 2], and sometimes strengthened by the finding that while usually only with respect to brushite [1, 7, 8]. The degree of individual calcium oxalate crystals are found in nor- supersaturation is usually higher in patients with mal people, stone-formers often excrete large aggre- urinary stones [2—4, 7—10].
    [Show full text]
  • Dicalcium Phosphate As a Mineral Supplement for Dairy Cows
    BULLETIN 455 AUGUST, 1930 Dicalcium Phosphate as a Mineral Supplement for Dairy Cows C. C. Hayden, C. F. Monroe, and C. H. Crawford OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Wooster, Ohio CONTENTS Introduction . • . • . • • . • • . • • • • • • . •.......•••.•.•••••••••••••• , • • . • • . • .. 3 Review of Other Work . .. .. .. 3 Metabolism Experiments . • . 3 Feeding Trials . 5 Experiment . 7 Plan ........................................................... 7 Cows Used ....................................................... 7 Care and Feeding . 7 Mineral Used . 8 Results ............................................................ 8 Milk Production ................................................. 8 Total Production ............................................ 9 Total Production Corrected to 4 Per Cent Fat Basis . 10 Corrected for Length of Lactation . • . 10 Corrected for Age . 11 Other Comparisons . 12 Periods Before and After Feeding Minerals Compared . 12 First and Second Lactations of Heifers Compared . 13 Summary of Milk Production . 13 Health of the Herd . 15 Condition of the Cows . 15 Breeding . • . 15 Diseases . ....................................... 16 General Discussion .................................................. 16 Summary and Conclusions ........................................... 18 References Cited .................................................... 19 Appendix • • . • • . • • • • . • . • . • • • . .•.•...••••••••••• , , • , , • , ....... 21 (1) Trumbull County Experiment Farm barn where the experiment was conducted DICALCIUM
    [Show full text]
  • Kidney Disease and Your Diet
    Kidney Disease and Your Diet Kidney Disease and Your Diet Department of Nutrition Services Kidney and Urinary Program 1 Kidney Disease and Your Diet PD 3085 (Rev 2015-10) File: peyles 2 Kidney Disease and Your Diet Inside this book Page About your kidneys 1 Protein 3 Potassium 6 Phosphorus 11 Sodium (Salt) 17 Herb and Spice Guide 21 Fluids 22 Staying a Healthy Weight 24 Bread, Grains and Other Starches 26 Fats 27 Sugar and Sugar Containing Food 28 Your Daily Choices 29 Sample Menu Plan 30 Tips on Eating Out 32 Reading Labels 39 3 Kidney Disease and Your Diet About your kidneys Your kidneys are shaped like kidney beans. Each one is the size of your fist. A kidney has about 1 million tiny filters inside. What do kidneys do? Kidneys have 3 main jobs . They filter and remove waste from blood and make urine. kidney = = filter out wastes in urine They control the salt and water balance in your body. They produce hormones that help make red blood cells and keep your bones healthy. What happens when kidneys have a disease? Kidney disease affects all the jobs that healthy kidneys do. Kidneys with a disease do not remove waste out of your body very well. Wastes start to build up in your body. Where does the waste come from? Waste comes from the food we eat. Our food is made up of proteins, fat and starches. When we eat food, the body digests it. The blood absorbs the digested food and takes it to all the cells to be used.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Specific Parameters May 2019
    Regional Screening Level (RSL) Chemical-specific Parameters Supporting Table April 2019 Contaminant Molecular Weight Volatility Parameters Melting Point Density Diffusivity in Air and Water Partition Coefficients Water Solubility Tapwater Dermal Parameters H` HLC H` and HLC VP VP MP MP Density Density Dia Diw Dia and Diw Kd Kd Koc Koc log Kow log Kow S S B τevent t* Kp Kp Analyte CAS No. MW MW Ref (unitless) (atm-m3/mole) Ref mmHg Ref C Ref (g/cm3) Ref (cm2/s) (cm2/s) Ref (L/kg) Ref (L/kg) Ref (unitless) Ref (mg/L) Ref (unitless) (hr/event) (hr) (cm/hr) Ref Acephate 30560-19-1 1.8E+02 PHYSPROP 2.0E-11 5.0E-13 EPI 1.7E-06 PHYSPROP 8.8E+01 PHYSPROP 1.4E+00 CRC89 3.7E-02 8.0E-06 WATER9 (U.S. EPA, 2001) 1.0E+01 EPI -8.5E-01 PHYSPROP 8.2E+05 PHYSPROP 2.1E-04 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 4.0E-05 EPI Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 4.4E+01 PHYSPROP 2.7E-03 6.7E-05 PHYSPROP 9.0E+02 PHYSPROP -1.2E+02 PHYSPROP 7.8E-01 CRC89 1.3E-01 1.4E-05 WATER9 (U.S. EPA, 2001) 1.0E+00 EPI -3.4E-01 PHYSPROP 1.0E+06 PHYSPROP 1.3E-03 1.9E-01 4.5E-01 5.3E-04 EPI Acetochlor 34256-82-1 2.7E+02 PHYSPROP 9.1E-07 2.2E-08 PHYSPROP 2.8E-05 PHYSPROP 1.1E+01 PubChem 1.1E+00 PubChem 2.2E-02 5.6E-06 WATER9 (U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Laboratory Study to Determine the Caries Lesion Remineralizing Potential of Novel Fluoride- and Calcium-Containing Toothpastes
    A laboratory study to determine the caries lesion remineralizing potential of novel fluoride- and calcium-containing toothpastes Frank Lippert, PhD*; Karmjeet K. Gill, BDS Indiana University School of Dentistry, Oral Health Research Institute, 415 Lansing St, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Corresponding author: Frank Lippert Indiana University School of Dentistry Oral Health Research Institute 415 Lansing St Indianapolis, IN 46202 [email protected] +1-317-274-3983 Author information: Dr. Lippert is an Associate Professor, Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN. Dr. Lippert is also Director of the Remineralization Research Program, Oral Health Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN. Dr. Gill is a volunteer at the Oral Health Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN. Author contributions: FL designed the study, analyzed and interpreted the data, and co-authored the manuscript. KKG conducted the study, analyzed and interpreted the data, and co-authored the manuscript. FL and KKG approved the submission of the present manuscript. _______________________________________________ This is the author's manuscript of the article published in final edited form as: Lippert, F., & Gill, K. K. (2019). Carious lesion remineralizing potential of fluoride- and calcium-containing toothpastes: A laboratory study. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 150(5), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2018.11.022 Abstract Background. We conducted a laboratory study to determine the caries lesion remineralization and fluoridation potential of novel fluoride- and calcium-containing toothpastes. Methods. We created early caries lesions in bovine enamel specimens and assigned them to seven treatment groups based on their surface Vickers microhardness: Clinpro Tooth Crème, CTx4 Gel 1100, Enamelon Fluoride Toothpaste, MI Paste ONE, Crest Cavity Protection, and two fluoride-dose controls (low-F, high-F).
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Calcium Pyrophosphate and Other Related Phosphate Nano Bio-Materials and Their Applications
    4R4ev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 48 (2017) 44-57 S. R. Vasant and M. J. Joshi A REVIEW ON CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE AND OTHER RELATED PHOSPHATE NANO BIO-MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Sonal R. Vasant1 and M. J. Joshi2 1Government Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India 2Department of Physics, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India Received: July 29, 2016 Abstract. Over the past few decades, a little word with big potential has been rapidly insinuating into the world’s consciousness, nano. The nano-scale structures permit the control of funda- mental properties of the materials without changing their chemical structure. Living organisms can create amazing ways to produce high performance materials that involve not only creation of implants, replacing bone tissues and organs, but also synthesis of biologically active materials promoting the fullest restoration of tissues and maintenance of necessary functions of an organ- ism. In the biomaterial research field, nowadays, a great attention is given to bone substitute materials, particularly, calcium phosphate based bio-materials play important roles in clinical applications as it possesses high bio-compatibility and excellent ability to undergo varying de- grees of resorbability. These materials show a positive interaction with living tissue that includes differentiation of immature cells towards bone cells and also have chemical bonding to the bone along the interface, thought to be triggered by the adsorption of bone growth-mediating proteins at the bio-materials surface. In the present review paper an attempt is made to cover properties and applications of various phosphate nano bio-materials like calcium phosphate, calcium polyphosphate, calcium pyrophosphate etc over a time span right from 1920 to 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Entitled Development of High Strength Dicalcium Phosphate
    A Thesis entitled Development of High Strength Dicalcium Phosphate Anhydrous Cement with Nanosilica Sol by Timothy John Franklin Luchini Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering _________________________________________ Dr. Sarit Bhaduri, Committee Chair _________________________________________ Dr. Ioan Marinescu, Committee Member _________________________________________ Dr. Mehdi Pourazady, Committee Member _________________________________________ Dr. Huan Zhou, Committee Member _________________________________________ Dr. Patricia R. Komuniecki, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo December 2012 Copyright 2012, Timothy John Franklin Luchini This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Development of High Strength Dicalcium Phosphate Anhydrous Cement with Nanosilica Sol by Timothy John Franklin Luchini Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering The University of Toledo December 2012 Dicalcium Phosphate Anhydrous (DCPA, Monetite) based materials have large potential as bone repair substitutes and drug delivery systems due to high bioactivity and known solubility in body fluid, and they could provide useful scaffolds in tissue engineering and orthopedic applications. Clinicians increasingly need bone scaffolds
    [Show full text]
  • New Knowledge of Chondrocalcinosis
    J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.31.Suppl_12.214 on 1 January 1978. Downloaded from J. clin. Path., 31, Suppl. (Roy. Coll. Path.), 12, 214-222 New knowledge of chondrocalcinosis PAUL DIEPPE From the Department ofMedicine, University ofBristol There are three varieties of cartilage-hyaline, parathyroidism, haemachromatosis, hypothy- elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the roidism, hypophosphataxia, hypomagnesaemia, precursor of bone. In the adult it is mainly found at gout(?), diabetes mellitus (?), Wilson's disease (?), bone ends, forming the load-bearing surface of ochronosis (?)). synovial joints. Extra-articular fibrocartilages such as those of the trachea and ribs often calcify with Historical perspective advancing age. Articular cartilage, however, usually remains free from mineral deposits. The term Intra-articular calcification has been recognisedforat 'chondrocalcinosis' may be defined as a pathological least a century. It was mentioned by Garrod (1876) state characterised by the precipitation of insoluble and by Adams (1872). With the advent of joint calcium salts in articular and periarticular cartilage. radiography there were a number of reports of The presence of chondrocalcinosis can be proved calcification of knee menisci (Pearson and Davin, only by crystallographic examination. Its presence 1921). Wolke (1935) described five cases from 2569 may be inferred by radiological examination or the knee radiographs. Zit'nan and Sifaj (1957) described discovery of crystals in synovial fluid. In addition, 12 cases, and they later identified familial cases with articular chondrocalcinosis is sometimes accom- polyarticular lesions and an associated arthritis by copyright. panied by arthritis. There are therefore three (2itnian and Silaj, 1976). separate phenomena associated with chondrocal- While 2ithan and Sifaj surveyed joint radiographs cinosis-radiological changes, crystals in synovial Hollander and McCarty (1961) examined joint fluid, and arthritis.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Trace Minerals
    United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service | National Organic Program Document Cover Sheet https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/organic/national-list/petitioned Document Type: ☐ National List Petition or Petition Update A petition is a request to amend the USDA National Organic Program’s National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances (National List). Any person may submit a petition to have a substance evaluated by the National Organic Standards Board (7 CFR 205.607(a)). Guidelines for submitting a petition are available in the NOP Handbook as NOP 3011, National List Petition Guidelines. Petitions are posted for the public on the NOP website for Petitioned Substances. ☒ Technical Report A technical report is developed in response to a petition to amend the National List. Reports are also developed to assist in the review of substances that are already on the National List. Technical reports are completed by third-party contractors and are available to the public on the NOP website for Petitioned Substances. Contractor names and dates completed are available in the report. Trace Minerals Livestock 1 Identification of Petitioned Substance 2 3 “Trace minerals” is a term for multiple nutritional elements added to livestock, poultry, and companion 4 animal diets in micro quantities only (i.e., measured in milligrams per pound or small units) (AAFCO 5 2019). While the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) lists only cobalt, copper, iodine, 6 iron, manganese, and zinc as trace minerals added to animal feeds (AAFCO 2019), this technical report also 7 discusses chromium, molybdenum, and selenium, which are all commonly found in commercial trace 8 mineral products on the market for inclusion in animal feeds.
    [Show full text]