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Index

Abradatas 215, 220 Androclus 111, 116 Achilles, Homeric hero 66, 85, 118, 227 Antinoopolis 55, 56, 57, 62, 70 and the dedication of his hair 189 Antinous (see also Hadrian) 18, 21, 150, 199, Achilles, ‘pupil’ of Herodes Atticus 85 241 Achilles Tatius 30, 66 and the authenticity of his images 89–95 Acta Alexandrinorum (Acts of the Pagan and the Christian polemicists 26, 60–1, Martyrs) 141 117 Acta Arualium (Acts of the Arval Brethren) 12, and empathy 26, 106–8 114, 117 and eroticism 10, 26, 29 Actaeon 2, 230 and the ‘imperial cult’ 62–3 adolescens (a boy who has reached maturity) and the local 108–11, 116–17 196 and ownership 103–6 Adonis 110–11 as castrate 139–40 Adrastus, Homeric hero 60 as emblematic of Hadrian’s philhellenism Adrastus, a doomed Phrygian 60, 119 10, 67–8 adultery (see also sex and stuprum) 4, 241 as gay icon 53, 72 and masculinity 18 as god 12–13, 26, 55, 61, 108, 111, laws regarding 3, 174 113–21 Aelius, Lucius 114 as image (see also sculptures of) 10–12, 24, Aeneas 30, 32 27, 55, 61–3 aesthetics 29, 73, 118 as Osiris 58–9, 69–71, 118 and Latin poetry 168 as slave 22, 67 Afer 157 biography of 10, 54–61, 150 glmata (statues, often in honour of a god) coins of 62, 89, 111, 116 55, 62 commemoration of 53, 69–71, 87–9, Agrippa 183 92 Agrippina, mother of Nero 36 identification of 74–88 Ahl, Frederick 170, 173, 178 obelisk of 69, 75, 92, 111, 116, 117, Alcestis 10 151 Alcibiades 149, 155 sacrifice of 55, 56, 111 Alexander the Great 25, 26, 30 sacrifice to 12 and his eunuch 211 sculptures of 27, 53, 56, 74–113, 150 and Hephaestion 117–18 Albani relief 74, 93 and the hunt 59 ‘Braschi Antinous’ 81, 100 and Zeus Ammon 84, 118 bust of Antinous from Syria 75 images of 82, 85, 87 Delphi Antinous 79, 82, 96, 99, 112 Alexandria 111, 140 ‘Farnese Antinous’ 77, 78, 82, 94 and Alexandrian luxury 67 head of ‘Antinous’, Tarragona 81–5 and Hellenistic poetics (see Callimachus and ‘Ildefonso group’ 128 Theocritus) ‘Ludovisi Antinous’, Palazzo Altemps 90 and the Ptolemies 180 ‘Mondragone Head’ 72, 79, 93, 94–5 Amazons 25, 225 so-called ‘Belvedere Antinous’ 80 amor (or ‘sexual passion’, ‘love’) 23, 211 so-called ‘Capitoline Antinous’ 80

Index 273

statue of Antinous, Leptis Magna 79, 89, Bagnall, Roger 141 95–111 Barthes, Roland 218 temples to 62 Bartman, Elizabeth 46, 124 Antioch 16, 214, 219 Bartsch, Shardi 43, 156 Antonia Minor 32 baths and bathing 27, 95–111 Antoninus Pius 30 Beard, Mary, North, John and Price, Simon Antonius, Marcus 2, 3, 20, 137, 157, 160 195 as played by Sid James 182 beards (see also hair) 198 Aphrodisias 25–6, 32, 36, 183 and Hadrian 11, 21, 68, 137 Aphrodite (see also Venus) 107, 109, 115 as a mark of Hellenism or intellect 157 of Cnidos 27, 29, 48, 99, 103, 215, 224, dedication of 189 226 shaving of 180, 223 Apollo 13, 19, 26, 29, 59, 73, 120, 189 beauty and Delphi 112 and art (see aesthetics) and the sanctuary at Curium 108, 110 and the body of the emperor 7–8, 29–31 as ‘kouros’74 Hollywood 160, 225 Kassel type 72 preservation of 158 Kitharoidos 97 Beerbohm, Max 157 Lyceian type 96, 98–9, 108 Belestiche22¯ Apollonius of Tyana 13, 119 Bhabha, Homi 215 Ariadne 27–8 Bieber, Margarete 72 Aristotle 20 Birley, Antony 103 Armenia 25 Bithynium in Bithynia 10, 55, 89, 110, 117, Arrian 117–18 118 Artemidorus 29 Bovary, Emma 25, 40 Ascanius 203 Boyle, Antony 168 Asclepius 109, 110, 168, 190, 198 Briseis 227–9 Asiaticus 46 Britannia 1, 25–6, 32 Astarte 109 Britannicus 5, 8, 18, 20 Astronoe 109 British Museum 52, 74 Athanasius 89 bust of Clytie 91 Athenaeus 20, 59 statue of Hadrian from Cyrene 125 Athens 30, 87, 147, 219, 223 statuette of Attis 199 temple of Athena Parthenos 25, 48, Warren Cup 74 155 Browning, Robert 233 Attis 21, 110–11, 157, 170, 173, 180, 190, Burrell, Paul 240 191–9 and Greekness 195–6 Caligula as an infant 199 and his sisters 2, 12, 46, 114 Augustan History, the 22, 29, 63, 138 as Jupiter 5, 13 Augustus death and Nachleben of 2–3, 20 and the forum 20, 35 sexual reputation of 1, 2, 18, 20, 23, 25, 115, as Jupiter 5 137 as model emperor 3, 4, 7 statues of 29 body of 7–8, 20, 29, 32 Callimachus 15, 16, 171, 181 deiﬁcation of 114–15 Callistratus 30, 157 images of 29, 32–4, 53, 63–4 Calpurnius Siculus 207 Primaporta statue of 30, 203 Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall 40, 240 sexual reputation of 1–5, 20, 29, Canova, Antonio 93 137 Caprio Leonardo di 65 Aurelius, Marcus 35, 220 Caracalla 29, 39, 89 Aurelius Victor 63 Carthage 109 Autylocus 147 Cassandra 216

274 Index

castration 14, 15, 25, 27, 138, 139–40, 169 Cybele (see also Attis) 117, 190, 193 and psychoanalysis 26, 216 Cyrus the Great 220 legislation prohibiting 172–4, 180, 197 metaphorical weight of 172, 193, 194–201 damnatio memoriae 141, 170 without pain 172, 190 Davidson, James 44 Cato the Younger 155 Davies, Robertson 5 Catullus 15, 16, 27–8, 67, 169, 171, 181 Decianus 137, 154, 155 Cebes 30 desire (see also homosexuality) Cellini, Benvenuto 89 and desiderium 20, 134, 183 Champlin, Edward 152 and the gaze 23, 26, 48, 103–6, 147, 225 Charite 119 Diana, Roman goddess 111 Charles II 106 Diana, Princess of Wales 107, 240 Charles, Prince of Wales 240 Dido 30, 203 children and childhood 201–3 dining rooms 1–5, 23 Christianity Dio Cassius 14, 28, 100, 114, 167 and Antinous 26, 60–1, 89, 117, 139–40 as a secondary source 174 and art 14 Diocletian 89, 100, 110 cinaedi (or ‘pathic homosexuals’) 45, 155, 156 Dionysus (or Bacchus) 13, 22, 24, 28, 55, 59, Clarke, John 65, 66, 74 65, 71, 109 Claudia, daughter of Claudius 12 images of 82, 85, 94, 96, 119 Claudius 34 diuae (or deiﬁed imperial women) 37, 111, and the Saturnalia 152 114–16 apotheosis of 115 diuus, deﬁnition of a (see also imperial cult) images of 25–6, 32, 214 12–13 sexual reputation of 18 Domitian 23, 29 Claudius Etruscus 103 and Earinus (see also Earinus) 15, 21, 111, Claudius Nero, Tiberius 34 203 Cleopatra VII 158, 160 as Censor 172–4, 180, 203 and her attendants 198 as ‘dominus et deus’ 191, 197, 202 in Carry on Cleo 182 as Jupiter 13, 15, 21, 35, 180, 197 Clinton, Bill 6 as literary patron 205 Clover, Carol 24 as Sol, the sun-god 47 Colbert, Claudette 160 cruelty of 170 Coleman, Kathy 196 death of (see also damnatio memoriae) 170, Commodus 89 181 as Hercules 46 Dominik, William 168 physical appearance 30 Doryphorus, ‘husband’ of Nero 137, 152, 153, sexual reputation of 138 164 courtesans 219 Douglas, Alfred 175 as authors 6 dreaming 29, 39, 106 as commodities 20 dress in Japanese culture 6 Greek 68, 125 court society 172, 198 of Caligula and his images 29 and eunuchs 211 Drusilla (see also Caligula) 12, 114, 115–16, literary construction of 175 117 Crimp, Douglas 169 Crow, Thomas 169 Earinus 15, 21, 108, 111, 168–204 cubiculum (or ‘bedroom’) 29, 39, 203 and the dedication of his hair 181–94 cultural syncretism 110 as Attis 21 Cupid 22, 204 as Cupid 21, 199 and Earinus 21, 199 as Endymion 21 in art 34, 48, 201–3 as intermediary 184, 201 cupido (or ‘desire’) 23 as patron 183–4

Index 275

biography of 173–4 Galba 29, 149, 152 castration of 25, 27 Galli (castrated priests of Cybele) 190, Echmoun 109–12, 116 192 Edward VII 240 Ganymede 13, 15, 21, 26, 66, 68, 73, 89, 103–6, Edwards, Catharine 40, 43, 45 140, 173, 190 Egypt Garthwaite, John 175, 178, 179 and the death of Antinous 10, 69–71, 92, gaze, the 117, 120, 151, 157 and fragmentation 215–18 and Rome 159 and ‘resisting reading’ 35, 36 Egyptomania 69–71, 159 as transgressive 2, 39 Elagabalus or Heliogabalus 136, 137 avoidance of 2 elegiac puella, the 44, 215 of the emperor 2, 7, 26 Elizabeth I 41, 106 of the author/reader 4, 23, 147, 225 Elizabeth II 240 theory of 24–7, 213 emperor, the geography and colonialism 214–15 as desiring subject 2, 7, 18, 20–1, 32, Gera, Deborah Levine 222 107 gesture (see also sex and gesture) as divine 12–13, 25, 30 and stretching the arms heavenwards as image 28–9, 240–1 (‘(ad)orans’) 111, 208 as kleptomaniac 39, 105 Gibbon, Edward 10, 73 as object of desire 7, 20, 21, 23, Gilroy, Paul 110 27 gladiators, attraction of 21, 35 statues of 8–9, 27, 39 Gnosticism 14 Encolpius 104 Goldhill, Simon 44, 123, 213, 219, Endymion 2, 14, 28, 103 229 and Earinus 21, 190 Gracchi, the 13, 119 Ephesus 111, 116 Gradel, Ittai 113, 117, 119 picÛriov (or ‘local’) 110, 116–17, 224 Greece erastes–eromenos relationships (see Antinous and its literary heritage 180 and homosexuality) love in 6, 20–1, 108 eroticism love of 10, 148, 168, 226 and art 10, 37, 63–4 male–male desire in 17, 147 and Gnosticism 14 marriage between men in 137 and its deﬁnition 8, 17 Greekness 15–16, 21, 27 and the body of the emperor 6–9, 20, 21, and pederasty 18, 67–8 29–31, 41 and philosophy 137–8 and ‘universality’ 6, 8, 13, 235 and the local 108–11, 224 eunuchs (see also Earinus and castration) 15, degrees of 138, 141 140, 167, 219 Gregorovius, Ferdinand 93 as objects of desire 198–201 Grenfell, Bernard and Hunt, Arthur body of 169, 172, 198, 204 141 Eusebius 57, 61 Gyges 225

fairy-tales 171 Hadrian (see also Antinous) 3 Faustina, wife of Marcus Aurelius 35 and Antinous 10–13, 21, 26, 39, 52–121, Feriale Duranum, the 12, 114 157 Fittschen, Klaus 85 and philhellenism 10, 67–8, 87, 140 Fitzgerald, William 44, 169 and Sabina 13, 116 Foucault, Michel 17–18, 20, 25, 61, 67, 139, and Tivoli 70, 92 235 as Jupiter 13 Fredrick, David 44, 169, 216 as travelling emperor 10 Freud, Sigmund 24 images of 32, 53, 214 Fulvio, Andrea 77 reputation of 10, 22, 63, 139

276 Index

hair imperial history as a marker of adult masculinity 146, 148, and representation 6 198 and sex 5–8, 20–1, 234 dedication of 180, 181–94 and Xenophon 220 Hamilton, Gavin 100 as anecdote 1 heads and beheading 165, 225 as fantasy 4–5, 29 Hector, companion of Alexander the Great 134 as gossip 5, 10–14, 241 Heintze, Helga von 90 as a history of eating 7 Helen of Troy 219, 238 imperial power Heliodorus 30 and imagination 9, 11, 37–9, 64, 106, 241 Heliogabalus see Elagabalus and New Historicism 42 Hellenistic poetry (see Callimachus and as penetration 18–21, 32–3, 204 Theocritus) incest 2, 36, 46, 115 Helvidius the Younger 170 Iphigenia 26 Henriksen,´ Christer 178 Irving, Washington 53 Hephaestion, companion of Alexander the Isis (see also Osiris) 14 Great 117–18, 120 iuuenis (or ‘young man’) 189, 190 Hercules 19, 24, 25, 33, 60, 96, 102–3 and Omphale 22 James, Henry 223 Farnese statue of 98, 99 Jonah 14 Hermaphroditus 7, 103, 107 Joshel, Sandra 159 Hermes 7, 13, 107, 111 Julian 13, 103 statue in the Capitoline Museum 80 Julius Caesar 3, 20, 29, 32, 137 statues of the Belvedere type 80 Juno 13, 46, 172 Herodes Atticus 85–8, 105 Jupiter 22 Herodian 30 and Ganymede 13, 15, 21, 66, 140 heroi (or ‘heroes’) 114, 116, 118, 120 and Priapus 19 Hierocles, ‘husband’ of Elagabalus 137, 152, sexual potency of 2, 5, 19 155 Juvenal 21, 155, 158 Hierocles, Stoic philosopher 155 Juventius 181 hieros gamos (or ‘sacred marriage’) 164 Holzberg, Niklas 174 Kampen, Natalie 20 Homer 224, 227, 230 Kellum, Barbara 20 Iliad 180 Kennedy, Duncan 22 Odyssey 222 Keppel, Alice 240 ‘homosexuality’ (see also Antinous and kissing 29, 48, 136, 138 Hadrian) and hunting 59–60 Lacan, Jacques 24 depictions of 74 Lanuvium 67, 111 in Greek culture 17, 147 Laodamia 10, 29, 120 in Roman culture 16, 18–21, 53 Lesbia 184, 194 Hopkins, Keith 42, 74, 124, 204, 211 Levene, David 170 Horace 169, 181 Liber Pater 96, 109 Howell, Peter 174 liberti (or ‘freedmen’) 183, 190 Hyacinthus 21, 59, 71, 101–2, 108 libido (or ‘sexual desire’) 3 Hylas Libya 59, 108–10 and Antinous 26, 68, 102–3 Lindsay, William 175 and Earinus 21, 190 Livia, wife of Augustus 2, 28, 32–4, 85 Ida, Mount 190, 193 deiﬁcation of 115 ‘imperial cult’ (see also diuae and diuus) Longus 66, 221 12–14, 171 Louis XIV 41 as a cult of diui 12–13, 113–15, 118–19 Lucan 198

Index 277

Lucian 15, 22, 25, 98, 99, 108 Musonius Rufus 156 and autobiographical licence 230 Musurillo, Herbert 141 and cultural identity 16, 213, 224, 229–33 Myron 27 and Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 220–3, 229 Lucilius, Gaius 181 Naram-Sˆın, Mesopotamian ruler 20 Lucilla, wife of Lucius Verus 221 Narcissus, mythical youth 107 Lucillius 180 and Earinus 21, 190 Lukacs,´ George 213 and Antinous 63, 68, 71, 73, 100–3 Narcissus, lover of the empress, Faustina 35 Maecenas 22, 169 Naxos 27–8 Mantinea in Arcadia 25, 55, 62, 65, 71, 85, 111, Neptune 19 116 Nero 3, 189 Marciana, Trajan’s sister 114 and his father 154 marriage 34, 151, 194 and mummy (see also Agrippina) 149 between males 14, 120, 136–40, 151–61, and Sporus 14, 21, 136–40, 151–61, 199 174, 194, 199 and the tyrannical tradition 14, 46, 87, 139, Foucault and the privileging of 18, 61 152 Stoic views on 156 as sexual aggressor 5, 18, 20 with God 139–40 body of 29 Mars 24, 25, 27, 38 images of 25, 36, 116 and Venus 14, 32–5 Newlands, Carol 168–9, 193, 203 as Ares 180 Ninus 22 Martial 13, 23, 35, 66, 67, 141 and Earinus 15 Octavia, ﬁrst wife of Nero 151, 158, 160 ordering of the epigrams 173, 175–7 Octavia, sister of Augustus 160 ‘publication’ of the epigrams 205 Oliensis, Ellen 169 Spanish origins of 180 Orientalism 140, 157, 159–60 masculinity (see also uirtus) 3, 7, 167 Osiris (see also Antinous) 58–9, 84 active 18–21, 32 Otho 29, 152, 165 and adultery 18 Ovid 25, 27, 29 and grieving 22, 26, 63, 103, 117–18 Oxyrhynchus 70 and impotence 22, 169 and male beauty 7–8, 24–5, 65, 104, pa±v (‘child’ or ‘slave’) 46, 148 196 Palatine Anthology, the 52, 107 and Otherness 7, 22, 196 Pancrates 71 and the gaze 24 panegyric, ways of reading 170–2, 235 Matidia, Trajan’s neice 114 Panthea, epithet of divine Drusilla 115 Maximus, Gaius Vibius 140–50 Panthea, girlfriend of Lucius Verus 15–16, 25, Medusa 216 27 meirkion (or ‘lad’, usually under 21) 148, 150 and Athens 224 Meleager 68 Panthea, wife of Abradatas 213–35 Memnon, ‘pupil’ of Herodes Atticus 85 passivity (sexual) 2, 7, 20, 22, 153, 155 Mesopotamia 20 and its antithesis 18–23 Meyer, Hugo 74, 88, 89 and Stoic patientia 156 mirrors 158, 183, 193 and the gaze 24, 103–4 Mitterrand, Franc¸ois 6 Patroclus 66, 85, 118, 227 mollitia (see also passivity) 7, 22, 46, 179, 193, patron–client relations 15, 29, 148, 208 198, 201 and loss of freedom 232 Montesquieu, Baron de 74 as constructed in poetry 180–2, Montrose, Louis 204 194 mors immatura (or ‘dying young’) 21, 102 Paulina, Hadrian’s sister 133 Most, Glen 230 Pausanias 65, 85, 94, 110 Mulvey, Laura 24, 26, 65 Penelope 222

278 Index

penis pueri (or ‘boys’) 21, 173, 182, 196 as lizard 99 as powerful 21, 46 as weapon 19, 20 definition of 190 Pepys, Samuel 106 erotic heritage of 27, 52 Pergamum 15, 21, 193 images of 74, 124 Pericles 6 Pygmalion 27 Persephone 116 Pythagoras, Greek philosopher 137, 153, Petronius 66, 104 157 Pheidias Pythagoras, Greek sculptor 137 Athena Lemnia 72, 225 Pythagoras, ‘husband’ of Nero 137, 151 philosophers 137–8, 153–7 and older eromenoi 148–9 rape physical appearance of 154, 157 and the desire of images 103–4, 216 would-be 154 as military conquest 25–6, 214 Philostratus 30, 68, 87, 108 of men 5, 8, 18, 20 Phryne 158, 239 ‘Ravenna relief’, the 32 Pisistratus 20–1 Regulus, Marcus Aquilius 124 Plato 66, 68, 137, 149, 224 Republican Rome 169–70, 196 Pliny 20, 33, 141 Richlin, Amy 40, 43, 44, 45, 52 Plutarch 22, 29 Roberts, Richard 100 poetry as history 168–74 Rome political correctness 171 Ara Pacis 203 Pollius Felix 208 Arch of Constantine 71, 122, 128 Pollux or Polydeuces (of the Dioscuri) 24 Arch of Marcus Aurelius 93 Polycleitus 25, 55, 73, 137, 152, 224 Arco di Portogallo 93 Doryphorus or spear-bearer statue 30 Baths of Agrippa 105 Polydeuces, ‘pupil’ of Herodes Atticus 85–8, Baths of Caracalla 98, 99 124 Colossus of Nero 47 Pompeii Forum of Augustus 20, 35 sculptures 98 obelisk of Antinous on the Pincio 69, 75, 92, Villa of the Mysteries 155 111, 117, 151 wall-paintings 26, 66, 74, 130, Pyramid of Cestius 159 131 Temple of Capitoline Jupiter 208 Pompey the Great 29 Temple of Mars Ultor 32, 203 Poppaea Sabina, second wife of Nero Villa Albani 93 and Roman burial 159 Villa Farnesina 66 and Sporus 14, 151, 158–60 as diua 12, 115, 116, 117 Sabina, wife of Hadrian 13, 111 Praxiteles 29, 73, 97, 201, 224, deification of 114, 116 227 images of 87 and his mistress 48 safe criticism or ‘figured speech’ 170, 181 statue of Cupid 48 Salome 165 (see also Aphrodite of Cnidos) Samosata 16, 214, 229 Priapus 17, 19, 67 Sangarius, the river 55, 110, 190 Price, Simon 12, 117, 120 Saoterus 138 prostitutes 18, 113, 153, 160, 232 Saturnalia 152 as children 174 Sebasteion, the 25–6, 32, 36, 214 male 206 ‘Second Sophistic’, the 15, 16, 30, 66, 68, 88, Protesilaus 29 213, 223 Prudentius 139–40 Selene, moon-goddess (see also Endymion) 2 Ptolemy II 20–1, 22, 25, 181 self-sacrifice and suicide 57, 99, 111 Ptolemy III 193 Semiramis, queen of Syria 22 pudicitia (or ‘chastity’) 35 Sempronia 158

Index 279

senatus consultum (or ‘ofﬁcial senatorial Suetonius 1–5, 6–8, 14, 29, 34, 115, 149 decree’) 12, 115, 120 and his Hadrianic context 15, 138–9, Seneca 29, 46, 115, 152 167 Septimius Severus 89 as biographer 1 sex summitto (or ‘I lower’ (myself or the gaze)) 2, and childhood 201–3 23 and divinity 5, 13, 27 Susa 214, 215, 223 and gesture 28, 103, 107 Symonds, John Addington 52, 71 and humiliation 3, 5, 20 Symposium 147–9 and imperial succession 3, 20, 63 Syria 22, 229 and journalism 6, 40, 65, 240 and modern politics 6 Tacitus 7, 18, 29 and power 4–5, 18–21 Tages 201 and punishment 17, 20 Tennyson, Alfred 52 and tyranny 2–3, 6, 21, 149 Tertullian 61, 63 as imperium 5–8, 15–16, 20–1, 174 Theocritus 15, 20–1, 180, 221 as invective 3, 7, 18, 20, 137, 150 Theodosius, obelisk of 71 as military conquest 1, 15–16, 21, 25–6, 32 Theseus 27–8, 224 excessive 18 Thorvaldsen, Bertel 93 in the dining room 1–5 Thrasea Paetus 155 in public 138, 149 Tiberius 3, 18, 105, 115 penetrative 18–21 sexual reputation of 40 with slaves 18, 21, 22, 67, 104 Tiresias 2 with statues 27, 28, 39, 99, 224 Titus 174 sexuality, theories of 17–18, 65 Trajan Shackleton Bailey, David Roy 176, 183 body of 20 Shikibu, Murasaki 6 sexual reputation of 13 Sicily 180 translation 180, 194 Sidon 108 Trimalchio 67, 104, 189 Sigillaria, the 136, 152 triumphal processions 138 Sirens 224 Tullia, daughter of Cicero 13, 119 Skinner, Marilyn 44, 169, 196 tyranny slaves 198 Greek 6 and seruitium amoris 194 Roman 2–3, 14 as sex objects 18, 21, 22, 67, 104 as uernae 174 Venus (see also Aphrodite) 96, 174, 190, 193, Smyrna 115, 137, 214, 224, 229 203 Socrates 148, 155 and Mars 14, 32–5, 119 Sol (the sun) 7, 47 de Milo 225 Spivey, Nigel 82 vernus, uerna 174, 178, 182 Sporus 14, 151–61 Verus, Lucius (see also Panthea) 15, 21, 220 as artwork 152 Vespasian 115 castration of 25, 27, 138 viewing Statius 13, 23, 29, 35, 103, 111, 141, 198 across millennia 8, 10, 62 and Catullus 191–7 and the Second Sophistic 30, 88 and Earinus 15, 21, 108 modes of 8 and Hellenism 180, 194 Villiers, Barbara 106 and the preface to book III 183–4 virtus 7, 18, 21, 63–4, 193, 195 Steiner, Deborah 213 visual culture 6 Stoics 137, 155–6 Vitellius 3, 46, 152 Strato of Sardis 66, 163 voluptas (‘pleasure’ or more speciﬁcally, ‘sexual stuprum (or ‘illicit sexual intercourse’) 2, 18, intercourse’) 20, 174, 201 56, 63, 67, 99, 148 Vulcan 34, 38

280 Index

Warhol, Andy 169 as rulers 6, 22, 106 Wilde, Oscar 53, 63 as viewers 8, 20, 24, 26, 32, 37, Williams, Craig 18, 43, 67, 161 103–4 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 72, 89, 93 as virgins 3, 6, 106 Winter, Irene 20 excessive desire for 18 women objectiﬁcation of 2, 4, 5, 24, 25 and conquest 214–15 Wyke, Maria 44, 159, 215, 230 and cosmetic surgery 225 and fertility 25, 116, 150, 215 Xenophon 220, 229 and gladiators 21, 35 and their bodies 1, 2, 4, 15, 16, 25–6, 214 Zanker, Paul 63–4 as art objects 15, 16, 20, 24, 27 Zeno 156 as dominant 35, 103–4, 159 Zeus (see Jupiter) as goddesses 13, 32–5, 37 Zeuxis 238 as matronae (married women) 1–5, 8, 18, 23 Zoticus 137, 152, 153