DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY PLANNING, HOUSING & DEVELOPMENT Neighborhood Services Division – Historic Preservation Program 2100 Clarendon Boulevard, Suite 700, Arlington, VA 22201 TEL 703.228.3830 www.arlingtonva.us

Memorandum

To: Date: January 2, 2019

From: John Liebertz and Angelina Jones, Historic Preservation Planners Subject: 26th Street North - Old Dominion Drive Site Master Planning Task Force

This memorandum outlines preliminary research on the history of the 7.6-acre County-owned land (subject property) and surrounding neighborhood at 26th Street North and Old Dominion Drive. The purpose of this information is to provide the task force a historic context regarding the development of the neighborhood and both the extant and lost built environment. The subject property is located partially within the Old Dominion neighborhood, primarily a residential neighborhood of single-family dwellings ranging from Queen Anne, Tudor Revival, Craftsman, Colonial Revival, Minimal Traditional, Spilt-Level, and Ranch-styled buildings. The area is an amalgamation of numerous subdivisions, the largest being Livingstone Heights and Lee Heights, developed from 1906 to the 1950s (when the neighborhood was primarily developed).

1850-1886, the Birch Family, Mary Ann Hall, and the Pelham Family

The subject property is on land that was formerly owned by the Birch family (Figures 1-3).1 One of Arlington’s oldest families, the Birches originally came from England and settled in Northern owning land in the area by 1690.2 Joseph Birch married Janet Bowmaker Robertson in 1770, and through this union, the Birch family acquired land in this part of Arlington. In 1800, Caleb Birch built a log residence on a portion of land near the subject property that he inherited from his grandfather James Robertson, who originally received the property through a grant from Lord Fairfax in 1724.3 This first dwelling burned down and was subsequently replaced in 1836 by a new log building, which was expanded in the 1840s.4 In 1936, the house was reconstructed utilizing original logs and still stands at 4572 26th Street North.

During the Civil War, Mary Ann Hall and the Birch family owned most of the land in proximity to the subject properties at 26th Street North and Old Dominion Drive (Figure 11). Born ca. 1815,

1 Additional research would need to be conducted to create an exhaustive list of all the Birch family members that owned portions of the subject property. 2 Eleanor Lee Templeman, Arlington Heritage: Vignettes of a Virginia County (New York: Avenel Books, 1959), 148. 3 Land Office Grants, “Robertson, James, grantee,” January 20, 1724, Online Catalog, Library of Virginia, http://lva.virginia.gov (accessed December 7, 2018). 4 Templeman, 156.

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Mary Hall, the sister of Basil Hall (the namesake of Hall’s Hill), purchased the 72-acre farm on October 20, 1853.5 The property served as her second residence with her primary dwelling in Washington, D.C. In all likelihood, enslaved persons lived at Hall’s farm in Arlington County. Prior to the signing of the Compensated Emancipation Act (which freed enslaved persons in the District of Columbia) on April 2, 1862, Hall owned at least four enslaved persons.6

By 1880, Mary Ann Hall’s farm near the subject property consisted of approximately 101 acres (80 acres improved and 21 acres woodland). The Federal Census noted the value of the Hall’s property (including the buildings) at $30,000.7 This is the approximate equivalent of $750,000 in 2018. Hall died on January 28, 1886. The National Republican noted that she had primarily resided at her farm in the County briefly returning to the city at the time of her death.8

Other property owners within or in proximity to the subject area included Amelia Marcey, J.J. McAullife, Susan Fletcher, and the Pelham family.9 While most African Americans lived to the south of the subject area in the Hall’s Hill/High View Park neighborhood, the Pelham family lived in the present-day boundary of the Old Dominion Civic Association. Moses Pelham, Sr., (1827-1892) moved to the County from Culpepper, Virginia in 1871, acquired property from Robert Phillips, and married Isabelle Washington in 1874. The Pelhams (and their six children) were instrumental in the establishment of Mount Salvation Baptist Church in Hall’s Hill/High View Park. Pelham subdivided his property and family members acquired adjacent parcels. The land and dwellings collectively became known as “Pelham Town.”10

5 Hall owned and operated one of the most prolific brothel houses in Washington, D.C., at 349 Maryland Avenue from at least the late 1830s to the time of her death. Hall amassed substantial wealth while largely evading legal punishment. On November 4, 1839, Hall was found not guilty of “keeping a house of ill fame” in Washington, D.C. On June 18, 1846, after three additional mistrials due to hung juries, Hall was found not guilty of a “rowdy and disorderly house.” In the 1860s, the Evening Star recorded numerous fights, disputes, and other events associated at the dwelling. On January 1, 1864, the police executed a bench warrant for the arrest of Mary Ann Hall. The following month, the court found her guilty of operating a “bawdy house” and fined her $2,000. Arlington County Land Records, “William A. Bradley et al to Mary Ann Hall,” October 20, 1853, Liber 6, Folio 510; Elizabeth Barthold O’Brien, “Illicit Congress in the Nation’s Capital: The History of Mary Ann Hall’s Brothel,” Historical Archaeology 39 no. 1 (March 2005), 47-58; “Heavy Raid Upon the Fancy – The Big Establishments Attended to – Mary Ann Hall and others of the Elite Marched to City Hall,” Evening Star, January 15, 1864, Newsbank; “District Supreme Court, Criminal Term,” Daily National Republican, February 20, 1864; “Good from Evil,” Evening Star, August 9, 1864, Newsbank. 6 Hall owned four enslaved persons, Rosana Gordon (whom she purchased in 1846) and her two children, and Caroline Lucas (whom she purchased in 1844). Additional research would need to be conducted to determine if any of her enslaved persons resided in Arlington County. Board of Commissioners – Emancipation of Slaves in D.C., “Mary Ann Hall,” www.Fold3.com; “Criminal Court,” Daily National Intelligencer, November 4, 1839, Archive; “Criminal Court,” Daily National Intelligencer, November 4, 1839, Newspaper Archive; 7 United States Federal Census, “Mary Ann Hall,” (1880), www.ancestry.com; United States Federal Census Non- Population Schedules, “Hall, M.A.,” (1880), Ancestry. 8 “Mary Hall’s Estate,” National Republican, February 11, 1886, Chronicling America. 9 Map of Alexandria County, Virginia, for the Virginia Title Company, 1900. 10 Arlington County Historic Preservation Program, A Guide to the African American Heritage of Arlington County, Virginia (Arlington, Virginia: Department of Community Planning, Housing and Development, 2016), 19. Memorandum Page 3 of 60

1888-1928, Presley Marion Rixey, U.S. Surgeon General, U.S. Navy

In 1888, Presley Marion and Earlena J. (nee English) Rixey acquired the property located to the northwest of the subject property as a summer/country residence (Figures 10-14). Rixey served as the Surgeon General of the United States Navy (1902-1910) and White House Physician to Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt.11

Rixey noted that the property had been primarily wooded at the time of purchase and the remainder had been overgrown. After improving the quality of the soil, Rixey built a barn and established a dairy farm on the property, eventually totaling forty head of cattle. Operations shifted towards a larger property in Falls Church in the early twentieth century.12 Rixey hosted President Roosevelt and his family at the farm. Roosevelt wrote the following letter on March 18, 1907, to Mrs. Rixey to thank her for her continued hospitality at the property:

In the confusion of Archie’s sickness, I doubt if I even thanked you for the sausage. And let me know, my dear Mrs. Rixey, thank you for the many, many kindnesses which you have shown over and over again to my children. They are all your debtors, and Washington would have been a very different thing for all of them had it not been for the Virginia farm and the two dear people who own it.13

Circa 1907, the house built by Mary Hall, named “Netherfauld,” burned (Figure 11).14 Rixey delayed building a new house for several years as other responsibilities arose. After suffering serious health issues toward the end of World War I, Rixey rehabilitated at the cottage located on the property (Figure 12) and upon improved health constructed the mansion. Noted local architect Frank Upman furnished the design and Arthur L. Smith & Company built the house (Figures 13-15). Construction started on August 11, 1919, and was completed on March 15, 1921.15 described plans for the house:

The plans contemplate extensive improvements to the large grounds, which are conceded to be among the most picturesque and best located in the environs of the Capital. The site affords magnificent views of long stretches of the Potomac and Maryland hills…. Buildings to be erected include a garage, stable, extensive conservatories and greenhouses, gardener’s and chauffeur’s cottages, and several other outbuildings. A central heating plant to furnish heat for all buildings is to be located in the greenhouses. The residence is to be of hollow tile construction with stucco finish and tile roof.16

11 Ludwig M. Deppisch, The White House Physician: A History from Washington to George W. Bush (North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2007), 69-70. 12 The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, Surgeon General, U.S. Navy, 1902-1910: Biography and Autobiography (Shenandoah Publishing House, 1930), 380. 13 Ibid, 101. 14 Historical names of the property seem to have ranged from “Maple Grove” to “Neutherfauld.” Additional research would need to be conducted to determine the appropriate name of this property. 15 The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, 378-379. 16 “Admiral P.M. Rixey to Build Residence,” The Washington Post, August 24, 1919, Proquest.

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After Rixey died in 1928, Ida K. Polen purchased the farm and operated a tea house from the mansion (Figure 16). In 1948, the estate was purchased by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary. Two years later, upon the establishment of Marymount Junior College, present-day Marymount University, the house became the central building (“Main House”) of the campus. Marymount also retained a stone guest house and two cottages from Rixey’s estate as part of the campus.17

1906, Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad (GF&OD), Livingstone Heights, Lyonhurst, Washington Country Club, and Lee Heights

GF&OD Railroad The opening of the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad (GF&OD) spurred the development of the Old Dominion neighborhood as a streetcar suburb of Washington, D.C. In 1900, investors had obtained a charter for the GF&OD. The following year, John R. McLean and Stephen B. Elkins purchased the line and completed construction to Great Falls of the Potomac River.18 Operation of the GF&OD to the subject area started on March 7, 1906 (Figure 17).19 In 1912, the line became the Great Falls Division of the Washington & Old Dominion Railway. Plats recorded four stations/shelters within proximity of the subject area: Livingstone Heights, Lyonhurst (Figure 18), Summit, and Rixey (Figure 19).20 In 1934, the railway stopped passenger service to the subject area.

Livingstone Heights, Lyonhurst, and the Washington Golf and Country Club Colin H. Livingstone, President of the Washington and Virginia Real Estate Company, platted Livingstone Heights ca. 1906.21 Typical of the period, the subdivision featured a rectilinear grid on a flat, level landscape. Livingstone Heights promoted the area as a “rich man’s suburb” and intended to restrict the residents “to a wealthy class of people, and to make it as exclusive as possible.”22 Newspaper articles and advertisements for the community highlighted its convenience to Washington, D.C., by means of a short trolley ride (10-15 minutes), high elevation (465 feet above sea level), and promised amenities such as water and sewer systems, macadamized streets, electricity from the rail line, and granolithic sidewalks (Figures 20-21; 32- 34).23 The advertisements highlighted residences in the nearby area belonging to Presley Rixey, Joseph Taber Johnson, George N. Saegmuller, George Wunder, and Judge A.B. Grunwell (Figures 22-31).24

17 “Our History,” Marymount University, https://www.marymount.edu (accessed December 7, 2018). 18 David A. Guillaudeu & Paul E. McCray, Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Revisited, 8. 19 “Opened to Traffic,“ Evening Star, March 8, 1906, Newsbank; Annual Report of the State Corporation Commission of Virginia,” vol. 27 (1929), 264. 20 Interstate Commerce Commission, Right-of-Way and Track Map, July 1, 1916. 21 Preliminary land records suggest a date of subdivision in 1908; however, newspaper records indicate that the Washington and Virginia Real Estate Company subdivided the property in 1906. “Livingstone Heights Forms a New and Attractive Subdivision,” The Washington Post, April 1, 1906; Arlington County Land Records, “Dedication of Livingston Heights,” September 28, 1908. 22 “Potomac Palisades to have a New Town,” Washington Times, November 11, 1905. 23 “Livingstone Heights,” Evening Star, March 25, 1906. 24 “Virginia Homes for Washington People,” Washington Times, May 27, 1906.

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Frank and Georgia Hays (nee Wright) Lyon platted Lyonhurst ca. 1906.25 A newspaper article for Livingstone Heights described the 14-acre Lyonhurst subdivision:

Adjoining this [Livingstone Heights] to the north and east is Lyonhurst, on both sides of the railroad, less pretentious, yet having the same natural advantages of Livingstone Heights, divided into acreage lots.26

Lyon, who was a lawyer, speculative developer, and social reformer, subdivided numerous neighborhoods in Arlington County, including Lyon Park (1919) and Lyon Village (1923). One of Lyon’s objectives for the development of Lyonhurst, however, was to control and beautify the property surrounding his home. The Lyons built a Mission-styled mansion named “Lyonhurst” (presently known as Missionhurst) ca. 1909 (Figures 35-36).27 The Washington Times noted:

It is the erection of a number of other houses by Mr. Lyon, which brings Lyonhurst within the pale of the term subdivision. In an effort to further beautify his place, a series of building sites have been laid off along either side of the entrance driveway. The houses which have been constructed on these sites harmonize with the architectural lines of the Lyon mansion, and at the same time possess a distinctiveness which is attractive.28

The Lyons sold Lyonhurst (house) to Dr. Richard Sutton in 1922. The Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary acquired the property in 1946 and renamed the house “Missionhurst.”29

The addition of the Washington Country Club (present-day Washington Golf and Country Club) enhanced the desirability of both Livingstone Heights and Lyonhurst. Reorganized on March 7, 1908, the club first purchased 75 acres from Presley M. Rixey in 1908 and operated out of a temporary building (Figure 37).30 Architects Frank Upman and Clarence L. Harding designed the permanent clubhouse (Figure 38) that opened in 1910.31 The course expanded with the addition of 47 acres in the 1920s. The clubhouse burned in 1936, but was rebuilt in 1937. Nineteen years later, Washington Golf and Country Club constructed the present-day clubhouse (Figures 39- 40).32

25 Newspaper and land records suggest dedication of the subdivision in 1906 or 1907. Additional research would need to be completed to determine exact date. Arlington County Land Records, “Frank Lyon et ux et al, Deed of Dedication” Liber 115, Folio 201-202. 26 “Arlington’s Rolling Landscape and the Opportunities There,” The Washington Post, April 1, 1906, Proquest. 27 “Dance at Lyonhurst,” Washington Times, May 18, 1909. 28 “Unique Dwellings are at Lyonhust,” Washington Times, April 2, 1910. 29 Templemen, 184. 30 The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, 421-422. 31 “Proposed Home of Washington Country Club,” Washington Herald, March 14, 1909, Chronicling America. 32 Templeman, 134.

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Development of Livingstone Heights and Lyonhurst proceeded slowly despite the advantages promoted by the developers. Based on the U.S. Geological Survey, there were approximately two dozen buildings by 1915 (Figure 4).33

Lee Heights In the 1920s, the development of the neighborhood increased largely due to the expansion of the Federal government following World War I. Ruby Lee Minar, one of the most successful women in real estate development in Washington, D.C., subdivided the first section of Lee Heights in 1922 (Figures 41-45).34 The following year, publicized a 400-acre development with 2,000 dwelling sites.35 In keeping with the progressive ideas of the period, Minar’s subdivision retained aspects of the natural topography to create curvilinear streets.36 The subdivision appealed to the middle class and marketed a range of five-bedroom bungalows. By 1926, Minar had opened eight sections of Lee Heights, but the housing market collapsed with the stock market crash three years later.37 Development continued after the New Deal and a subsequent population growth associated with the expansion of the Federal government for World War II.

By the early 1950s, the present-day Old Dominion neighborhood was nearly fully developed. The neighborhood represents the evolution of domestic housing in Arlington County between 1900-1950 and showcases various architectural styles from that period.

1927-2018, History of the Lyonhurst Station (Reservoir, Tower, and Pumping Station)

The population growth and development in Arlington County in the first quarter of the twentieth century necessitated the installation of a county-wide water system. In 1910 and 1920, Arlington County had a population of 10,231 and 16,040, respectively.38 At the time, most of the residents were serviced by individual shallow wells that were inconvenient and susceptible to pollution. Privately-owned companies serviced a limited number of communities, including Aurora Hills, Virginia Highlands, Cherrydale, Bon Air, and Livingstone Heights.39 These companies had limited capacity servicing residents by means of 1.5” to 3” steel pipes without meters.40

In 1926, the Board of Supervisors of Arlington County, comprised of elected representatives from the County’s three magisterial districts (Washington, Arlington, and Jefferson), contracted

33 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey, 1915. 34 “New Division is Listed by Minar,” The National Daily, December 16, 1922. 35 “400-acre Property to be Developed,” Evening Star, June 30, 1923. 36 Virginia Department of Historic Resources, “Old Dominion Historic District Preliminary Information Form,” (2010), 11. 37 Ibid., 11. 38 Department of Commerce, Fourteenth Census of the United States taken in the Year 1920, vol. 3 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1922), 1062. http://www.census.gov (accessed November 21, 2018). 39 Thomas P. Warton, “The History and Development of the Water Supply of Arlington County, Virginia,” Prepared for Initiation in Phi Mu (1934): 18. 40 The Aurora Hills company serviced the neighborhood with a 4” to 8” cast-iron pipe with meters at each service connection. A.T. Lundberg, “The Arlington County Water System,” Journal of the American Water Works Association 30 no. 12 (December 1938): 1939.

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engineer Asa E. Phillips to investigate potential solutions for a county-wide water system.41 After the community dismissed multiple solutions, Arlington County requested water from Washington, D.C., which had finished construction of the Dalecarlia Water Plant. This allowed the County to bypass the construction of a filtration plant. Congress passed two acts authorizing: 1) the sale of water from the federal supply to Arlington County; and 2) the connection of the federal water system to the Arlington County water system. Enabling legislation passed by the Virginia General Assembly permitted the authority to issue bonds for the construction and operation of the water supply.42

Authorized on January 28, 1927, the plan called for a 24” cast-iron main from the Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant to Chain Bridge. Two 8” steel pipes provided service across the Potomac River, which then merged into a 24” cast-iron main that continued to the intersection of Glebe and Military roads. At this intersection, the 24” main reduced to a 12” cast-iron main and continued along North Glebe Road to the Lyonhurst Station (one of the highest points in the County). The station featured a 1.5-million-gallon reservoir (the present-day salt tank), 260,000- gallon, brick-veneered steel standpipe (water tower), and pumping station (Figures 5-10 and 46- 47).43 From this location, water then was distributed to the County’s network of supply mains and residents. Three thousand residents contracted water from the County prior to the opening of public service on November 3, 1927.44 The County celebrated the opening of the water supply with a large civic celebration, but rainstorms hampered aspects of the event.45

The residents of Lyonhurst, however, publicly objected to the County’s acquisition of the site for the reservoir and tower. Dr. Richard Sutton, the owner of Lyonhurst (present-day Missionhurst), suggested that the tanks would diminish property values.46 The County moved forward with acquisition of the property, but promised the community that the station would not be unsightly, and would be screened and planted with trees.47 Perhaps this accounts for the utilization of brick- veneer on the tower.

In the 1930s, alterations to the water supply system permitted approximately 80 to 85 percent of the County to be supplied water directly by gravity from Reno Towers in Washington, D.C. This reduced the pressure on the mains at Chain Bridge. Sections of the County higher in elevation (that could not be gravity-fed from Reno Towers) received water pumped from the Fort Ethan

41 Lundberg, 1939; “Arlington County to Tap Dalecarlia Plant on Tuesday,” The Washington Post, October 30, 1927, Proquest. 42 Lundberg, 1939. 43 Arlington County, “Arlington County, Virginia, Water Distribution System Master Plan,” (2014): 3. 44 R.L. Humbert, Industrial Survey, Arlington County, Virginia (Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1930), 38-40. “Arlington County to Tap Dalecarlia Plant on Tuesday,” The Washington Post, October 30, 1927, Proquest. 45 “New Water Supply Given Arlington as Rainstorm Breaks,” The Washington Post, November 4, 1927, Proquest. 46 “Lyonhurst, VA., Makes War on Water Tanks,” Evening Star, March 17, 1927, Newsbank. 47 The County acquired Lots 1, 24, 25, and 26 of the Lyonhurst subdivision on March 14, 1927. Arlington County Land Records, “Frank Lyon to Board of Supervisors of Arlington County,” March 14, 1927, Liber 258, Folio 148; Arlington County Land Records, “Clarence Boyd to Board of Supervisors of Arlington County,” March 14, 1927, Liber 258, Folio 149; “Reservoir ordered in Lyonhurst over Residents’ Protest,” The Washington Post, March 26, 1927, Proquest.

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Allen Pumping Station to the Lyonhurst Station’s steel reservoir and brick-veneered standpipe. The reservoir and tower provided service to the western and northern sections of the County, respectively.48

Advances to the water system continued, but a decade-long phased improvement plan initiated in 1953 made the Lyonhurst Station obsolete. Between 1964 and 1965, the County’s Water Division disassembled the brick-veneered standpipe and pumping station, and transferred control of the steel reservoir to the Highways Division for salt and sand storage (Figure 48).49 The property (and the surrounding parcels later acquired by the County) continues to house essential County maintenance functions (salt storage for road treatment, leaf collection, etc.).

Public Institutions, Carne School and John Marshall School

The Washington District of Alexandria County (present-day Arlington County) opened the Carne School in September 1871. George Ott Wonder provided a house for the school prior to 50 construction of the building and advanced money to cover expenses. Within the first year of operation, the school had an average of 34 students. According to the Evening Star, the community had delayed the construction of a permanent schoolhouse due to fears that Congress would pass the Civil Rights Act proposed in 1870 that outlawed racial discrimination in schools.51 The Republicans were forced to remove the legislation’s protections for an integrated education to pass a substantially less progressive bill in 1875 (later deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court). The Washington District completed the new school building (located at present-day 2425 North Glebe Road) the following year (Figure 49).52 The school building served the community until its condemnation ca. 1922.53

Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps indicate that Arlington County built the John Marshall School (2501 North Glebe Road) in 1924 (Figure 5).54 The original building consisted of four classrooms, with wing additions added in 1945 to account for increased enrollment. In 1951, the enrollment of John Marshall School and its associated annex totaled 584 (Figures 50-51).55

48 Thomas P. Warton, “The History and Development of the Water Supply of Arlington County, Virginia,” Prepared for Initiation in Phi Mu (1934): 30; “Changes Planned in Water System,” Evening Star, August 13, 1933, Newsbank. 49 R.M. Wirt, “Arlington County, Virginia, Department of Public Service, Annual Report,” (1964-1965): 8-9. 50 Samuel Stalcup, “History of the Public Schools of Alexandria County,” in the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the Year Ending July 31, 1885 (Richmond, Virginia: Rush U. Derr, 1885), 52-53. 51 “Examination of County Schools,” July 7, 1874, Alexandria Gazette, Chronicling America. 52 Historians have noted that the first school building was supplemented by a larger building in 1885. Staff did not determine the validity of this claim. “Public Schools in Alexandria County, July 5, 1875, Alexandria Gazette, Chronicling America. 53 E.A. Buchanan, “A Brief History of John Marshall School,” (1950), Project Desegregation of Arlington’s Public Schools (DAPS). 54 The building, however, appears not to have been renamed until 1926. Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, Map No. 37. 1936-1959. 55 E.A. Buchanan, “A Brief History of John Marshall School,” (1950), Project DAPS.

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Due to decreasing enrollment, the Arlington County Public Schools vacated the building in the 1970s.56 The building remained abandoned and often vandalized until the mid-1980s. Four Northern Virginia doctors purchased and adaptively reused the school for a medical office building. The plan included preservation of aspects of the exterior, addition of a third story, and a new handicap accessible secondary entrance.57 The building opened ca. 1986.58

Religious Institutions, St. Mary’s Episcopal Church & Grace Evangelical Church

In 1925, Admiral Presley and Earlena Rixey donated a one-acre triangular parcel to the Protestant Episcopal Church of Virginia for a new church in the Langley Parish (that included parts of Arlington and Fairfax). Rixey served on the building committee in an honorary role due to health issues, but pledged to match any funds raised up to $25,000.59 The committee selected architect W.H. Irwin Fleming to design the stone church. In 1926, St. Mary’s Episcopal Church temporarily held services at the vacant Carne School.60 Ground breaking ceremonies for the new building were held on June 5, 1926.61 On April 3, 1927, the first services were held in the completed church (Figure 52).62 The congregation completed substantial alterations to the original church in 1951-2 (Figure 53).63 St. Mary’s Church continues to hold services on the property.

The present-day St. Mark’s United Methodist Church was established in 1947 as the Grace Evangelical United Brethren Church under the leadership of Reverend George B. Riley.64 The land for the church, which had been the previous site of the already demolished Carne School, was initially purchased in 1942 with funds from the Virginia Conference of United Brethren through the efforts of J.S. Gruver, Ira S. Ernst, and J. Paul Gruver.65 However, plans to build were postponed when the United States entered World War II. Architect Charles Koch designed the chapel, parsonage, sanctuary, and educational facilities at the church.66 Construction of the parish and chapel began in June of 1947 and opened in January and July of 1948 respectively (Figure 54).67 The church’s name had changed to St. Mark’s Evangelical United Brethren Church by 1954.68 The church underwent additions in 1954 and 1960, but the 1947 chapel and parsonage still stand on the site. The building housed the Overlee pre-school from 1965 to

56 “John Marshall School Area Reserved for Cluster Homes,” The Washington Post, June 14, 1979, Proquest. 57 “John Marshall School to be Medical Complex,” The Washington Post, July 28, 1984. 58 Arlington County Building Permit Index, “2501 North Glebe Road,” Arlington County Public Archives, https://arlisys.arlingtonva.us (accessed December 3, 2018). 59 The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, 441. 60 “St. Mary’s Arlington,” St. Mary’s Church, http://ww.stmarysarlington.org (accessed December 4, 2018). 61 “Ground to be broken for church June 5,” Evening Star, May 29, 1926. 62 The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, 449. 63 Arlington County Building Permit Index, “2609 North Glebe Road,” Arlington County Public Archives, https://arlisys.arlingtonva.us (accessed December 7, 2018).. 64 “Arlington Evangelical United Brethren Church,” Evening Star, July 31, 1948, Newsbank. 65 Ibid. 66 Arlington County Building Permit Index, “2429 North Glebe Road,” Arlington County Public Archives https://arlisys.arlingtonva.us (accessed December 7, 2018).. 67 “New Arlington Chapel to be Dedicated,” The Washington Post, July 10, 1948, Proquest. 68 Arlington County Building Permit Index, “2429 North Glebe Road,” Arlington County Public Archives, https://arlisys.arlingtonva.us (accessed December 8, 2018).

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1989.69 The church still holds services on the property and is the current location of the Children’s House Montessori School.

69 “Overlee Preschool Records,” Center for Local History, https://libraryarchives.arlingtonva.us (accessed December 7, 2018). Memorandum Page 11 of 60

Figure 1: Map of the Environs of Washington, D.C., 1865. The square is the approximate location of the subject property. Three dwellings are noted within the area, one owned by John Birch. Mary Hall’s property (near the present-day location of Rixey Mansion on Marymount University’s campus) is located to the north. At this time, land owners utilized the area around the subject property as farmland. Memorandum Page 12 of 60

Figure 2: Vicinity of Washington, 1894. View of North Glebe Road and present-day Lee Highway prior to the creation of the Great Falls & Old Dominion Railroad. The black outline is the approximate location of the present-day subject property.

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Figure 3: Map of Alexandria County, Virginia, for the Virginia Title Company, 1900. The present-day County owned parcels incorporate properties owned by the John Birch estate, Amelia Marcel, John J. McAullife, and Susan Fletcher. Source: Library of Congress.

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Figure 4: U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Soil Survey,” 1915. The dots, representing buildings, show the sparse development of Lyonhurst and Livingstone Heights in the 1910s. Source: Library of Congress. Memorandum Page 15 of 60

Figure 5: Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, 1929. Lyon Station is outlined in blue, adjacent residential properties later acquired by the County are outlined in green, the red arrow points to the pumping station, the yellow arrow to the steel reservoir, the blue arrow to the brick-veneered standpipe, and the green arrow to the John Marshall School. Source: Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, Insurance Maps of Arlington of Arlington County, 1929. Memorandum Page 16 of 60

Figure 6: Aerial photograph of Arlington County, 1934. Lyon Station is outlined in white, the red arrow points to the pumping station, the yellow arrow to the steel reservoir, the blue arrow to the brick-veneered standpipe, and the green arrow to the John Marshall School. Source: Arlington County Maps, Historic Aerial Photographs, https://maps.arlingtonva.us/ (accessed December 3, 2018).

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Figure 7: Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, 1936. Lyon Station is outlined in blue, adjacent residential properties later acquired by the County are outlined in green, the red arrow points to the pumping station, the yellow arrow to the steel reservoir, the blue arrow to the brick-veneered standpipe, and the green arrow to the John Marshall School. Source: Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, Insurance Maps of Arlington of Arlington County, 1936.

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Figure 8: Aerial photograph of Arlington County, 1957. Lyonhurst Station is outlined in white, the red arrow points to the pumping station, the yellow arrow to the steel reservoir, the blue arrow to the brick-veneered standpipe, and the green arrow to the John Marshall School. Note the former dwellings located in proximity to the station. Source: Arlington County Maps, Historic Aerial Photographs, https://maps.arlingtonva.us/ (accessed December 3, 2018).

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Figure 9: Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, 1959. Lyon Station is outlined in blue, adjacent residential properties later acquired by the County are outlined in green, the red arrow points to the pumping station, the yellow arrow to the steel reservoir, the blue arrow to the brick-veneered standpipe, and the green arrow to the John Marshall School. Source: Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, Insurance Maps of Arlington of Arlington County, 1959. Memorandum Page 20 of 60

Figure 10: Aerial photograph of Arlington County, 1957, overlaid with current Arlington County GIS Map, 2018. The overlay shows the parcels with dwellings later acquired by Arlington County.

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Figure 11: Photograph of Netherfauld, the house likely built by Mary Ann Hall, and destroyed by fire ca. 1907. Source: The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, Surgeon General, U.S. Navy, 1902-1910: Biography and Autobiography, 1930.

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Figure 12: The temporary living quarters for Presley and Earlena Rixey until the completion of their new mansion. Source: The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, Surgeon General, U.S. Navy, 1902-1910: Biography and Autobiography, 1930. Memorandum Page 23 of 60

Figure 13: Dr. Rixey’s Place, Alexandria County, Virginia, 1921. Source: Library of Congress.

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Figure 14: Rear Admiral Presley Marion Rixey and two of his dogs “Tobias” and “Puff,” on the lawn at “Rixey.” Source: The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, Surgeon General, U.S. Navy, 1902-1910: Biography and Autobiography, 1930.

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Figure 15: Rixey watching the sunset from the west portico of his house. Source: The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, Surgeon General, U.S. Navy, 1902-1910: Biography and Autobiography, 1930.

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Figure 16: After Rixey’s death in 1928, Ida K. Polen purchased the farm and operated a tea house. Source: Arlington County Public Library.

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Figure 17: Interstate Commerce Commission Right-of-Way and Track Map, July 1, 1916. Livingstone Heights (1), Lyonhurst (2), Summit (3), and Rixey (4) stations. Source: National Archives. Memorandum Page 28 of 60

Figure 18: Lyonhurst Station, ca. 1917. Source: Herbert Harwood, from David A. Guillaudeu & Paul E. McCray, Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Revisited.

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Figure 19: Rixey Station, date unknown. Source: Unknown.

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Figure 20: Advertisement for Livingstone Heights, March 25, 1906. Source: Evening Star, March 25, 1906.

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Figure 21: Advertisement for Livingstone Heights, March 31, 1906. Source: Evening Star, March 31, 1906.

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Figure 22: Judge A.B. Grunwell’s residence in Livingstone Heights, ca. 1907. Source: Crandal Mackey, A Brief History of Alexandria County, Virginia, 1907.

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Figure 23: Former residence of George O. Wunder (incorrectly identified as “Wonder” in the book caption), ca. 1907. Source: Crandal Mackey, A Brief History of Alexandria County, Virginia, 1907.

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Figure 24: Home of Mrs. George Wunder (incorrectly identified as “Warder” in the advertisement caption). Source: Washington Herald, April 18, 1909.

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Figure 25: Home of H.P. Simpson, Livingstone Heights. Source: Washington Times, May 6, 1906.

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Figure 26: Proposed home of Henry A. Pressey in Livingstone Heights. Source: Washington Herald, March 29, 1908.

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Figure 27: Home of E.B. Calvert, Livingstone Heights, Virginia. Source: Washington Herald, May 31, 1908.

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Figure 28: House of Frank Upman, Livingstone Heights. Source: Washington Herald, May 31, 1908.

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Figure 29: E.H. Miller’s house, Livingstone Heights. Source: Washington Times, May 8, 1909.

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Figure 30: Home of Mrs. J.S. Miller, Livingstone Heights. Source: Evening Star, May 8, 1909.

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Figure 31: E.B. Calvert’s House, Livingstone Heights. Source: Evening Star, May 8, 1909.

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Figure 32: Livingstone Heights on the Great Falls Trolley line. Source: Evening Star, May 11, 1912.

Figure 33: All four of these houses remain standing at the following addresses (left to right): 4813, 4805, 4804, and 4812 24th St. N. Source: Evening Star, April 19, 1913.

Figure 34: Livingstone Heights. Source: Evening Star, June 13, 1914.

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Figure 35: Lyonhurst, ca. 1910. Source: Washington Times, April 2, 1910.

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Figure 36: Residence of Frank Lyon, at Lyonhurst, on the Virginia Hills, and New Garage and Water Tower to be Erected. Source: Washington Times, June 29, 1912.

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Figure 37: Washington Country Club, 1909. Source: Washington Herald, March 14, 1909.

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Figure 38: Washington Country Club, 1921/1922. Source: Library of Congress.

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Figures 39 and 40: Washington Country Club clubhouse constructed ca. 1958. Sources: Northern Virginia Sun, July 5, 1984 (top) and August 28, 1984 (bottom).

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Figure 41: Advertisement for the Lee Heights development. Source: Evening Star, June 30, 1923.

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Figure 42: Photograph of Ruby Lee Minar from a Lee Heights promotional brochure. Source: “Ruby Lee Minar Family Papers, 1923-1979,” Center for Local History, Arlington County Public Library.

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Figure 43: Images of well-known residences in Lee Heights from a promotional brochure. Source: “Ruby Lee Minar Family Papers, 1923-1979,” Center for Local History, Arlington County Public Library.

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Figure 44: Advertisement for the Lee Heights development. Source: Evening Star, August 7, 1926.

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Figure 45: Dwelling designed by A.F. Thelander in the Lee Heights development. Source: Evening Star, April 10, 1927.

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Figure 46: Lyonhurst Tower and Reservoir, ca. 1938. Source: Thomas P. Wharton, “The History and Development of the Water Supply of Arlington County,” Prepared for Initiation in Phi Mu, 1938. Memorandum Page 54 of 60

Figure 47: Lyonhurst Tower and Reservoir, ca.1946. Source: “Distribution Does It,” The American City, June 1946.

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Figure 48: Lyonhurst Tower, ca. 1964. Source: Arlington County Annual Report, 1964/1965.

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Figure 49: Carne School located at formerly located at 2425 North Glebe Road, ca. 1907. Source: Crandal Mackey, A Brief History of Alexandria County, Virginia, 1907.

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Figures 50 and 51: John Marshall School, ca. 1950; John Marshall Annex, ca. 1950. Source: E.A. Buchanan, “A Brief History of John Marshall School,” 1950.

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Figure 52: St. Mary’s Church in 1927. Source: Evening Star, April 25, 1927.

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Figure 53: St. Mary’s Church,1954. The congregation maintained design aspects of the building, but substantially reorganized and enlarged the massing of the church. Source: St. Mary’s Church, https://stmarysarlington.org (accessed December 4, 2018).

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Figure 54: Rendering of the Grace Evangelical United Brethren Chapel built in 1948. Source: Evening Star, July 31, 1948.