Tambores De Todas As Cores Práticas De Mediação Religiosa Afro-Gaúchas

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Tambores De Todas As Cores Práticas De Mediação Religiosa Afro-Gaúchas Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social Leonardo Oliveira de Almeida Tambores de todas as cores Práticas de mediação religiosa afro-gaúchas Orientador: Emerson Alessandro Giumbelli Porto Alegre 2019 1 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social Leonardo Oliveira de Almeida Tambores de todas as cores Práticas de mediação religiosa afro-gaúchas Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Antropologia Social da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul para obtenção do título de doutor em Antropologia Social Orientador: Emerson Alessandro Giumbelli Porto Alegre 2019 2 3 LEONARDO OLIVEIRA DE ALMEIDA TAMBORES DE TODAS AS CORES PRÁTICAS DE MEDIAÇÃO RELIGIOSA AFRO-GAÚCHAS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Antropologia Social da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul para obtenção do título de doutor em Antropologia Social Porto Alegre, 25 de fevereiro de 2019 BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________ Prof. Ari Pedro Oro Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul _____________________________________________ Prof. Miriam Cristina Marcilio Rabelo Universidade Federal da Bahia _____________________________________________ Prof. Daniel Francisco de Bem Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul 4 Agradecimentos Esta pesquisa não teria sido realizada sem a contribuição de diversos alabês, amigos, familiares, pais e mães de santo, entidades e orixás. Agradeço aos alabês Étto Mendes, Vagner de Agandjú, Bryan de Avagã, Yoran de Oxalá, Felipe de Oxalá, Alexandre de Bará, André de Agandjú, Luis de Xapanã, Alfredo de Ossain, Felipe de Bará Agelú, Lobinho, Sandrinho, Migui de Oxalá, Toco de Bará, Iago de Iemanjá, Frank Moraes, Jarbas de Aganjú, Deyvedi Ricardo, Bruno Dias, Felipinho de Odé, Wesley de Bará Agelú, Eduardo de Ogum Adiola, que entre os anos de 2015 e 2018 me possibilitaram traçar uma trajetória nômade de pesquisa em Porto Alegre e nas cidades que compõem sua Região Metropolitana. Aos tambores, que me permitiram acompanhá-los em suas trajetórias e seus modos de existência. Aos orixás e entidades, pelas bênçãos, conversas e passes. Também agradeço ao tamboreiro Chamim de Aganjú, que veio a falecer durante o período de pesquisa, e aos seus filhos. Agradeço ao tamboreiro e meu professor Antonio Carlos de Xangô, pelas diversas vezes que me recebeu em sua casa de forma tão acolhedora. Agradeço aos tamboreiros Alfredo Ferreira e Chaninho de Bará, sempre disponíveis para uma boa conversa. Aos pais e mães de santo que se interessaram em conhecer um pouco sobre mim e me permitiram frequentar suas casas e conhecer alguns traços de suas experiências: Mãe Clara de Oxum, Mãe Josecler, Pai Didi de Xagô, Mãe Hulda Santos, Pai Daniel de Xangô, Pai Geison de Xangô, Pai Gelson Barbosa, Pai Bicudo de Xapanã, Pai Cesar de Xangô, e Larissa Mendes. Agradeço aos amigos keyla de Oyá, Joel Silva, Priscila Amaral, Douglas Paz, Flavia Paiva, Rita Mendes, Rita Lima, Jorge Conde, Fernanda Santos, kellen Silva e Duane Rosa, pelos churrascos, caronas, ensaios, rituais e piadas sem fim. Aos funcionários e criadores de empresas de mídia, em especial os amigos Felipe Paiva, Fernando AfroMídia, Marcelo Brandão, Rafael Luz, Israel Avila, Marlise Lacerda, Alberto Flores, Shirlei Massoco, Rodrigo Fangial, William Nunes e Wayner Nunes. Ao meu orientador, Emerson Giumbelli, pelas orientações que soubemos transformar em amizade. Obrigado pelo acolhimento e pelas diversas demonstrações de cuidado e afeto. Também agradeço a Fabiola Rohden e Júlia pela amizade e pelas aventuras em Porto Alegre e Holanda. 5 Agradeço aos meus amigos Fernanda Heberle e Rodrigo Toniol, pelas conversas, parcerias, viagens, hospedagens, confidências, acolhimentos e afetos. Ao professor Ari Pedro Oro, pelas doses de motivação, pelas leituras atentas e pela amizade que construímos. Ao professor Jean Segata, pelas conversas amigáveis e pelas reflexões teóricas. Também deixo meus agradecimentos ao professor José Carlos dos Anjos e meus colegas de GEAFRO, pelas contribuições, discussões, leituras e bares. Aos professores da Universidade de Utrecht, em especial meu orientador, Martijn Oosterbaan, e também ao professor Mattijs van de Port e a professora Birgit Meyer. Também agradeço aos professores kees koonings, Annalisa Butticci, Nikkie Wiegink, e Ton Robben. Agradeço também aos colegas de departamento, doutorandos e funcionários: Sterre, Vinzenz, kathrine, Babs, Sara, Merel, Gijs, Yke, Marimar e Carmen. Aos meus amigos de doutorado e da vida Manoel Cláudio Rocha, Natacha, Junior Abalos, Marco Poglia, Hermes Veras, Thayanne Freitas, Izabela Bosisio, Beta Simon, Luisa Dantas, Augusto, Ligia, Ian, Dadá, Fabrício Barreto e Marcelo Tadvald. Sem vocês este projeto não teria sido possível. Aos colegas da turma de doutorado e colegas de departamento, pelas trocas e parcerias. Agradeço imensamente aos meus pais e a toda a minha família, que sempre forneceram o suporte e o amor para que esta tese fosse possível. Agradeço a minha amada Luiza, pelo companheirismo e por ser uma grande fonte de motivação e inspiração. Aos professores Ari Pedro Oro, Miriam Rabelo e Daniel de Bem, por terem aceitado o convite para compor a banca de doutorado. A toda equipe, professores e funcionários que fazem o PPGAS - UFRGS acontecer. Por fim, agradeço a CAPES, pelo financiamento da pesquisa e do doutorado sanduíche na Utrecht University (Holanda). 6 Resumo Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar práticas de mediação a partir dos tambores utilizados nas religiões afro-gaúchas e em um contexto de intenso uso das novas mídias e tecnologias. Para tanto, será mobilizada uma compreensão alargada de mídia, mais relacionada a noção de mediação e que não se restringe apenas aos recursos tecnológicos e digitais, mas a todo mediador capaz de possibilitar a interação entre humanos entre si e entre estes e as divindades e forças que atuam no mundo. Nesse sentido, considero ser possível incluir, por exemplo, CDs de pontos e rezas afrorreligiosas, assentamentos de orixás e tambores em um mesmo campo de discussão. Parto da compreensão de que diversos autores que buscaram analisar a presença dos tambores nas regiões afro-gaúchas o fizeram a partir de uma descrição restrita desses instrumentos, muitas vezes resumindo-os a generalizações excessivas sobre seus usos e modos de existência. Argumento também que alguns dessas generalizações são motivadas por certos mimetismos, ou seja, quando a ação de um objeto é invisibilizada no momento em que este é posto sobre o fundo performático de outro objeto. Assim, busco identificar versões dos tambores utilizados no rio Grande do Sul e analisar suas diferentes formas de atuação. Opto por adotar uma trajetória de pesquisa nômade, seguindo esses instrumentos em seus trajetos entre terreiros, estúdios de gravação, imagens, rituais de sacrifício, vídeos, lojas de artigos afrorreligiosos, casas de artesãos, entre outros espaços. A cada capítulo, algumas versões de tambores ajudarão na elaboração de considerações mais gerais acerca do campo afro-gaúcho e suas transformações. Palavras-chave: tambores; práticas de mediação; mídia; versões. 7 Abstract This research aims to analyze Afro-Gaucho religious mediation practices from drums in a context of intense use of new media and technologies. In this way, a broad understanding of the media will be mobilized, more related to the notion of mediation and not restricted to technological and digital resources, but to any mediator capable of enabling human interaction among each other and between them and the deities and forces. In this sense, I consider it possible to include, for example, CDs of pontos and rezas, assentamentos of orixás and drums in the same field of discussion. I begin with the realization that some researchers who sought to analyze the presence of drums in the Afro-Gaucho regions did so through a restricted description of these instruments, often summarizing them to excessive generalizations about their uses and modes of existence. I also argue that some of these generalizations are motivated by certain mimetisms, that is, when the action of an object is invisible at the moment it is put on the performative background of another object. Thus, I try to identify the versions of the drums and analyze their different forms of modes of acting. I choose to adopt a nomadic trajectory, following these instruments in their paths between terreiros, recording studios, images, sacrificial rituals, videos, afro-religious stores, artisans' houses. In each chapter, some drum versions will help in the elaboration of more general considerations about the Afro- Gaucho field and its transformations. Keywords: drums; mediation practices; media; versions. 8 Sumário Introdução 16 Capítulo I. “Agende seu toque”: alabês e as religiões afro-brasileiras no Rio Grande do Sul 41 1. Cartões de divulgação 43 2. Autonomia midiática 56 Capítulo II. Tambores de obrigação, tambores de trabalho e tambores da casa 60 1. Ilú e Inhã 62 2. Tambor de obrigação e tambor de trabalho 66 3. Tambor da casa 79 4. Outros mimetismos 83 5. Tambor como mediador de passagens 84 Capítulo III. Tambores de flora e tambores personalizados 87 1. Tambores em linha de produção 90 2. 15 Cosme, 5 Xangô, 5 Bara e 2 Exu 94 3. Tambor de flora 96 4. Tambor de missa e os rituais de inversão 98 5. O cru exposto 104 6. Tambores personalizados 108 7. Aprendendo com o couro 111 Capítulo IV. Mídia afro-gaúcha 122 1. Grande Axé 127 2. Donos da Noite 133 3. O exu gosta de aparecer 135 4. Cobertura de mídia e alcance 144 5. Cobrindo a festa do Exu Vladimir 149 6. Maria Padilha, abre nosso caminho 155 Capitulo V. Artisticidade afro-brasileira 162 1. Profissionalismo: tambor de LED 166 2. Artisticidade afro-gaúcha 174 3. Palco e pagodô 177 9 4. Construindo projetos: tambor artístico 182 5. O tambor #PopStar 191 Capítulo VI. Fonografia afro-religiosa 195 1. Tambor de guia e tambor de estúdio 203 2. O "ao vivo" no contexto de novas artisticidades 211 Conclusão 218 Referências 225 10 Lista de ilustrações Imagem da capa: Tambor de LED.
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