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Islam Revision BELIEFS and TEACHINGS Muslim Someone Who Has Submitted to Allah Islam the Name of the Religion Followed by Musli

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Islam Revision BELIEFS and TEACHINGS Muslim Someone Who Has Submitted to Allah Islam the Name of the Religion Followed by Musli Islam Revision BELIEFS AND TEACHINGS Muslim Someone who has submitted to Allah Islam The name of the religion followed by Muslims - the word Islam means peace Allah Arabic name of God Tawhid The oneness of God ‘Say He is Allah, the One, the eternal, the absolute, he begot no one nor is he begotten. No one is comparable to him’. ● Eternal = Will last forever without end ● Absolute = Exists independently of all other things ● Begot/begotten = Allah has no children and he has no parents Monotheistic A religion that believes in only one God Key differences Origins and leadership between Sunni Sunni Muslims believe in the Shi’a Muslims believe that Muhammad’s successor should be ​ ​ and Shi’a authority of the Qur’an and one of his descendants. Whereas Sunnis believe the leader Muslims Sunnah (following Muhammad’s should be elected. Shi’as also believe that there are 12 Imams ​ teachings and deeds) as in total. It is believed that the twelfth and final Imam known as interpreted by the four rightly the Mahdi is still alive but hidden until he will return with Jesus guided Caliphs (Muslim leaders): to bring about fairness and justice. The leadership in Shi’a Islam ​ ​ Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali. is known as The Imamate - they are a key source of authority ​ ​ for Shi’a Muslims. Beliefs Sunni Muslims have the 6 Articles of Faith Shi’a Muslims have the 5 Roots of ‘Usul ad-din 1. One God (Tawhid) 1. One God (Tawhid) 2. Prophethood (Nabuwwah) 2. Prophethood (Nabuwwah) 3. Day of Judgement / Resurrection / 3. Day of judgement / Resurrection / Afterlife Afterlife (Akhira) (Akhirah) 4. Angels (Malaika) 4. Belief in the justice of God 5. Holy books (e.g. Qur’an) 5. Belief in the Imamate 6. Supremacy of God’s will (Predestination/Qadr) Imam Meaning 1 = a person who leads Islamic prayers and gives sermons and advice on how to live a good Muslim life (like a priest) Meaning 2 = the title given to Ali and his successors (in Shi’a Islam only) God’s Immanent = the idea that God is present in and involved with life on earth ​ relationship with Transcendent = the idea that God is beyond and outside life on earth ​ the world Some atheists say that God is not transcendent at all - he just doesn’t exist. Their argument would be that if God did exist and if he was a loving God, then how could he allow evil and suffering to ​ ​ take place. The Nature of Omnipotent = the idea that God is almighty and has unlimited power ​ God Omniscient = the idea that God knows everything ​ Beneficent/Beneficence = the idea that God is benevolent and is a loving God ​ Merciful = the idea that God shows compassion and forgiveness to humans even though he has the ​ power to punish them Just/Justice (Adalat in Shi’a Islam) = the idea that God judges humans fairly, rewarding the good ​ and punishing the bad Predestination The idea that God decides or knows everything that will happen, but humans still have free will. (Al-quadr) Sunni Muslims ● Believe that God has already determined everything that will happen. ● Humans can not change their destiny but do have some choice over how they behave. ● ‘Only what God has decreed will happen to us’ Qur’an ​ ​ Shi’a Muslims ● Believe that God knows everything that is going to happen but that he doesn’t decide it. ● God is omniscient and is beyond time. This is how he already knows what you are going to do. ● ‘God does not change the condition of a people’ Qur’an ​ ​ Akhira Although humans have free will. Muslims believe that they are accountable for their actions. They (everlasting life believe that there will be a day of judgement. On this day all Muslims will be resurrected and judged: ​ after death) Resurrection = rising from the dead to be judged by God ​ Heaven/Jannah/Paradise = the state of eternal happiness in the presence of God (for extra marks, ​ why not refer to Firdaus which is the highest layer of heaven). ​ ​ Hell/Jahannam = the state of total separation from God after death and a place of punishment ​ ​ ​ Ka’aba The black cube-shaped building in the centre of the Grand Mosque in Mecca - holiest place in Islam ● Muslims circle 7 times around the Ka’aba – it represents the single point around which Muslim life focuses, the oneness of God. ● The Ka’aba is the direction of prayer in daily prayers. ● Muslims make a spiritual journey to it, during pilgrimage many will make a once in a lifetime journey to that point so that the whole of their life is focused on God. ● The Ka’aba unites all different sects of Muslims. Risalah Messages from God are known as Risalah. These messages are communicated by angels to the ​ ​ prophets and recorded in the holy books. ​ ​ ​ Malaika (angels) Spiritual beings believed to: 1. Pass on God’s message to Prophets 2. Provide nourishment for the planet 3. Guardian angels - taking care of people 4. Recording in the book of deeds for judgement day Jibril (Gabriel) = The angel of revelation who brought God’s message to prophets, particularly ​ Muhammad (pbuh) Mika’il (Michael) = The angel of mercy who rewards good deeds and provides nourishment ​ Kiraman Katibin = 2 angels called Raqib and Atid are on either side of you throughout your life. ​ They record in your book of deeds and present it to Allah on judgement day. Jinn (genie) Iblis = a being created from fire who was allowed to mingle with Angels in the heavens until he ​ rejected the command of God to bow before Adam. He is known as Shaytan (Satan) - he tempts Muslims to do bad deeds. Prophets Adam is important because God gave him understanding, which he passed on to other humans ​ through his descendents. God revealed to Adam which food Muslims are allowed to eat, how to repent for wrong doings and how to bury the dead. Abraham (Ibrahim) is important because he was a man of faith who denounced the worship of idols, ​ rebuilt the Ka’aba and gave the message that there is only one God. He proved his devotion to God by being prepared to sacrifice his own son. Muhammad (the last and greatest prophet) is important because he received the final revelation of ​ Islam through the Angel Gabriel (Jibril). These revelations formed the Qur’an. Holy books Qur’an = the most important holy book in Islam - believed to be the word of God revealed to ​ Muhammad via the angel Jibril. This is the ultimate source of authority and truth for Muslims. It is ​ also the main way that Allah reveals himself to Muslims. Torah = the five books revealed by God to Moses ​ Psalms = a holy book revealed to David by God ​ Gospel = a holy book revealed to Jesus by God ​ Scrolls of Abraham = a holy book revealed by God to Abraham (they have been lost) ​ Practice questions Give two words used to describe the nature of Allah (2 marks) ​ Name two angels mentioned in the Qur’an (2 marks) ​ Explain two ways in which a belief in Risalah influences Muslims today (4 marks) ​ Explain two ways in which belief in jannah influences Muslims today (4 marks) ​ Explain two Muslims teachings about adalat. (5 marks) ​ Explain two Muslim teachings about Akhirah. (5 marks) ​ ‘The Qur’an is more important than the other Muslim holy books’. (12 marks) ​ ‘Allah can not be all-powerful with all the suffering in the world today’. (12 marks) ​ ‘Predestination means that humans have no freedom’. (12 marks) ​ PRACTICES The Five Pillars Overview of the important practices for Sunni and Shi’a Muslims and Ten The most important duties for Important duties for Shi’a Muslims. ​ ​ Obligatory Acts Sunni Muslims 1. Salah - Prayer ​ ​ 1. Shahada - Declaration 2. Hajj - Pilgrimage ​ ​ of faith 3. Sawm - Fasting ​ 2. Salah - Prayer 4. Zakah - Charitable giving ​ ​ 3. Sawm - Fasting 5. Khums - 20% additional tax (½ to charity, ½ to religious ​ ​ 4. Zakah - Compulsory leaders) ​ charitable giving 6. Jihad - the struggle for faith ​ 5. Hajj - Pilgrimage 7. Amr-bil-Maruf - encouraging good deeds ​ ​ 8. Nahi Anil Munkar - discouraging bad deeds ​ 9. Tawallah - be loving to friends of God ​ 10. Tabarra - disassociating from enemies of God ​ Shahada ● Translated in English as ‘there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger’. ​ ​ (declaration of ● It is said when a baby is born, it is included in daily prayers and it is usually the last phrase faith) said by a Muslim before death. ● The Shahada is a constant reminder to Muslims of the key principles of their faith. Salah Prayer creates an awareness of God and motivates Muslims to do God’s will. (prayer) ● Wudu (also known as Ablution) - ritual washing before prayer for spiritual and physical ​ cleanliness ● Direction - Muslims pray in the direction of Makkah. The Qiblah wall in a mosque has a ​ mihrab (niche) pointing in the direction of Makkah. ● Imam - the person who leads prayer in a Mosque ​ ● Prayer mats - knelt on during prayer for spiritual cleanliness ​ ● Rak’ah - Daily prayers are made up of a sequence of actions and Qur’an recitations. This ​ includes prostration (kneeling in submission to God) ● Jummah prayer - weekly prayer at midday on Fridays which includes a sermon - men are ​ expected to attend, whilst for women it is optional but they may choose to pray at home due to their commitments to look after children. ● Places of prayer - where possible Muslims aim to pray in a Mosque. However, this is not ​ always possible, so some Muslims pray at home or in designated prayer rooms. When prayer is done in places other than a Mosque, Muslims still aim to use prayer mats, perform wudu and undertake Rak’ah.
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