DOCSLIB.ORG

New Mineral Names*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Mineral Names* American Mineralogist, Volume 82, pages 1261±1264, 1997 New mineral names* JOHN L. JAMBOR1 AND ANDREW C. ROBERTS2 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada 2Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G1, Canada Chrombismite* conchoidal fracture, extremely brittle, perfect {101}Å cleav- Xinchun Zhou, Jincai Yan, Guanxin Wang, Shizhong Wang, age, H 5 2±2½, VHN10 5 38±51, red internal re¯ection, 3 Liang Liu, Guiming Shu (1997) Chrombismite, Bi16CrO27, twinned on (010) and (100), Dcalc 5 5.24 g/cm for Z 5 4. a new mineral species from the Jialu gold mine, Shaanxi Clearly visible anisotropy in re¯ected light; re¯ectance per- Province, China. Can. Mineral., 35, 35±38. centages in air (WTiC standard) at 470, 543, 587, and 657 Electron microprobe analysis (average of 15) gave Bi nm are 29.7±35.4, 28.8±33.1, 26.7±30.3, and 26.6±29.9, 87.23, Cr 1.35, O 11.27, sum 99.85 wt%, corresponding respectively. Single-crystal X-ray study indicated mono- to Bi31 Cr61 O . Valences of Bi and Cr were determined clinic symmetry, space group P21/n; a 5 8.121(3), b 5 16.006 0.997 27 Ê by XPS. The mineral occurs as columnar to acicular crys- 23.969(9), c 5 5.847(3) A, b5107.68(3)8 as re®ned from tals up to 25 3 50 mm, and as irregular to spherical ag- a powder pattern (114 mm Debye±Scherrer, FeKa radia- tion) with strongest lines of 3.998(74,060), 3.816(54,210, gregates up to 1.5 mm across. Orange to yellowish-brown Å color, brownish-yellow streak, adamantine luster, translu- 3.587(86,221), 2.823(100,116), 2.778(84,260), and 2.670(58,301).Å cent, VHN100 5 113.3 (95.8±128.0), brittle, no cleavage, 3 The mineral is associated with orpiment, realgar, and Dmeas 5 9.80(3), Dcalc 5 9.85 g/cm for Z 5 2. Optically uniaxial positive, e52.55(2), v52.50(2), weakly pleo- other Tl-As sulfosalts in cavities in Triassic dolomite at chroic. Gray to light orange in re¯ected light, orange in- the Lengenbach quarry. The new name is for Franz ternal re¯ection, weak bire¯ectance and anisotropy. Te- Jentsch (1868±1908), head of a syndicate that was in the tragonal symmetry, space group I4, I4ÅÅ,orI4/m, a 5 forefront of the exploitation of mineral specimens from 8.649(3), c 5 17.24(1) AÊ . Strongest lines of the powder the quarry. Type material is in the Natural History Mu- pattern (57 mm Debye±Scherrer, FeKa) are 3.19(100,123), seum of Basel, and in the Mineralogical Institute, Uni- 2.730(40,310), 1.980(40,316), 1.715(30,219), and versity of Basel, Switzerland. 1.655(55,503,433), in good agreement with data for the Discussion. An incomplete description that focused on synthetic analog. the structural differences between jentschite and edenhar- The mineral occurs as a primary phase associated with terite was abstracted in Am. Mineral., 82, 431±432 pyrite, chalcopyrite, and gold in mesothermal quartz veins (1997). J.L.J. at the Jialu gold mine in Luonan County. The new name refers to the main elements present in the mineral. Type Jùrgensenite* material is in the Geological Museum of China, Beijing. J.L.J. H. Pauly, F.C. Hawthorne, P.C. Burns, G. Della Ventura (1997) Jùrgensenite, Na2(Sr,Ba)14Na2Al12F64(OH,F)4,a new alumino¯uoride mineral from Ivigtut, Greenland. Can. Mineral., 35, 175±179. Jentschite* S. Graeser, A. Edenharter (1997) Jentschite (Tl- Electron microprobe analysis gave Al 10.97, Mg 0.38, PbAs2SbS6)Ða new sulphosalt mineral from Lengen- Ca 0.28, Sr 32.76, Ba 8.63, Na 3.25, K 0.30, F 42.50, H2O bach, Binntal (Switzerland). Mineral. Mag., 61, 131± (calc.) 1.22, sum 100.29 wt%, which for Al 5 12 corre- 137. sponds to (Na1.54Mg0.46)S2.00 (Sr11.03Ba1.85Na0.63K0.23Ca0.21)S13.95- Na Al F (OH) . The mineral occurs as fan-shaped Electron microprobe analyses (mean of 15) gave Tl 2.00 12 66.00 2.00 aggregates up to 2 mm across, and as grains up to 10 mm 23.92, Pb 21.44, As 19.16, Sb 12.53, S 22.42, sum 99.47 across, elongate [010], white color and streak, vitreous lus- wt%, corresponding to Tl Pb As Sb S . Occurs as 1.00 0.87 2.22 0.87 6.03 ter, brittle, H 3 ±4, no cleavage or parting, uneven frac- prismatic, platy to acicular, polysynthetically twinned crys- 5 ½ ture, non¯uorescent, D 5 3.89(1), D 5 3.94 g/cm3 for tals, up to 2 mm long, showing major {010} and {130}, meas calc Z 1. Colorless in transmitted light, biaxial negative, and minor {001}, {041}, {101},ÅÅ {121}, and {151}. Å Bril- 5 a 5 1.436(1), b51.442(1), g51.442(1), 2V 5 0±5(5)8, liant black color, black metallic to submetallic luster, dark meas 2V 5 08, Y 5b, no dispersion. Single-crystal X-ray red streak, translucent red in thin fragments, uneven to calc structure study indicated monoclinic symmetry, space * Before publication, minerals marked with an asterisk were group C2/m; a 5 16.046(1), b 5 10.971(1), c 5 7.281(1) approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral AÊ , b5101.734(6)8 as re®ned from a Guinier powder pat- Names, International Mineralogical Association. tern (CuKa) with strongest lines of 7.844(80,200), 3.643 0003±004X/97/1112±1261$05.00 1261 1262 JAMBOR AND ROBERTS: NEW MINERAL NAMES ÅÅ (90,311), 3.453(100,112), 3.193(100,420), 3.112(90,421), 0.54), Cl 4.67 (3.84±5.74), H2O (loss on heating) 14.5, 2.998 (50,330), 2.989(90,022), 2.220(80,441),Å 2.173 O [ Cl 1.05, sum 100.68 wt%, corresponding to Å (90,150), and 2.001(80,801). Na0.90K0.05Ca0.23Cu2.79(AsO4)2.07Cl0.81´4.91H2O. Occurs as The mineral is associated with jarlite and stenonite in blue to emerald green aggregates of thin (;0.1 mm) ®ssures in the main cryolite mass at Ivigtut. The new square crystals, and as spherules to 0.2 mm in diameter. name is for Vilhelm Jùrgensen (1844±1925), co-founder Crystals are tabular on {001}, showing also {100}. Vit- of the cryolite factory at Ivigtut. Type material is in the reous luster, translucent, pale blue streak, irregular frac- Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Den- ture, perfect {001} cleavage, H 5 2±3, non¯uorescent, 3 mark. J.L.J. Dmeas 5 3.33(2), Dcalc 5 3.36(1) g/cm for Z 5 8. Optically uniaxial negative, v51.686(2), e51.635(2); intensely pleochroic, O 5 blue to intense green-blue, E 5 clear Juabite* blue to clear green. Single-crystal X-ray study indicated A.C. Roberts, R.A. Gault, M.C. Jensen, A.J. Criddle, E.A. tetragonal symmetry, space group P42212; a 5 10.085(2), 61 51 Ê Moffatt (1997) Juabite, Cu5(Te O4)2(As O4)2´3H2O, a c 5 23.836(8) A by re®nement of the powder pattern (114 new mineral species from the Centennial Eureka mine, mm Gandol®, CuKa radiation), with strongest lines at Juab County, Utah. Mineral. Mag., 61, 139±144. 11.90(100,326), 9.29(60,228), 7.132(50,219), 5.043 (60,424), 3.098(80,523), and 3.061(70,506). Three electron microprobe analyses gave CuO 38.25 The mineral is an oxidation product associated with (38.11±38.48), PbO 0.57 (0.41±0.74), TeO 32.58 3 tennantite, covellite, geminite, and pushcharovskite on (32.44±32.75), As O 22.81(22.48±23.04), H O (calc. for 2 5 2 quartz gangue. The new name is for V. Mahnert, director 3H2O) 5.19, sum 99.40 wt%, corresponding to 61 51 of the Natural History Museum of Geneva, which is the (Cu5.01Pb0.03)S5.04(Te O4)1.93(As O4)2.07´3H2O. The infrared 21 repository for the type material. J.L.J. spectrum has a strong band for H2O at 3283 cm and a weaker band at 1642 cm21. The mineral occurs as emerald green, platy masses (,1 mm across) in which the crystals Sheldrickite* average 125 3 100 3 1±2 mm, showing {010} and minor Å J.D. Grice, R.A. Gault, J. Van Velthuizen (1997) Sheld- {100}, {101}, and {101}. Translucent to transparent, vit- rickite, a new sodium-calcium-¯uorocarbonate mineral reous luster (adamantine on crystal faces), pale green species from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. Can. Min- streak, brittle, uneven to subconchoidal fracture, perfect eral., 35, 181±187. {010} cleavage, H 5 3±4, non¯uorescent, D 5 4.59 calc Electron microprobe analysis gave Na O 9.16, CaO g/cm3 for Z 5 2. White in re¯ected light, with ubiquitous 2 48.84, SrO 0.36, F 16.17, CO (calc.) 25.81, H O (TGA) turquoise-blue internal re¯ections. Single-crystal X-ray 2 2 5.61, O [ F 6.81, sum 99.14 wt%, corresponding to study indicated triclinic symmetry, space group P1or Na (Ca Si ) (CO ) [F (OH) ] ´H O, ideally P1Å;a58.984(5), b 5 10.079(7), c 5 8.975(5) AÊ , a5 1.01 2.97 0.01 S2.98 3 2 2.90 0.07 S2.97 2 NaCa (CO ) F ´H O.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Source and Bedrock Distribution of Gold and Platinum-Group Metals in the Slate Creek Area, Northern.Chistochina Mining District, East-Central Alaska
    Source and Bedrock Distribution of Gold and Platinum-Group Metals in the Slate Creek Area, Northern.Chistochina Mining District, East-Central Alaska By: Jeffrey Y. Foley and Cathy A. Summers Open-file report 14-90******************************************1990 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Manuel Lujan, Jr., Secretary BUREAU OF MINES T S Arv. Director TN 23 .U44 90-14 c.3 UNITED STATES BUREAU OF MINES -~ ~ . 4,~~~~1 JAMES BOYD MEMORIAL LIBRARY CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Acknowledgments 2 Location, access, and land status 2 History and production 4 Previous work 8 Geology 8 Regional and structural geologic setting 8 Rock units 8 Dacite stocks, dikes, and sills 8 Limestone 9 Argillite and sandstone 9 Differentiated igneous rocks north of the Slate Creek Fault Zone 10 Granitic rocks 16 Tertiary conglomerate 16 Geochemistry and metallurgy 18 Mineralogy 36 Discussion 44 Recommendations 45 References 47 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Map of Slate Creek and surrounding area, in the northern Chistochina Mining District 3 2. Geologic map of the Slate Creek area, showing sample localities and cross section (in pocket) 3. North-dipping slaty argillite with lighter-colored sandstone intervals in lower Miller Gulch 10 4. North-dipping differentiated mafic and ultramafic sill capping ridge and overlying slaty argillite at upper Slate Creek 11 5. Dike swarm cutting Jurassic-Cretaceous turbidites in Miller Gulch 12 6 60-ft-wide diorite porphyry and syenodiorite porphyry dike at Miller Gulch 13 7. Map showing the locations of PGM-bearing mafic and ultramafic rocks and major faults in the east-central Alaska Range 14 8. Major oxides versus Thornton-Tuttle differentiation index 17 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Behavior of Afghanite, an ABABACAC Member of the Cancrinite Group
    American Mineralogist, Volume 97, pages 630–640, 2012 Thermal behavior of afghanite, an ABABACAC member of the cancrinite group PAOLO BALLIRANO1,2,* AND FERDINANDO BOSI1,3 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy 2CNR-IGAG, Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, Sede di Roma, Via Bolognola 7, I-00138 Roma, Italy 3CNR-IGG Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Sede di Roma, P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy ABSTRACT Thermal behavior of afghanite, (Na15K5Ca11)Σ31[Si24Al24O96](SO4)6Cl6, P31c, a = 12.7961(7) Å, c = 21.4094(13) Å, an eight-layer member of the cancrinite group, has been investigated by combined electron microprobe analysis, X-ray single-crystal diffraction, and high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction. Non-ambient X-ray powder diffraction data were collected in the 323–1223 K thermal range on a specimen from Case Collina, Latium, Italy. Structural refinement and site assignment based on the bond-valence analysis, performed on room-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, provided more accurate site allocation of cations than the available model in the literature. The results show that the cancrinite cages alternating with the liottite cages are more compressed along the c-axis than the remaining ones. As a result the chlorine atom, located at the center of the cages, is driven off-axis to release the steric strain due to the cage compression. Thermal expansion shows a discontinuity at 448 K for both a and c unit-cell parameters, a feature previously reported for other cancrinite-like minerals.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Geological Investigations in the Bird River Sill, Southeastern Manitoba (Part of NTS 52L5): Geology and Preliminary Geochemical Results by C.A
    GS-19 Geological investigations in the Bird River Sill, southeastern Manitoba (part of NTS 52L5): geology and preliminary geochemical results by C.A. Mealin1 Mealin, C.A. 2006: Geological investigations in the Bird River Sill, southeastern Manitoba (part of NTS 52L5): geology and preliminary geochemical results; in Report of Activities 2006, Manitoba Science, Technology, Energy and Mines, Manitoba Geological Survey, p. 214–225. Summary and gravitational differentiation. In 2005, this study was initiated to examine the Bird Theyer (1985) identified unusual River Sill (BRS), a mafic-ultramafic layered intrusion cooling conditions requiring several magma pulses and located in the Bird River greenstone belt in southeastern cast doubt on a single magmatic intrusion theory. Manitoba. The BRS is currently an exploration target In 2005, this study was initiated to examine the for Ni-Cu–platinum group element (PGE) deposits and, controls on Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization and test the single in the past, hosted two Ni-Cu mines (Maskwa West and versus multiple injection hypothesis to establish the Dumbarton mines). relationship between mineralization and the magmatic Nickel-copper mineralization on the western half history. Specific objectives include of the BRS consists primarily of disseminated to blebby • detailed mapping of the Chrome, Page, Peterson pyrrhotite+chalcopyrite and is present in the ultramafic Block and National-Ledin properties (Figure GS-19-1); series of the Chrome and Page properties and the mafic • determination of the sulphur source for the Ni-Cu- series of the Wards property. During this study, several PGE mineralization; new sulphide-bearing localities in both the ultramafic and • delineation of the sill’s sulphur saturation history; mafic units of the sill have been identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Mineralogy of Gold: Overview and New Data Minéralogie Moderne De L’Or : Bilan Et Nouvelles Données
    ArcheoSciences Revue d'archéométrie 33 | 2009 Authentication and analysis of goldwork Modern mineralogy of gold: overview and new data Minéralogie moderne de l’or : bilan et nouvelles données Ernst Spiridonov and Denka Yanakieva Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/archeosciences/2034 DOI: 10.4000/archeosciences.2034 ISBN: 978-2-7535-1598-7 ISSN: 2104-3728 Publisher Presses universitaires de Rennes Printed version Date of publication: 31 December 2009 Number of pages: 67-73 ISBN: 978-2-7535-1181-1 ISSN: 1960-1360 Electronic reference Ernst Spiridonov and Denka Yanakieva, « Modern mineralogy of gold: overview and new data », ArcheoSciences [Online], 33 | 2009, Online since 09 December 2012, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/archeosciences/2034 ; DOI : 10.4000/archeosciences.2034 Article L.111-1 du Code de la propriété intellectuelle. Modern mineralogy of gold: overview and new data Minéralogie moderne de l’or : bilan et nouvelles données Ernst Spiridonov* and Denka Yanakieva** Abstract: We suppose that it should be useful for archaeologists to have an overview on gold mineralogy, because 1) in ancient times, part of the golden objects were made directly from natural golden nuggets; 2) most of the Au in ores exists as its own minerals. he major part of the Au in the planets and meteorites of our Solar system is found in high temperature solid solutions: metallic Fe-Ni and monosulides Fe-Ni and Fe-Cu. Au leaves them under luid or some other reworking. As a result, Au minerals are formed. hey are mainly developed in hydrothermal deposits of the upper part of Earth’s continental crust.
    [Show full text]
  • Marinellite, a New Feldspathoid of the Cancrinite-Sodalite Group
    Eur. J. Mineral. 2003, 15, 1019–1027 Marinellite, a new feldspathoid of the cancrinite-sodalite group ELENA BONACCORSI* and PAOLO ORLANDI Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita` di Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, I-56126 Pisa, Italy * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Marinellite, [(Na,K)42Ca6](Si36Al36O144)(SO4)8Cl2·6H2O, cell parameters a = 12.880(2) Å, c = 31.761(6) Å, is a new feldspathoid belonging to the cancrinite-sodalite group. The crystal structure of a twinned crystal was preliminary refined in space group P31c, but space group P62c could also be possible. It was found near Sacrofano, Latium, Italy, associated with giuseppettite, sanidine, nepheline, haüyne, biotite, and kalsilite. It is anhedral, transparent, colourless with vitreous lustre, white streak and Mohs’ hardness of 5.5. The mineral does not fluoresce, is brittle, has conchoidal fracture, and presents poor cleavage on {001}. Dmeas is 3 3 2.405(5) g/cm , Dcalc is 2.40 g/cm . Optically, marinellite is uniaxial positive, non-pleochroic, = 1.495(1), = 1.497(1). The strongest five reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [d in Å (I) (hkl)]: 3.725 (100) (214), 3.513 (80) (215), 4.20 (42) (210), 3.089 (40) (217), 2.150 (40) (330). The electron microprobe analysis gives K2O 7.94, Na2O 14.95, CaO 5.14, Al2O3 27.80, SiO2 32.73, SO3 9.84, Cl 0.87, (H2O 0.93), sum 100.20 wt %, less O = Cl 0.20, (total 100.00 wt %); H2O calculated by difference. The corresponding empirical formula, based on 72 (Si + Al), is (Na31.86K11.13Ca6.06) =49.05(Si35.98Al36.02)S=72O144.60(SO4)8.12Cl1.62·3.41H2O.
    [Show full text]
  • 26 May 2021 Aperto
    AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino The crystal structure of sacrofanite, the 74 Å phase of the cancrinite–sodalite supergroup This is the author's manuscript Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/90838 since Published version: DOI:10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.06.033 Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 05 October 2021 This Accepted Author Manuscript (AAM) is copyrighted and published by Elsevier. It is posted here by agreement between Elsevier and the University of Turin. Changes resulting from the publishing process - such as editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms - may not be reflected in this version of the text. The definitive version of the text was subsequently published in MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS, 147, 2012, 10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.06.033. You may download, copy and otherwise use the AAM for non-commercial purposes provided that your license is limited by the following restrictions: (1) You may use this AAM for non-commercial purposes only under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND license. (2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    CAL – CAL GENERAL INDEX CACOXENITE United States Prospect quarry (rhombs to 3 cm) 25:189– Not verified from pegmatites; most id as strunzite Arizona 190p 4:119, 4:121 Campbell shaft, Bisbee 24:428n Unanderra quarry 19:393c Australia California Willy Wally Gully (spherulitic) 19:401 Queensland Golden Rule mine, Tuolumne County 18:63 Queensland Mt. Isa mine 19:479 Stanislaus mine, Calaveras County 13:396h Mt. Isa mine (some scepter) 19:479 South Australia Colorado South Australia Moonta mines 19:(412) Cresson mine, Teller County (1 cm crystals; Beltana mine: smithsonite after 22:454p; Brazil some poss. melonite after) 16:234–236d,c white rhombs to 1 cm 22:452 Minas Gerais Cripple Creek, Teller County 13:395–396p,d, Wallaroo mines 19:413 Conselheiro Pena (id as acicular beraunite) 13:399 Tasmania 24:385n San Juan Mountains 10:358n Renison mine 19:384 Ireland Oregon Victoria Ft. Lismeenagh, Shenagolden, County Limer- Last Chance mine, Baker County 13:398n Flinders area 19:456 ick 20:396 Wisconsin Hunter River valley, north of Sydney (“glen- Spain Rib Mountain, Marathon County (5 mm laths donite,” poss. after ikaite) 19:368p,h Horcajo mines, Ciudad Real (rosettes; crystals in quartz) 12:95 Jindevick quarry, Warregul (oriented on cal- to 1 cm) 25:22p, 25:25 CALCIO-ANCYLITE-(Ce), -(Nd) cite) 19:199, 19:200p Kennon Head, Phillip Island 19:456 Sweden Canada Phelans Bluff, Phillip Island 19:456 Leveäniemi iron mine, Norrbotten 20:345p, Québec 20:346, 22:(48) Phillip Island 19:456 Mt. St-Hilaire (calcio-ancylite-(Ce)) 21:295– Austria United States
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Mineral Ecology: Predicting the Undiscovered Minerals of Carbon
    American Mineralogist, Volume 101, pages 889–906, 2016 Carbon mineral ecology: Predicting the undiscovered minerals of carbon ROBERT M. HAZEN1,*, DANIEL R. HUMMER1, GRETHE HYSTAD2, ROBERT T. DOWNS3, AND JOSHUA J. GOLDEN3 1Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 2Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323, U.S.A. 3Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Studies in mineral ecology exploit mineralogical databases to document diversity-distribution rela- tionships of minerals—relationships that are integral to characterizing “Earth-like” planets. As carbon is the most crucial element to life on Earth, as well as one of the defining constituents of a planet’s near-surface mineralogy, we focus here on the diversity and distribution of carbon-bearing minerals. We applied a Large Number of Rare Events (LNRE) model to the 403 known minerals of carbon, using 82 922 mineral species/locality data tabulated in http://mindat.org (as of 1 January 2015). We find that all carbon-bearing minerals, as well as subsets containing C with O, H, Ca, or Na, conform to LNRE distributions. Our model predicts that at least 548 C minerals exist on Earth today, indicating that at least 145 carbon-bearing mineral species have yet to be discovered. Furthermore, by analyzing subsets of the most common additional elements in carbon-bearing minerals (i.e., 378 C + O species; 282 C + H species; 133 C + Ca species; and 100 C + Na species), we predict that approximately 129 of these missing carbon minerals contain oxygen, 118 contain hydrogen, 52 contain calcium, and more than 60 contain sodium.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of Platinum Group Minerals (PGM) Inclusions in Chromite Deposits of the Urals
    minerals Article Origin of Platinum Group Minerals (PGM) Inclusions in Chromite Deposits of the Urals Federica Zaccarini 1,*, Giorgio Garuti 1, Evgeny Pushkarev 2 and Oskar Thalhammer 1 1 Department of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics, University of Leoben, Peter Tunner Str.5, A 8700 Leoben, Austria; [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (O.T.) 2 Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Str. Pochtovy per. 7, 620151 Ekaterinburg, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-3842-402-6218 Received: 13 August 2018; Accepted: 28 August 2018; Published: 31 August 2018 Abstract: This paper reviews a database of about 1500 published and 1000 unpublished microprobe analyses of platinum-group minerals (PGM) from chromite deposits associated with ophiolites and Alaskan-type complexes of the Urals. Composition, texture, and paragenesis of unaltered PGM enclosed in fresh chromitite of the ophiolites indicate that the PGM formed by a sequence of crystallization events before, during, and probably after primary chromite precipitation. The most important controlling factors are sulfur fugacity and temperature. Laurite and Os–Ir–Ru alloys are pristine liquidus phases crystallized at high temperature and low sulfur fugacity: they were trapped in the chromite as solid particles. Oxygen thermobarometry supports that several chromitites underwent compositional equilibration down to 700 ◦C involving increase of the Fe3/Fe2 ratio. These chromitites contain a great number of PGM including—besides laurite and alloys—erlichmanite, Ir–Ni–sulfides, and Ir–Ru sulfarsenides formed by increasing sulfur fugacity. Correlation with chromite composition suggests that the latest stage of PGM crystallization might have occurred in the subsolidus.
    [Show full text]
  • Detrital Platinum-Group Minerals (PGM) in Rivers of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa – a Reconnaissance Study
    Detrital Platinum-Group Minerals (PGM) in Rivers of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa – A Reconnaissance Study Thomas Oberthür, Frank Melcher, Lothar Gast, Christian Wöhrl and Jerzy Lodziak Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Regional geology The initial major discovery of platinum in Sampling concentrated on stream the Bushveld Complex, which subsequently led to sediments of rivers in the vicinity of the original the discovery of the Merensky Reef, was made in discovery of the Merensky Reef on the farm 1924 by panning in a river bed on the farm Maandagshoek close to Burgersfort in the Eastern Maandagshoek in the Eastern Bushveld (Merensky Bushveld (Fig. 1). The localities investigated by 1924, 1926, Wagner 1929, Cawthorn 1999a, 1999b, Cawthorn (1999b, 2001), i. e. those documented by 2001). Wagner (1929) also reports on a number of Merensky (1924) as Pt-bearing, and additional alluvial diggings in the Bushveld Complex that places along the Moopetsi river were sampled. The produced some platinum. However, as mining river valley runs approximately north-south, commenced on the rich pipes and reef-type deposits subparallel to the layering of the Mafic Phase of the of the Bushveld, alluvial PGM soon became Bushveld Complex, and is between 2 and 3 km forgotten and no published information on the wide. On the farm Maandagshoek, the Merensky placer PGM is available. Cawthorn (1999b, 2001) Reef and the UG2 are about 2 km apart and crop performed geochemical investigations of stream- out on the western and eastern side, respectively, of sediments at and close to the 1924 discovery site the Moopetsi river.
    [Show full text]
  • MACROCRYSTALS of Pt–Fe ALLOY from the KONDYOR PGE PLACER DEPOSIT, KHABAROVSKIY KRAY, RUSSIA: TRACE-ELEMENT CONTENT, MINERAL INCLUSIONS and REACTION ASSEMBLAGES
    601 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 42, pp. 601-617 (2004) MACROCRYSTALS OF Pt–Fe ALLOY FROM THE KONDYOR PGE PLACER DEPOSIT, KHABAROVSKIY KRAY, RUSSIA: TRACE-ELEMENT CONTENT, MINERAL INCLUSIONS AND REACTION ASSEMBLAGES GALINA G. SHCHEKA§ Far East Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prospect 100-letya, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia BERND LEHMANN, EIKE GIERTH AND KARSTEN GÖMANN Institute of Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Technical University of Clausthal, Adolph-Roemer-Strasse 2a, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany ALEX WALLIANOS Max-Planck Institute of Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69000 Heidelberg, Germany ABSTRACT Euhedral macrocrystals of Pt–Fe alloy from the Kondyor PGE placer, Khabarovskiy Kray, eastern Siberia, Russia, have a relatively constant composition of Pt2.4–2.6Fe, tin and antimony contents up to 0.3 wt.%, and an unusually low content of all PGE except Pt. The millimetric crystals contain inclusions of fluorapatite, titanite, phlogopite, magnetite, ilmenite and iron–copper sulfides. The macrocrystals have a complex gold-rich rim, with four groups of gold alloy: tetra-auricupride (the most abundant gold-bearing phase), Au–Ag (98–54 wt.% Au), Au–Ag–Cu–Pd and Au–Pd–Cu alloys. The inner part of the reaction rim hosts a variety of PGE minerals, such as stannides, antimonides and tellurobismuthides of Pd and Pt. Stannides occur as copper-bearing (taimyrite–tatyanaite series) and copper-free compounds (atokite–rustenburgite series). The main antimony mineral is Sn-bearing mertieite-II. Tellurobismuthides are represented by Te-rich sobolevskite and an intermediate member of the moncheite–insizwaite solid-solution series. The reaction rim also hosts several unknown phases, such as Pd7Bi3, Pd3Bi, Bi2O3•3H2O, and a phosphocarbonate of thorium.
    [Show full text]