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Pythium Aphanidermatum (Edson)

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Pythium Aphanidermatum (Edson) ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﻋﻠﻮم زراﻋﻲ --- ﺳﺎل ﭼﻬﺎرم ، ﺷﻤﺎره 141414 ،،، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 000 113399139 93 ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ (Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson در دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ رﺷﺪي در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺘﺎﺣﻲ1 ، دوﺳﺘﻤﺮاد ﻇﻔﺮي2 و ﺳﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي3 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻬﻢ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﻮده و از ﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي رﻳﺸﻪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ، ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻬ ﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻫﺴﺘﻨ ﺪ . اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ارﻗﺎم ﻘﺎوم، اﻣ ﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش زﻳﺴﺖ ﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺮاي ـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺰاد اﺳ ﺖ . در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﭼﻬﺎر ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ اﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﺑ ﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه دو ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﺣﺴﺎس و ﻘﺎوم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ رﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ Pythium aphanidermatum در ﺷﺮا ﻴﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن در دو ﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽ ﻪ اي و ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺎﻳﻪ زﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . زادﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﻲ ﺗﻴﻮم، ﻛﺸﺖ 5 3- روزه آن روي ﺤـﻴﻂ ﻛـﺸﺖ CMA ﺑـﻮ د . آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻃﺮح ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷ ﺪ . ﻳﻚ ﺎه ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺎﻳ ﻪزﻧﻲ ﻴﺰان ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪ ﮔﻲ رﻳﺸ ﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻘﻴﺎس ﻳﻚ اﻟﻲ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳ ﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ در ﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ اي ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي 16 و 44 ﺳﻄﺤﻲ از ﻘﺎوﻣﺖ را ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻴﺘﻴﻮﻣﻲ دارا ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . در ﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎﻟﻎ، ژﻧﻮﺗﻴ ﭗﻫـﺎي 16، 44 و 78 داراي ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎري ﻛﻤﺘـﺮي ا ز ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻘﺎوم ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ . اﺛﺮ ﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻦ و ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻛﻪ در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﻦ ﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ . ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ، Pythium aphanidermatum، ﺑﻴﻤﺎر ﺧﺎﻛﺰاد ﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري. Archive of SID ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 28/3/90 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 10/30/ 90 -1 داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ، داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﻫﻤﺪان ، اﻳﺮان ( ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل). E- mail: fattahi_sh @yahoo.com 2- داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻫﻤﺪان، داﻧﺸﻴﺎر داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﻫﻤﺪان، اﻳﺮان . 3- اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت اﺻﻼح و ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺑﺬر ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ، ﻛﺮج، اﻳﺮان. www.SID.ir 94 ﻓﺘﺎﺣﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران . ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗ ﻨﺪﻨﻨﺪﺪ ......... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳ ﻣﻨﺎﺑ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ اﻳﻦﺻﻮرت، آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ از ﻧﻮك رﻳﺸﻪ ﺷﺮوع ﺷﺪه و ﺑـﻪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ (.Beta vulgaris L) از ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺳﺮاﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎ وﺟـﻮد ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ دﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان دو ﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻔﻴﺪ رﻧﮓ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺑﺮ روي ِ Cooki and Scott, 1993 ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺷﻜﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻧﻴـﺸﻜﺮ اﺳـﺖ و ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﺎﻟﻪ رﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲﺷ ـﻮد ( ). ﺣﺪود 40 % ﺷﻜﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آن ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮد . در ﻧﺘﻴﺠــﻪ ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﺗــﺄﺧﻴﺮ در رﺷــﺪ ﮔﻴــﺎه و ﻛــﺎﻫﺶ Martin and Loper, 1999 در اﻳﺮان ﺑﺨﺶ زﻳﺎدي از ﻗﻨ ـﺪ از ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ( ). اﻳﻦ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ داراي ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫـﺎي زﻳـﺎدي ﺑﻴﻤﺎري در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ، ﺑﻪوﻳﮋه در زﻣﻴﻦ ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻣﺤـﺪودﻳﺖ ﻛـﺸﺖ آن در ﺑﻌـﻀﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ آﺑﻴﺎري ﻣـﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧـﺪ، دﻳـﺪه ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد . ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ . ﭘﻮﺳــﻴﺪﮔﻲ رﻳــﺸﻪ ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ از ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ رﻳﺸﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ در اﻧﺘﻬـﺎي ﺧﻄـﻮط آﺑﻴـﺎري، Pythium aphanidermatum از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ وﻳﮋه اي در ﺟﺎﻳﻲﻛﻪ آب ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮدد . اﻳـﺮان ﺑﺮﺧـﻮردار اﺳــﺖ ( ,.Babai- Ahary et al ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ در ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛـﻪ دﻣـﺎي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑـﺎﻻ Zamani Noor et al., 2004 ;2004 .) ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. P. aphanidermatum Edson ﻳـﻚ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﭘـﻲ ﺗﻴـﻮم ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺳﻤﻮم و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﺑﻬﻢ زدن ﺗﻌﺎدل زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺮم رﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . ﭘﻲ ﺗﻴﻮم اﻏﻠﺐ در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك و اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﭘﻴﺪاﻳﺶ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎي رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ راﻳﺰوﻛﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ و ﻓﻴﺘـﻮﻓﺘﺮا ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻢ در ﻧﮋادﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺴﻲ از ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎ را ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ( ,Martin ﺑﻴﻤﺎري زا، اﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ، ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ، ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ و 2003 ) . ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﭘـﻲ ﺗﻴـﻮم ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﻣـﺮگ ﭘﺎﻳﺪارﺗﺮﻳﻦ ر وش ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎ و ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺳﺒﺰ ﺷﺪن و ﭘﺲ از ﺳﺒﺰ ﺷﺪن ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻲ ﺗﻴﻮم اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از Kens, 2008 در ﺻﻮرت وﺟﻮد ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ و آﻟـﻮدﮔﻲ ارﻗﺎم ﻣﻘﺎوم اﺳﺖ ( )، وﻟﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ رﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﻲ زﻧﻨﺪ. اوﻟـﻴﻦ اﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻻﻳﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪي ﺑﻴﻤﺎري، ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﻲ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎ SIDدر ﺳـﺎﻋﺎت of ﮔـﺮم ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ وﻟﻲ Archiveﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌﻲ از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در روز ﺑــﻮده ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﭘﻴــﺸﺮﻓﺖ آﻟــﻮدﮔﻲ، ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔــﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎ دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . آﻟﺘﺮ و دز Altier and Theis, 1995 ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟـﻮد در ﺷـﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن ( ) از روش درون ﻣﺠﺪداً ﺷﺎداب ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧـﺪ وﻟـﻲ در ﺻـﻮرت ﺷـﺪت ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي اﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﻴﻤﺎري زاﻳﻲ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن از ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺑﺮوﻧـﺪ . ژرم ﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ . آن ﻫﺎ روش روي رﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ درون ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اي را ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ژرم ﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻫﺎي رﻧــﮓ ﻗﻬــﻮهاي ﺗــﺎ ﺳــﻴﺎه ﻇــﺎﻫﺮ ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮد ﻛــﻪ در ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻲ ﺗﻴﻮم www.SID.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﻋﻠﻮم زراﻋﻲ --- ﺳﺎل ﭼﻬﺎرم ، ﺷﻤﺎره 141414 ،،، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 000 113399139 95 ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ داﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﻫﻴﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺗﺎم و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ و از اﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد، در ( Higginbotham et al., 2004 ) ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺟﻮد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي درون ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اي و ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﻗﺒﻼ ﺑﻪ ارﻗﺎم ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﮔﻨﺪم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ Pythium ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﻴﻤﺎري زاﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ debaryanum و Fattahi et al., 2008 ) Pythium ultimum Trow .) ﭼﻬﺎر ﻻﻳﻦ اﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ . آن ﻫﺎ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ را ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﻫﺎي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ (SB 19 -P.24(24) ،SB 19 -P.16(16، ﻃﻮل ﻏﻼف و رﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮار داده و دو ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ را ﺑﻪ (SB 19 -P.44(44 و (SB 19 -P.78(78 ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﻮان ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺣﺴﺎس و ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوم در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ. ﻟ ﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﭼﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( ,.Luterbacher et al ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . رﻗﻢ ﺗﺠﺎري 7112 ﺑﻪ 2005 ,2000 ) ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ژرم ﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺟﻨﺲ Beta را ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺣﺴﺎس و رﻗﻢ ﺗﺠﺎري Dorotea ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ P. ultimum ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻣﻴﺮي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ راﻳﺰوﻛﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ رﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ . آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌﻲ از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ را و ﻃﻮﻗﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮ در اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ . در ﻻﻳﻦ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻼﺣﻲ و ارﻗﺎم ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣ ﻘﺎوم و ﺣﺴﺎس از اﻳﺮان اﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺎ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( ,.Abrinnia et al ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت اﺻﻼح و ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺑﺬر ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ 2007 ) ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ 20 ﻻﻳﻦ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ دو ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ P. ultimum ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺬور ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﻣﻴﺮي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ. ﻣﺪت ﺳﻪ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ 1 % ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ و ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﭘﻨﺞ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ آب ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮﻫـﺎي ﻣﻬـﻢ رﻳـﺸﻪ، در اﻳـﻦ ﺟﺎري ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ( Zang and Yang, 2000 ). ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻃﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺗ ﻌﺪادي ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ زﻧﻲ، ﺑﺬرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 24 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در آب از ژﻧﻮﺗﻴــﭗﻫــﺎي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨــﺪ ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑــﻪ Edson ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻌﺪ در ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺎء ﻛﺸﺖ Pythium aphanidermatum در دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ رﺷﺪي ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ . ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺣﺪود ﺳﻪ اﻟﻲ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎء ﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽـﻪ اي و SIDﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن ﺑـﺎﻟﻎ of ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﺪانArchiveﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي ﻛﺸﺖ داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻪ زﻧﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻪ زﻧﻲ ﻣﻮا روشﻫﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ P. aphanidermatum ، اﻳﻦ CMA 1 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ (Pythium aphanidermatum (PA2 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ در ﺗﺸﺘﻚ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮي ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، ﻛﺸﺖ ﺷﺪ و رﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺗﺸﺘﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد PA2 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ از رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه 1- Corn Meal Agar www.SID.ir 96 ﻓﺘﺎﺣﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران . ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗ ﻨﺪﻨﺪﻨﺪ ......... ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﮔﺎردار ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان زاد ﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻔﺖ (;Altier and Theis, 1995 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ( Panella, 1998 Salas et al., 2003; Brantner ) و ﺑﺎ اﻋﻤﺎل ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات and windels, 1998 ). ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از ﻛﺸﺖ 24 ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ( ﺟﺪول .)1 .)1 ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ PA2 اﺳﺘﻔﺎد ه ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺧﺎك اﻃﺮاف داده ﻫﺎي ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻨﺎر زده ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻳﻚ ﭘﺘﺮي ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰارﻫﺎي MSTATC و SPSS ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﺎ اﺳﻜﺎﻟﭙﻞ ﺳﺘﺮون در ﻛﻨﺎر رﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮا ر ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ داده ﺷﺪ و از ﺧﺎك ﮔﻠﺪان روي آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺮداﻧﺪه ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺎت ﺑﻪ روش داﻧﻜﻦ و ﺑﺎ و ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ آﺑﻴﺎري اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻦ ده ﮔﻠﺪان اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار MSTATC اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﻫﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﺑﻨﺪي ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ آﮔﺎردار را درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ رﻳﺸﻪ، ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ اي ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﺠﺬور اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺷﺒﺎع ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪام از ﮔﻠﺪان ﻫﺎ درون ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ اﻗﻠﻴﺪﺳﻲ و ﺑﻪ روش UPGMA ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮ از آب ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار SPSS اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﻫﺮ دو روز ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎر ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن آب ﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺪت ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﺪ . آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ( Disease Index ) ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﺮار و در ﻫﺮ ﺗﻜﺮار 10 ﺑﻮﺗﻪ اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ د ر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎي ﻫﻤﺪان اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ از EXCEL ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻮر، دﻣﺎ و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در ﺣﺪي ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪول -1 ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎه و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﺰا ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﻴﻤ ﺎري ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ رﻳﺸﻪ در ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻳﻚ اﻟﻲ ﻫﻔﺖ ﮔﺮدد . ﭼﻬﺎر ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﻣﺎﻳﻪ زﻧﻲ، رﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﺧﺎك ( Altier and Theis, 1995; Panella, 1998 ) ) Tab1- Evaluation of sugar beet cultivars in ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه و ﭘﺲ از ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از amount of root rot disease on a scale of one ﻣﻘﻴﺎسﻫ ﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻮرد SIDارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار ofﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ .
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  • Management of Damping Off (Pythium Aphanidermatum ) in Chilli (Capsicum Annum Cv VNS-4 ) by Pseudomonas Fluorescens
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